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이유빈, 정주원, 최나영

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(先) event time → (後) assertion time

marked with and '-ed' suffix or with a special past tense form

(preterite)

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event time = assertion time

unmarked or marked with an '-s' suffix

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(先) assertion time → (後) event time

inflected future lense X

→ the use of modal : will

→ the auxiliary : gonna, going

→ the use of present tense (futurates)

e.g. "We will not go quietly into the night!" - Independence Day (1996)

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(先) event time → (後) reference time

auxiliary : have/has/had + participle form of the main verb

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co-occurrence between the reference time and the time of event

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identify the agent and the theme

e.g. I sent a message to Jane.

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the theme → subject position

the agent → mentioned after a preposition (by) or omitted

e.g. "The world is being watched." - The Truman Show (1998)

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can, could, may, might, would, shall, should, must, ought

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e.g. "It is possible that you don't fully understand what you're up against." - Inception (2010)

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e.g. She has to go to school today.

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e.g. He possibly forgot to bring the book.

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(1) informal spoken instructions

(2) formal written instructions such as recipes (+ imperative form : 명령형)

(3) newspaper headlines

(4) talking about series of immediately completed actions and events ((1)과 연계)

(→ 말하면서 시범 : event time은 assertion time 이전(직전)이지만 과거 시제 아닌 present simple 사용한다.)

e.g. You close the window in the classroom.

e.g. A traffic accident occurs three hours ago.

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: Locutionary act (발화 행위 자체)와 Illocutionary act(발화 내 행위 : 화자의 의도/목적)가 동시 발생/완료

→ 일종의 완료상이지만 present simple 사용 (performative verb의 경우, 다른 동사와는 다르게 present simple의 사용이 habitual한 상황을 의미하지 않음)

e.g. I promise to meet Tom tomorrow.

e.g. "I apologize, you mistrust me."-Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003)

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→ gather, hear, see, tell, say, understand etc.

e.g. "I understand what you're going through, but that doesn't make it right." - The Pursuit of Happyness (2006)

e.g. "The media says we’re just trying to scare people."-Don't Look Up (2021)

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e.g. A woman tells her friend, "I'm reading a book about anti-gravity. It's impossible to put down!" (기울어진 문장은 두 개의 의미를 가짐)

e.g. “Miles takes the lead. He pushes the GT40 to its limit.”-Ford v Ferrari (2019)

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e.g. “I’m trying to free your mind, Neo.” - The Matrix (1999)

e.g. “It’s getting worse.” - Interstellar (2014)

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Actions happening generally around the time of speaking

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Actions happening generally around the time of speaking

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e.g. “I’m working on a few cases right now, but this one is different.”-Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery (2022)

e.g. “I’m spending more time at the park these days.”-Good Will Hunting (1997)

e.g. I'm reading The Lord of The Rings.

('근래에' 반지의 제왕을 읽고 있다.)

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Present continuous with an advent 'continually', 'forever', 'constantly', 'always' to criticize actions that we feel are irritating or annoying, or which we wish to exaggerate.

e.g. You are always making everything complicated!

e.g. "He's forever leaving wet towels on the floor!"-Friends

e.g. "She’s forever judging everyone with that look."-Gilmore Girls

e.g. "She’s continually asking me to do impossible things."-The Devil Wears Prada (2006)

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for finished events in the past which have a definite time

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for finished events in the past which have a definite time

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e.g. The Korean War occurred in 1950.

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e.g. "We took long walks, and we explored the surrounding area." - Forest Gump (1994)

(Context: Forrest describes his time in the Vietnam War.)

e.g. "I fought in the gladiatorial games for a long time. I killed men in battle and earned my freedom."-Gladiator (2000)

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e.g. Did you drive past her house every day?

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for very recent event without a time expression

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for very recent event without a time expression

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e.g. "I don't know... I just woke up and... I felt different." (Spider-Man, 2002)

(Context: After being bitten by a genetically modified spider, Peter Parker experiences changes.)

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e.g. "Oh Mr. Johnson, if I were you, I'd quit talking right now." - Hidden Figures (2016)

e.g. "If we were all as good as you, we wouldn’t need to fight."-Guardians of the Galaxy (2014)

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e.g. "It's time you let her go" - Frozen (2013)

e.g. “It’s time we started fighting back.” - V for Vendetta (2005)

e.g. "It's time we faced the truth."-The Substance (2024)

e.g. "It's time we took control of the town."-Eddington (2025)

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to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past

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to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past

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e.g. "I was talking to my daughter when she started screaming; someone was taking her." -Taken (2008)

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for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

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for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action

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e.g. "While I was organizing the fashion samples, Miranda called me into her office."-The Devil Wears Prada (2006)

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for activities as background description

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for activities as background description

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e.g. "As I arrived at Gatsby's mansion, the orchestra was playing a lively tune. Guests were laughing and dancing across the illuminated garden. Waiters were weaving through the crowd, carrying trays laden with champagne. The night was alive with possibilities."-The Great Gatsby (2013)

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for two continuing events happening at the same time

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for two continuing events happening at the same time

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e.g. "While I was meeting with Deirdre at the IRS office, Waymond was preparing divorce papers."-Everything Everywhere All at Once (2022)​

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to emphasize that an action was still continuing

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to emphasize that an action was still continuing

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e.g. "Gatsby was still staring at Daisy as if he were mesmerized, even while the party was in full swing around him."-The Great Gatsby (2013)

e.g. "I was still learning to control the visions."-Dune (2021)

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e.g. "I was realizing how much we'd both changed since our childhood days."​-Past Lives (2023)​

e.g. "We were getting more desperate as the resources ran low."-A Quiet Place Part II (2020)

e.g. "I was becoming more disconnected from the world around me."-Soul (2020)

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with forever, continually, always etc to criticize actions we feel are annoying or which we wish to exaggerate

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with forever, continually, always etc to criticize actions we feel are annoying or which we wish to exaggerate

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e.g. "He was always interrupting me during meetings, making it impossible to focus."-The Intern (2015)

e.g. "You were always complaining about everything, and it was driving me crazy."-The Suicide Squad (2021)

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e.g. "See, when he was a little kid, he used to stutter real bad. So... Well, you did."-The Notebook (2008)

-부정형: didn't use to/ never used to

e.g. "You never used to have secrets you wouldn't tell me!"-The Blue Lagoon (1980)​

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e.g. "Back in high school, I would practice piano for hours every day, dreaming of playing real jazz."-La La Land (2016)

e.g. “She would make me laugh, even when I didn’t want to.”-A Man Called Otto (2022)

-부정형: would은 부정형으로 잘 사용하지 않음. used to의 부정형으로 씀

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e.g. I've just received an instagram message from someone I don't know.

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e.g. "NASA has completed its first successful Mars mission."-The New York Times

e.g. "Scientists have discovered a comet that is on a direct collision course with Earth."-Don't Look Up (2021)

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현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

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현재의 결과를 가져온 사건

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e.g. I’ve lost my keys. (So I can’t get into my house.)

e.g. I've stayed up all night. (So I am really tired right now.)

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일정 기간 동안 완료된 것/ 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

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일정 기간 동안 완료된 것/ 얼마나 많은 것이 완성되었는지 표현

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e.g. The renovations have been completed within three months.

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사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금까지 무엇을 했는지

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사람의 경험, 삶에서 지금까지 무엇을 했는지

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e.g. He has worked as a designer for more than 10 years.

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e.g. I've lived in California with my parents for the past three years.

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현재까지 어떤 기간에 반복된 행동

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현재까지 어떤 기간에 반복된 행동

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e.g. she has played soccer every morning for two years.

e.g. "I’ve written you every day for a year."-The Notebook (2004)

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Past simple and past continuous are often used when the speaker is being more polite or less direct. Using past tense makes the request sound less forward and more considerate.

e.g. "I have a daughter who wants to be a singer. I was wondering if you have any tips for her." ​-Taken(2008)

e.g. "I thought you might like to go for a walk with me."-The Farewell (2019)

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Present Perfect Continuous in Movies | Hollywood English

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Recent Continuing activities, Continuing Up to Present

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Recent Continuing activities, Continuing Up to Present

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e.g. "I've been trying to solve this equation for years!" - Interstellar (2014)

e.g. "I’ve been preparing for this moment my entire life, and now it’s here."-Dune: Part Two (2024)

e.g. "I’ve been adjusting to college life for weeks, and it’s been overwhelming."-Inside Out 2 (2024)

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e.g. “I’ve been standing out there for over an hour!” - Love Actually (2003) [ - that's why I am tired.]

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to Emphasize the Length of a Continuing activity

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to Emphasize the Length of a Continuing activity

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e.g. “I’ve been trying to figure this out all night.” - A Beautiful Mind (2001)

e.g. "I’ve been digging this tunnel for 19 years."-The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

e.g. "We’ve been planning this for a long time."-Ocean’s Eleven (2001)

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for a Repeated activity /  to Emphasize the Repetition

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for a Repeated activity /  to Emphasize the Repetition

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e.g. “You’ve been lying to me all this time.” - Big Little Lies

e.g. "I’ve been going to the same places, talking to the same people, doing the same things every day."-The Truman Show (1998)

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e.g. "The theory of relativity governs the nature of space-time."-Interstellar (2014)

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e.g. "I play piano every night."-Soul (2020)

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State verbs are either only used in simple form, or have a different meaning when used in continuous form.

e.g. regret - I'm regretting my dicision to give her the job.

e.g. consider - He's considering taking early retirement. ('think carefully about')

e.g. love - Ella's with us at the moment. The children are loving having her here.

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Actions Happening at the Moment of Speaking and Not Finished

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Actions Happening at the Moment of Speaking and Not Finished

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e.g. "I’m just sitting here, waiting for the bus." - Forrest Gump (1994)

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Already decided to do it, intend to do it

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Already decided to do it, intend to do it

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e.g."Well, I'm going to teach them, the only beliefs I fight for are mine."-Black Adam (2022)

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Things that are on the way: to predict the future on the basis of present evidence to say that a future action or  event is on the way, or starting to happen.

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Things that are on the way: to predict the future on the basis of present evidence to say that a future action or  event is on the way, or starting to happen.

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e.g. "This planet has suffered five extinctions. This is going to be the sixth." -Moonfall (2022)

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e.g. "I'll have what she's having." -When Harry Met Sally... (1989)

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e.g. "The signal will certainly reach Earth in a few hours." -The Midnight Sky (2020)

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e.g. "The doorbell just rang."
— "That'll be the courier. We've been waiting for that package." -Love Actually (2003)

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Future events which are not already decided

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Future events which are not already decided

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e.g. "He will be a star in the NFL." -The Blind Side (2009)

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Predictions of future events-to talk about what we think, guess or calculate will happen

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Predictions of future events-to talk about what we think, guess or calculate will happen

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e.g. "This will change the flow of time." -Tenet(2020)

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To express conditional ideas - not used in subordinate clauses

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To express conditional ideas - not used in subordinate clauses

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e.g. "If we don’t act now, the ice caps will melt completely within decades." -Don't Look Up (2021)

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To express our intentions & attitudes towards others: offers, requests, threats, promises announcements of decisions

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To express our intentions & attitudes towards others: offers, requests, threats, promises announcements of decisions

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e.g. "You break her heart, I'll break your neck." -Nobody(2021)

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For habits of which the speaker disapproves

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For habits of which the speaker disapproves

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e.g. "You will never appreciate the artistry." -The Menu (2022)

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To give (or ask for) information about the future

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To give (or ask for) information about the future

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e.g. "The mission will begin at dawn." -No time to die (2021)

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e.g. "He’ll be at the club, as usual." -Enola Holmes (2020)

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For an action just before you begin to do it - with verbs of movement (go/come/leave)

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For an action just before you begin to do it - with verbs of movement (go/come/leave)

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e.g. "We’re going to the Amazon."(to inform the passengers about their destination on the river cruise.) -Jungle cruise (2021)

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About timetables programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.)

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About timetables programmes etc. (for public transport, cinemas etc.)

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e.g. "The curfew begins at 10:00." -The Batman (2020)

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I was going to (do something) = I intended to do it, but I didn't do it.

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I was going to (do something) = I intended to do it, but I didn't do it.

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e.g. "I was going to propose to her on our anniversary." -I want you back (2022)

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자신의 의지 표현 - I think I'll.../ I don't think I'll...

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자신의 의지 표현 - I think I'll.../ I don't think I'll...

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e.g. "I think I'll try to fix this." -Everything Everywhere All At Once (2022)

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verbs introduce and show our attitude to future action

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verbs introduce and show our attitude to future action

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expect

e.g. "I expect you will end up dying. Their torture chambers are state of the art." -Seal Team 6: The Raid on Osama Bin Laden (2012)

sure

e.g. "I'm sure when she receives the letter, she will be much relieved." -Original Sin (2001)

wonder

e.g. "I wonder what will happen if nobody listens to us." -Don't Look Up (2021)

doubt whether

e.g. "I doubt whether she will ever come back." -Gone Girl (2014)

probably

e.g. "We probably will find a way to survive, but it won’t be easy." -Interstellar (2014)

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After I hope, we generally use the present ('will' is also possible)

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After I hope, we generally use the present ('will' is also possible)

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e.g. "I hope I can make it across the border. I hope to see my friend and shake his hand. I hope the Pacific is as blue as it has been in my dreams. I hope." -The Shawshank Redemption (1994)

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1.an event or a state at a future point.

e.g. "By the time the sun sets, we will be crossing the desert." -Dune (2021)

2.events that have already been arrange for a future date

e.g. "We will be meeting again tomorrow to discuss the will." -Knives out (2019)

3.very formal requests

e.g. "Will you be joining us for dinner this evening, Dr. Turing?" -The Imitation Game (2014)

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미래완료-use for time looked back on from a future point

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미래완료-use for time looked back on from a future point

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e.g. "By the time we get back, everyone will have changed." -Avengers: Endgame (2019)

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be to - used to describe arrangements with future reference

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be to - used to describe arrangements with future reference

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e.g. "The briefing is to happen tomorrow morning at 9." -Don't Look Up (2021)

past arrangement form

e.g. "The extraction was to have happened at midnight, but the target moved." -Mission: Impossible – Fallout (2018)

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be (just) about to - used to describe what is going to happen very soon.

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be (just) about to - used to describe what is going to happen very soon.

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e.g. "The curtain is just about to rise." -Meet Joe Black (1998)

the past form - describes an event in the past which was going to happen soon.

e.g. "I was just about to knock. I'm sorry." -The Station Agent (2003)

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be on the point of - has more formal meaning than 'about to'

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be on the point of - has more formal meaning than 'about to'

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e.g. "I'm on the point of winning for them the greatest foothold they would ever have in this country." -The Manchurian Candidate (1962)

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For a service someone does for us

Present Continuous, be going to, Present Perfect, Past Simple and infinitive form can be used with causative verbs.

The form to use in the objective complement position is determined by whether the case is active or passive.

The agent is not mentioned unless it is important.

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Causative 'Have' can be used to Describe Unfortunate Events

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Causative 'Have' can be used to Describe Unfortunate Events

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e.g. The company had its website hacked last week.

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e.g. The teacher made the students stay after class.

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Have + O + (bare) Infinitive / ~ing / P.P.

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Have + O + (bare) Infinitive / ~ing / P.P.

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e.g. She had her hair cut yesterday.

e.g. We had the house cleaned before the guests arrived.

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e.g. She let her children play outside.