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Slavery was institutionalized by the time the first civilizations emerged (such as Sumer in Mesopotamia, which dates back as far as 3500 BC). Slavery features in the Mesopotamian Code of Hammurabi (c. 1750 BC), which refers to it as an established institution.

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‘Slaves’ worked in groups called gangs, made up of both men and women. The overseer forced them to work by using a whip. They worked 10 to 12 hours a day under the hot sun, six days a week. Others worked as craftspeople or servants.

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Slavery shaped economies and societies by forcing people to work without freedom. It made huge profits, especially in the Americas, and left lasting effects like racism and inequality. Its eradication in the 1800s didn’t erase its impact.

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Slavery was inhumane and caused immense suffering. While some economies grew from it, this came at the cost of human lives and freedom.

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Enslaved people were deprived of basic rights and forced into brutal labor. Trauma and inequality were passed down through generations. Slavery fueled racism, leading to ongoing discrimination. Families were often torn apart, causing emotional and social harm. Enslaved people lost their cultural identity and heritage. Formerly enslaved people faced poverty and limited opportunities.