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“Chronic stress significantly accelerated the emergence and progression of squamous cell carcinoma. Compared to non-stressed controls, chronically stressed mice had lower [immune] T cells infiltrating within tumors. Chronically stressed mice also showed a shorter median time to first tumor and reached 50 % incidence 6 weeks earlier than controls.”

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Epel quote about psychological stress /changes in the brain

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Epel quote about psychological stress /changes in the brain

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"In animals including humans, it has been shown that psychological stress changes limbic and prefrontal cortex areas that regulate emotional health and cognitive function."

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Hjemdahl quote on physiologic effects of stress on the heart and body.

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Hjemdahl quote on physiologic effects of stress on the heart and body.

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"Stress raises heart rate by increasing cardiac sympathetic and decreasing vagal activity, and may thus sensitize the heart to arrhythmogenic stimuli, in addition to causing ischemia, and increasing the risk for plaque rupture and myocardial infarction in vulnerable individuals.

Furthermore, surges in cardiac sympathetic activity can precipitate stress cardiomyo- pathy in predisposed individuals, as discussed" (Hjemdahl 49).

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Salleh quote on physiologic effects of stress on body, immune system, heart conditions

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Salleh quote on physiologic effects of stress on body, immune system, heart conditions

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"chronic stress has a significant effect on the immune system that ultimately manifest an illness. It raises catecholamine and suppressor T cells levels, which suppress the immune system. This suppression, in turn raises the risk of viral infection. Stress also leads to the release of histamine, which can trigger severe broncho-constriction in asthmatics. Stress increases the risk for diabetes mellitus, especially in overweight individuals, since psychological stress alters insulin needs. Stress also alters the acid concentration in the stomach, which can lead to peptic ulcers, stress ulcers or ulcerative colitis. Chronic stress can also lead to plaque buildup in the arteries (atherosclerosis), especially if combined with a high-fat diet and sedentary living" (Salleh 9)

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Grupe quote: Mindfulness to decrease stress and improve quality of life

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Grupe quote: Mindfulness to decrease stress and improve quality of life

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"Recent studies suggest that training in mindfulness meditation may reduce perceived stress and improve related physical and mental health outcomes" (Grupe 72).

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Grupe - Specifics of what "Mindfulness' training means and effects on mental health

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Grupe - Specifics of what "Mindfulness' training means and effects on mental health

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Mindfulness training seeks "to cultivate intentional, non-judgmental awareness of thoughts, emotions, and sensations through sitting and walking meditation, movement practices, self-inquiry, and group discussions. The embodied and skill-based nature of MBIs [includes] practices that can be integrated into the activities of daily living. Further, while one need not be suffering from any particular ailment to engage with an MBI, meta-analyses show consistent reductions in perceived stress, anxiety, and depression" (Grupe 74).

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"Situations that are most likely to be categorized as “stressful,” in turn, are those that threaten the self and violate personal expectations, coupled with a perceived lack of coping ability "(Shields 1).

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Shields quote tying stress to specific psychological dysfunctions and physical health problems

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Shields quote tying stress to specific psychological dysfunctions and physical health problems

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"greater stress exposure has been found to predict the onset or exacerbation of several mental health problems, such as depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, as well as several physical health conditions including cardiovascular disease, autoimmune disorders, and Alzheimer’s disease" (Shields 2).

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Stress, quality of life and mortality relationship- Shields 

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Stress, quality of life and mortality relationship- Shields 

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"Greater stress exposure can also impair cognitive function, presumably degrading quality of life , and is a strong predictor of earlier mortality" (Shields 3).

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"Over time and with repeated activation, however, the functionality of these stress responsive systems can change and produce biological “wear and tear,” or allostatic load, that affects health . Greater life stress exposure has been associated with acute [biological] stress, chronic low-grade inflammatory activity and an inability for cortisol to properly regulate inflammatory activity. Moreover, these changes have been directly implicated in the development of disease " (Shields 6).

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Epel- definition and explanation of stressors

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Epel- definition and explanation of stressors

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In higher level organisms, stressor exposure has layers of complexity, including not just physical exposures, but also common social and psychological stressors. In organisms with more highly developed cognitive abilities, the capacity to learn about, imagine, remember, and anticipate stressful situations and their warning signs or loosely related cues can create chronic states of vigilant arousal in the body, even in the absence of observable stressors. On top of this universally conserved survival response, there are multiple individual differences that make some people more vulnerable to stress, where the identical stimuli causes exaggerated stress responses" (Epel 13).