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This book will be our focus for this unit.

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Looking for The-Wild-Robot-By-Peter-Brown-Book? Just check all flip PDFs from the author Marnie Petkovska. Like The-Wild-Robot-By-Peter-Brown-Book? Share and download The-Wild-Robot-By-Peter-Brown-Book for free. Upload your PDF on PubHTML5 and create a flip PDF like The-Wild-Robot-By-Peter-Brown-Book.

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HMH Module 7 Energy Island by Allan Drummond

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Give this game a try to strengthen your understanding of fractions!

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Play Tug Team Fractions at Math Playground! Compare fractions and your team may win the tug contest.

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Give this game a try to strengthen your understanding of fractions!

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Mental Math - add and subtract fractions
Problem Solving - identify equivalent fractions

Common Core Connection for Grades 3 and 4

Recognize and generate simple equivalent fractions, e.g., 1/2 = 2/4, 4/6 = 2/3.
Compare two fractions with different numerators and different denominators.
Adding and subtracting parts of the same whole.

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Play Speedway Fractions at Math Playground! Add and subtract fractions to power your racecar.

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Improve your writing skills!

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Instead of groans at the beginning of a writing lesson, your class were excited to pick up their pencils and you were the teacher that sparked their imaginations!

Even your most reluctant writers are generating adventurous vocabulary, perfecting punctuation and filling the page with no signs of stopping!

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Access a free inspiring image, story starter and short burst writing activities, every day! Inspire your most reluctant writers and improve writing stamina

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Give this game a try to strengthen your understanding of fractions!

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Play Snow Sprint Fractions at Math Playground! Multiply fractions to power your snowmobile.

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Give this game a try to strengthen your understanding of fractions!

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Learn your multiplication tables.

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At Timestables.com you can easily practice all of your tables. The arithmetic problems are clear and simple so you can immediately get started on practicing your tables. Select one of the multiplication table you wish to practice from the list below and show what you can do on the speed test or printout great worksheets.

Which multiplication table do you want to learn?

Speed test and multiplication tables diploma.

Multiplication games

Choose the table you want to practice from the following. First you can practice the multiplication facts in sequence and once you have got the hang of that you can practice all the sums in random order for each table. If you have forgotten any answers, just go back to the 'all tables in sequence' page and practice them again thoroughly before trying again.

Once you have got the hang of a number of tables you can select the speed test and choose the tables you want to practice getting quicker at. If you make a mistake, you came see what the right answer is at the end of the test. This will help you learn all of your tables. The speed test is good practice for getting your tables diploma. On the tables diploma the questions are a bit quicker than on the speed test, but if you get all of them right you will get your tables diploma. There are two tables diplomas. The little diploma is made up of 30 questions. Your little diploma shows you can do the 1,2,3,4,5 and 10 times tables. For the big tables diploma you are given 40 questions which include all the tables from 1 to 12.

Learn the multiplication tables in an interactive way with the free math multiplication learning games for 2rd, 3th, 4th and 5th grade. The game element in the times tables games make it even more fun learn.

Practice your multiplication tables

Here you can find additional information about practicing multiplication tables at primary school. The 1 times table, 2 times table, 3 times table, 4 times table, 5 times table and 10 times table are the first times tables to be learned. The 6 times table, 7 times table, 8 times table, 9 times table, 11 times table, 12 times table and of course all the tables in random order are the next step.

Not every child finds it easy to learn all the tables, so it is a good idea to keep on practicing them regularly after you learned them. There are a few tricks which make it easier to learn the tables and continue to master them, such as putting the smallest number first, which makes it easier for many children to answer correctly. For example 4 x 9 is easier to work out than 9 x 4. Switching the multiplication sum around makes it easier to answer. What also often helps is to use the tables you know well for answering the sums in the more difficult tables. One example of this is 6 x 7, which is often said to be tricky. If you do 5 x 7 first and then add 1 x 7 it is suddenly easier to answer. You can do this the other way round too. For instance with 4 x 7 you can do 5 x 7 first then subtract 1 x 7.

Why do we put so much effort into learning tables? Well, the multiplication tables keep on coming up in the next primary school years and even when you're at secondary school. You don't see them as tables, but as part of bigger mathematical problems. And it isn't only at school, but in your everyday life it is useful to know your times tables well so you can quickly work things out, for instance when you are buying or selling vegetables on the market. If you have any questions, comments or ideas for Timestables.com, please use our contact form. We'd be glad to hear from you.

The 5-step plan

Learn the times tables with the 5-step plan. We developed an innovative five step plan to help pupils learn the times tables in an effective and efficient way. This method has been tested at several schools and is recommended by teachers.
The steps are:

Step 1a: View, read aloud and repeat. To get familiar with the table.

Step 1b: Fill in your times tables answers in sequence and check if you got them all right.

Step 2: Drag the correct answers to the questions.

Step 3: Fill in your answers for the mixed questions and check if you got them all right.

Step 4: Multiple choice questions will help you to improve by looking at the questions in a different way.

Step 5: Proof your knowledge and get the diploma.

When you finished the 5 steps you can play the memory game or exercise with the worksheet. Other way to train more are with the tempo test, the 1 minute test or to play the times tables games.

We advise to exercise daily for 15 minutes for maximum result.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I learn my times tables fast?
Learn them in chunks. Start with the easy times tables like 10, 2, and 5. Use methods like skip counting, adding and exercising daily for 15 minutes for a maximum long-term result.

What is the hardest times table in the world?
The 7 times table is the hardest to learn because 7 is a prime number, and so the last digit does not repeat itself until 10 times 7. The hardest times table question is 6 times 8.

Which times table is the easiest?
The 10 times table is one of the easiest to learn. For a start, numbers in the 10 times table always end in a 0. And then the 5 and the 2 multiplication tables are also one of the easiest.

Practice your time tables online

Multiplication tables are important and there are not many places where you can learn them quickly and easily, so we have come up with Timestables.com! Practicing your tables online is really easy at Timestables.com. The multiplication games are clear and simple so you can get started right away. Click on one of the tables to get started right away. Fill in the answers in the lines and when you've finished, click on 'check'. You will see right away which answers are correct and which are incorrect. You can also practice different times tables in one exercise so you can test whether you know them all.

You can also practice the tables interactively with the free multiplication games. On the multiplication games page we now have an answer-dragging game and a table balloons game.

Multiplication tables form the basis for the calculations that you do in the following years, so it's important that you fully understand them.

Do you want to practice more math? Go to Mathdiploma.com - Here you can practice addition, subtraction, multiplying, dividing and a lot more!

We also have a fraction website! On Fractionsweb.com are lots of exercices about simplifying, adding, subtracting, dividing and multiplying fractions. There are fraction games, worksheets and 5-step plans!

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Multiplication Tables with times tables games

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Come and learn your multiplication tables. Improve with the 5-step plan, the tempo test, multiplication games, printable worksheets and get the diploma.

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Use this quiz to test your times tables.

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Can you name the numbers in the multiplication table?

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Try out your multiplication tables

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Have a read as we will be working on this after the holidays.

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Types of Energy for Kids - Renewable and Non-Renewable Energies

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Have a read as we will be working on this in Term 3.

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Nonrenewable energy comes from sources that will run out or will not be replenished in our lifetimes-or even in many, many lifetimes.

Most nonrenewable energy sources are fossil fuels: coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Carbon is the main element in fossil fuels. For this reason, the time period that fossil fuels formed (about 360-300 million years ago) is called the Carboniferous Period.

All fossil fuels formed in a similar way. Hundreds of millions of years ago, even before the dinosaurs, Earth had a different landscape. It was covered with wide, shallow seas and swampy forests.

Plants, algae, and plankton grew in these ancient wetlands. They absorbed sunlight and created energy through photosynthesis. When they died, the organisms drifted to the bottom of the sea or lake. There was energy stored in the plants and animals when they died.

Over time, the dead plants were crushed under the seabed. Rocks and other sediment piled on top of them, creating high heat and pressure underground. In this environment, the plant and animal remains eventually turned into fossil fuels (coal, natural gas, and petroleum). Today, there are huge underground pockets (called reservoirs) of these nonrenewable sources of energy all over the world.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Fossil fuels are a valuable source of energy. They are relatively inexpensive to extract. They can also be stored, piped, or shipped anywhere in the world.

However, burning fossil fuels is harmful to the environment. When coal and oil are burned, they release particles that can pollute the air, water, and land. Some of these particles are caught and set aside, but many of them are released into the air.

Burning fossil fuels also upsets Earth's "carbon budget," which balances the carbon in the ocean, earth, and air. When fossil fuels are combusted (heated), they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is a gas that keeps heat in Earth's atmosphere, a process called the "greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect is necessary to life on Earth, but relies on a balanced carbon budget.

The carbon in fossil fuels has been sequestered, or stored, underground for millions of years. By removing this sequestered carbon from the ground and releasing it into the atmosphere, Earth's carbon budget is out of balance. This contributes to temperatures rising faster than organisms can adapt.

Coal

Coal is a black or brownish rock. We burn coal to create energy. Coal is ranked depending on how much "carbonization" it has gone through. Carbonization is the process that ancient organisms undergo to become coal. About three meters (10 feet) of solid vegetation crushed together form 0.3 meter (one foot) of coal!

Peat is the lowest rank of coal. It has gone through the least amount of carbonization. It is an important fuel in areas of the world including Scotland, Ireland, and Finland.

Anthracite is the highest rank of coal. Anthracite forms in regions of the world where there have been giant movements of the earth, such as the formation of mountain ranges. The Appalachian Mountains, in the eastern part of the United States, are rich in anthracite.

We mine coal out of the ground so we can burn it for energy. There are two ways that we can mine coal: underground mining and surface mining.

Underground mining is used when the coal is located below the surface of Earth, sometimes 300 meters (1,000 feet) deep-that's deeper than most of the Great Lakes! Miners take an elevator down a mineshaft. They operate heavy machinery that cuts the coal out, and brings it above ground. This can be dangerous work because cutting coal can release dangerous gases. The gases can cause explosions or make it hard for miners to breathe.

Surface mining is used when the coal is located very near the surface of the planet. To get to the coal, companies must first clear the area. They take away the trees and soil. The coal can then be cut out of the ground more easily. Entire habitats are destroyed during this process.

Almost 20 percent the electricity in the United States comes from coal. It gives power to our lights, refrigerators, dishwashers, and most other things we plug in. When coal is burned, it leaves "byproducts" that are also valuable. We use the byproducts to make cement, plastics, roads, and many other things.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Coal is a reliable source of energy. We can rely on it day and night, summer and winter, sunshine or rain, to provide fuel and electricity.

Using coal is also harmful. Mining is one of the most dangerous jobs in the world. Coal miners are exposed to toxic dust and face the dangers of cave-ins and explosions at work.

When coal is burned, it releases many toxic gases and pollutants into the atmosphere. Mining for coal can also cause the ground to cave in and create underground fires that burn for decades at a time.

Petroleum

Petroleum is a liquid fossil fuel. It is also called oil or crude oil.

Petroleum is trapped by underground rock formations. In some places, oil bubbles right out of the ground. At the LaBrea Tar Pits, in Los Angeles, California, U.S., big pools of thick oil bubble up through the ground. Remains of animals that got trapped there thousands of years ago are still preserved in the tar!

Most of the world's oil is still deep under the ground. We drill through the earth to access the oil. Some deposits are on land, and others are under the ocean floor.

Once oil companies begin drilling with a "drill rig," they can extract petroleum 24 hours a day, seven days a week, 365 days a year. Many successful oil sites produce oil for about 30 years. Sometimes they can produce oil for much longer.

When oil is under the ocean floor, companies drill offshore. They must build an oil platform. Oil platforms are some of the biggest artificial structures in the world!

Once the oil has been drilled, it must be refined. Oil contains many chemicals besides carbon, and refining the oil takes some of these chemicals out.

We use oil for many things. About half the world's petroleum is converted into gasoline. The rest can be processed and used in liquid products such as nail polish and rubbing alcohol, or solid products such as water pipes, shoes, crayons, roofing, vitamin capsules, and thousands of other items.
Advantages and Disadvantages
There are advantages to drilling for oil. It is relatively inexpensive to extract. It is also a reliable and dependable source of energy and money for the local community.

Oil provides us with thousands of conveniences. In the form of gasoline, it is a portable source of energy that gives us the power to drive places. Petroleum is also an ingredient in many items that we depend on.

However, burning gasoline is harmful to the environment. It releases hazardous gases and fumes into the air we breathe. There is also the possibility of an oil spill. If there is a problem with the drilling machinery, the oil can explode out of the well and spill into the ocean or surrounding land. Oil spills are environmental disasters, especially offshore spills. Oil floats on water, so it can look like food to fish and ruin birds' feathers.

Natural Gas

Natural gas is another fossil fuel that is trapped underground in reservoirs. It is mostly made up of methane. You may have smelled methane before. The decomposing material in landfills also release methane, which smells like rotten eggs.

There is so much natural gas underground that it is measured in millions, billions, or trillions of cubic meters.

Natural gas is found in deposits a few hundred meters underground. In order to get natural gas out of the ground, companies drill straight down. However, natural gas does not form in big open pockets. Natural gas is trapped in rock formations that can stretch for kilometers.

To reach natural gas, some companies use a process called "hydraulic fracturing," or fracking. Hydraulic means they use water, and fracturing means to "split apart." The process uses high-pressure water to split apart the rocks underground. This releases the natural gas that is trapped in rock formations. If the rock is too hard, they can send acid down the well to dissolve the rock. They can also use tiny grains of glass or sand to prop open the rock and let the gas escape.

We use natural gas for heating and cooking. Natural gas can also be burned to generate electricity. We rely on natural gas to give power to lights, televisions, air conditioners, and kitchen appliances in our homes.

Natural gas can also be turned into a liquid form, called liquid natural gas (LNG). LNG is much cleaner than any other fossil fuels.

Liquid natural gas takes up much less space than the gaseous form. The amount of natural gas that would fit into a big beach ball would fit into a ping-pong ball as a liquid! LNG can be easily stored and used for different purposes. LNG can even be a replacement for gasoline.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Natural gas is relatively inexpensive to extract, and is a "cleaner" fossil fuel than oil or coal. When natural gas is burned, it only releases carbon dioxide and water vapor (which are the exact same gases that we breathe out when we exhale!) This is healthier than burning coal.

However, extracting natural gas can cause environmental problems. Fracturing rocks can cause mini-earthquakes. The high-pressure water and chemicals that are forced underground can also leak to other sources of water. The water sources, used for drinking or bathing, can become contaminated and unsafe.

Other Nonrenewable Energy Sources

Fossil fuels are the leading nonrenewable energy sources around the world. There are others, however.

Nuclear energy is usually considered another nonrenewable energy source. Although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, the material used in nuclear power plants is not.

Nuclear energy harvests the powerful energy in the nucleus, or core, of an atom. Nuclear energy is released through nuclear fission, the process where the nucleus of an atom splits. Nuclear power plants are complex machines that can control nuclear fission to produce electricity.

The material most often used in nuclear power plants is the element uranium. Although uranium is found in rocks all over the world, nuclear power plants usually use a very rare type of uranium, U-235. Uranium is a nonrenewable resource.

Nuclear energy is a popular way of generating electricity around the world. Nuclear power plants do not pollute the air or emit greenhouse gases. They can be built in rural or urban areas, and do not destroy the environment around them.

However, nuclear energy is difficult to harvest. Nuclear power plants are very complicated to build and run. Many communities do not have the scientists and engineers to develop a safe and reliable nuclear energy program.

Nuclear energy also produces radioactive material. Radioactive waste can be extremely toxic, causing burns and increasing the risk for cancers, blood diseases, and bone decay among people who are exposed to it.

Biomass energy, a renewable energy source, can also be a nonrenewable energy source.

Biomass energy uses the energy found in plants. Biomass energy relies on biomass feedstocks-plants that are processed and burned to create electricity. Biomass feedstocks can include crops such as corn or soy, as well as wood. If people do not replant biomass feedstocks as fast as they use them, biomass energy becomes a nonrenewable energy source.

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Nonrenewable energy comes from sources that will eventually run out, such as oil and coal.

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The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy.

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The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy.

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Have a read and attempt the quiz.

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The differences between renewable and non-renewable energy - BBC Bitesize

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What is renewable and non-renewable energy? Learn about the different types of energy and their sources in this energy and sustainability guide.

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Get to know him!

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(1883–1970). In Webster’s Third New International Dictionary, “rube goldberg” is an entry. The definition is “accomplishing by extremely complex roundabout means what…

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Rube Goldberg Facts for Kids.

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Reuben Garrett Lucius Goldberg (July 4, 1883 - December 7, 1970), known best as Rube Goldberg, was an American cartoonist, sculptor, author, engineer, and inventor.

Goldberg is best known for his popular cartoons depicting complicated gadgets performing simple tasks in indirect, convoluted ways. The cartoons led to the expression " Rube Goldberg machines" to describe similar gadgets and processes. Goldberg received many honors in his lifetime, including a Pulitzer Prize for political cartooning in 1948, the National Cartoonists Society's Gold T-Square Award in 1955, and the Banshees' Silver Lady Award in 1959. He was a founding member and first president of the National Cartoonists Society, which hosts the annual Reuben Award, honoring the top cartoonist of the year and named after Goldberg, who won the award in 1967. He is the inspiration for international competitions known as Rube Goldberg Machine Contests, which challenge participants to create a complicated machine to perform a simple task.

Personal life

Goldberg was born on July 4, 1883 in San Francisco, California, to Jewish parents Max and Hannah (Cohn) Goldberg. He was the third of seven children, three of whom died as children; older brother Garrett, younger brother Walter, and younger sister Lillian also survived. Goldberg began tracing illustrations when he was four years old, and took his only drawing lessons with a local sign painter.

In 1911, the R. L. Goldberg Building at 182-198 Gough Street, San Francisco was constructed for his widowed father to live in, as well as to collect rental income.

Goldberg married Irma Seeman on 17 October 1916. They lived at 98 Central Park West in New York City and had sons Thomas and George. During World War II, as each of his sons were heading off to college, Goldberg insisted that they change their surname because of antisemitic sentiment towards him stemming from the political nature of his cartoons. Thomas chose the surname of George, and his brother, also named George, followed suit. In adopting the same surname, George wanted to keep a sense of family cohesiveness.

Goldberg's father was a San Francisco police and fire commissioner, who encouraged the young Reuben to pursue a career in engineering. Rube graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1904 with a degree in Engineering and was hired by the city of San Francisco as an engineer for the Water and Sewers Department. After six months he resigned his position with the city to join the San Francisco Chronicle where he became a sports cartoonist. The following year, he took a job with the San Francisco Bulletin, where he remained until he moved to New York City in 1907, finding employment as a sports cartoonist with the New York Evening Mail.

Goldberg's first public hit was a comic strip called Foolish Questions, beginning in 1908. The invention cartoons began in 1912. The New York Evening Mail was syndicated to the first newspaper syndicate, the McClure Newspaper Syndicate, giving Goldberg's cartoons a wider distribution, and by 1915 he was earning $25,000 per year and being billed by the paper as America's most popular cartoonist. Arthur Brisbane had offered Goldberg $2,600 per year in 1911 in an unsuccessful attempt to get him to move to William Randolph Hearst's newspaper chain, and in 1915 raised the offer to $50,000 per year. Rather than lose Goldberg to Hearst, the New York Evening Mail matched the salary offer and formed the Evening Mail Syndicate to syndicate Goldberg's cartoons nationally.

In 1916, Goldberg created a series of seven short animated films which focus on humorous aspects of everyday situations in the form of an animated newsreel. The seven films were released on these dates in 1916: May 8, The Boob Weekly; May 22, Leap Year; June 5, The Fatal Pie; Jun 19, From Kitchen Mechanic to Movie Star; July 3, Nutty News; July 17, Home Sweet Home; July 31, Losing Weight.

Goldberg was syndicated by the McNaught Syndicate from 1922 until 1934.

A prolific artist, it has been estimated that Goldberg created 50,000 cartoons during his lifetime. Some of these cartoons include Mike and Ike (They Look Alike), Boob McNutt, Foolish Questions, What Are You Kicking About, Telephonies, Lala Palooza, The Weekly Meeting of the Tuesday Women's Club, and the uncharacteristically serious soap-opera strip, Doc Wright, which ran for 10 months beginning January 29, 1933.

The cartoon series that brought him lasting fame was The Inventions of Professor Lucifer Gorgonzola Butts, A.K., which ran in Collier's Weekly from 26 January 1929 to 26 December 1931. In that series, Goldberg drew labeled schematics in the form of patent applications of the comically intricate "inventions" that would later bear his name. The character of Professor Butts was based on Rube's professor Frederick Slate at the College of Mining and Engineering at the University of California, where Rube attended from 1901 to 1903. Frederick Slate gave his engineering students the task of building a scale that could weigh the earth. The scale was called the "Barodik". To Goldberg, this exemplified a comical combination of seriousness and ridiculousness that would come to serve as an inspiration in his work.

From 1938 to 1941, Goldberg drew two weekly strips for the Register and Tribune Syndicate: Brad and Dad (1939-1941) and Side Show (1938-1941), a continuation of the invention drawings.

Starting in 1938, Goldberg worked as the editorial cartoonist for the New York Sun. He won the 1948 Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning for a cartoon entitled "Peace Today". He moved to the New York Journal-American in 1949 and worked there until his retirement in 1963. In the 1960s, Goldberg began a sculpture career, primarily creating busts.

Cultural legacy

The popularity of Goldberg's cartoons was such that the term "Goldbergian" was in use in print by 1915, and "Rube Goldberg" by 1928. "Rube Goldberg" appeared in the Random House Dictionary of the English Language in 1966 meaning "having a fantastically complicated improvised appearance", or "deviously complex and impractical." The 1915 usage of "Goldbergian" was in reference to Goldberg's early comic strip Foolish Questions, which he drew from 1909 to 1934, while later use of the terms "Goldbergian", "Rube Goldberg" and "Rube Goldberg machine" refer to the crazy inventions for which he is now best known from his strip The Inventions of Professor Lucifer Gorgonzola Butts, drawn from 1914 to 1964.

The corresponding term in the UK was, and still is, "Heath Robinson", after the English illustrator with an equal devotion to odd machinery, also portraying sequential or chain reaction elements. The Danish equivalent was the painter, author and cartoonist Robert Storm Petersen, better known under his pen name Storm P. To this day, an overly complicated and/or useless object is known as a Storm P.-machine in Denmark.

Goldberg's work was commemorated posthumously in 1995 with the inclusion of Rube Goldberg's Inventions, depicting his 1931 "Self-Operating Napkin" in the Comic Strip Classics series of U.S. postage stamps.

The Rube Goldberg Machine Contest originated in 1949 as a competition at Purdue University between two fraternities. It ran until 1956, and was revived in 1983 as a university-wide competition. In 1989 it became a national competition, with a high school division added in 1996. Devices must complete a simple task in a minimum of twenty steps and a maximum of seventy-five in the style of Goldberg. The contest is hosted nationwide by Rube Goldberg Inc., a not-for-profit 501(c)(3), founded by Rube's son George W. George, and currently managed by Rube's granddaughter, Jennifer George.

In 1998, Justice Scalia remarked in a dissent in a habeas case that "Rube Goldberg would envy the scheme the Court has created."

Film and television

Rube Goldberg wrote the first feature film for the pre- Curly Howard version of The Three Stooges called Soup to Nuts, which was released in 1930 and starred Ted Healy. The film featured his machines and included cameos of Rube himself.

In the 1962 John Wayne movie Hatari!, an invention to catch monkeys by character Pockets, played by Red Buttons, is described as a "Rube Goldberg."

In the late 1960s and early '70s, educational shows like Sesame Street, and The Electric Company routinely showed bits that involved Rube Goldberg devices, including the Rube Goldberg Alphabet Contraption, and the What Happens Next Machine.

Various other films and cartoons have included highly complicated machines that perform simple tasks. Among these are Flåklypa Grand Prix, Looney Tunes, Tom and Jerry, Wallace and Gromit, Pee-wee's Big Adventure, The Way Things Go, Edward Scissorhands, Back to the Future, Honey, I Shrunk the Kids, The Goonies, Gremlins, the Saw film series, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, The Cat from Outer Space, Malcolm, Hotel for Dogs, the Home Alone film series, Family Guy, American Dad!, , and Waiting...

In the Final Destination film series the characters often die in Rube Goldberg-esque ways. In the film The Great Mouse Detective, the villain Ratigan attempts to kill the film's heroes, Basil of Baker Street and David Q. Dawson, with a Rube Goldberg style device. The classic video in this genre was done by the artist duo Peter Fischli & David Weiss in 1987 with their 30-minute video Der Lauf der Dinge or The Way Things Go.

Honda produced a video in 2003 called "The Cog" using many of the same principles that Fischli and Weiss had done in 1987.

In 2005, the American alternative rock/indie band The Bravery released a video for their debut single, "An Honest Mistake," which features the band performing the song in the middle of a Rube Goldberg machine.

In 1999, an episode of The X-Files was titled "The Goldberg Variation". The episode intertwined characters FBI agents Mulder and Scully, a simple apartment super, Henry Weems (Willie Garson) and an ailing young boy, Ritchie Lupone ( Shia LaBeouf) in a real-life Goldberg device.

The 2010 music video "This Too Shall Pass - RGM Version" by the rock band OK Go features a machine that, after four minutes of kinetic activity, shoots the band members in the face with paint. "RGM" presumably stands for Rube Goldberg Machine.

2012 The CBS show Elementary features a machine in its opening sequence.

The 2012 Discovery Channel show Unchained Reaction pitted two teams against each other to create an elaborate Rube Goldberg machine. It was judged and executive-produced by Adam Savage and Jamie Hyneman, known for hosting the science entertainment series MythBusters.

The 2014 web series Deadbeat on Hulu features an episode titled "The Ghost in the Machine," which features the protagonist Kevin helping the ghost of Rube Goldberg complete a contraption. It will bring his grandchildren together after they make a collection of random items into a machine that ends up systematically injuring two of his grandchildren so they end up in the same hospital and finally meet.

Both board games and video games have been inspired by Goldberg's creations, such as the '60s board game Mouse Trap, the 1990s series of The Incredible Machine games, and Crazy Machines. The Humongous Entertainment game Freddi Fish 2: The Case of the Haunted Schoolhouse involves searching for the missing pieces to a Rube Goldberg machine to complete the game.

In 1909 Goldberg invented the "Foolish Questions" game based on his successful cartoon by the same name. The game was published in many versions from 1909 to 1934.

Rube Works: The Official Rube Goldberg Invention Game, the first game authorized by The Heirs of Rube Goldberg, was published by Unity Games (the publishing arm of Unity Technologies) in November 2013.

In Spanish: Rube Goldberg para niños

Chindōgu

Deathtrap (plot device)

Domino effect

Domino show

Frederick Rowland Emett

Jean Tinguely, Swiss artist who created Rube Goldberg-like sculptures

Mickey One

PythagoraSwitch

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Easy Rube Goldberg Machine for Kids.

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Easy Rube Goldberg Ideas: Easy Rube Goldberg Machine for Kids

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Rube Goldberg Fact File.

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Read about these 6 simple machines.

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Kids learn about the science behind simple machines such as levers, wheels, pulleys, inclined planes, and screws. How they work together to make complex machinery.

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What are simple machines? The Dr Binocs Show.

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What are simple machines? The Dr Binocs Show.

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Types of simple machines

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What Are Simple Machines? | Types Of Simple Machines | The Dr Binocs Show | Peekaboo Kidz

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Posters to identify simple machines.

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A Rube Goldberg-inspired idea.

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The Page Turner | Rube Goldberg | Joseph's Machines

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This video explains the different forms of energy.

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Types of Energy  | Energy Forms | Energy Sources and Uses

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There are many different forms or types of energy- read all about them.

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Energy is essential for everyone of us. Humans have advanced because we have learnt how to change energy from one form into another. Without being able to do that life would be very different. In fact, there wouldn't be life at all. So, what is energy and how do we use it?

There are many different forms or types of energy. These include:

kinetic energy

heat energy

light energy

chemical energy

elastic potential energy or strain energy

gravitational potential energy

electrical energy

magnetic energy

nuclear energy

Let's look at some of these in a little more detail

Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving object

All moving things have kinetic energy, even very large things like planets, and very small ones like atoms. The amount of kinetic energy an object has depends on:

the mass of the object

the speed of the object

An object at rest (not moving) has zero kinetic energy

Gravitational potential energy

Gravitational potential energy is the type of energy an object stores due to its height above the ground.

When an object is lifted above the ground, or moved higher up, it gains gravitational potential energy. The amount of gravitational potential energy an object stores depends on:

Chemical energy

Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds that connect atoms and molecules together.

Chemical energy is the most widely used type of energy on Earth and is vital for our existence.

Chemical energy is stored in the food we eat. As the bonds between the atoms in food break, a chemical reaction takes place and energy is released. We use this energy to keep us warm, to move, to climb stairs, to grow, when we sleep and many other things.

Chemical energy is also stored in fuels such as coal, oil, natural gas, wood and peat.

The unit of energy is named after the famous scientist, James Prescott Joule, who was born on 24th December 1818, and died on 11th October 1889.

He was brought up in Salford, Lancashire, England, and was the son of a wealthy brewer. He became interested in science after being tutored by another famous scientist, John Dalton, at Manchester University in 1835. Dalton was one of the leading chemists of the day and a pioneer of atomic theory.

Joule set up a laboratory in the cellar of the family home. He began a series of experiments on the nature of energy and published the findings that became known as Joule's first law in 1840.

He was able to show that the various forms of energy-mechanical, electrical, and heat-are basically the same and can be changed from one into another.

Eventually his ideas became the cornerstone of one of the most fundamental scientific laws ever discovered, the First Law of Thermodynamics.

In recognition of his significant contributions to science, the unit of energy was named the Joule and given the symbol J.

It takes about 1 J of energy to lift an apple 1 m vertically from the ground.

Energy resources are the different ways of supplying a particular form of energy

For example:

Energy resources are needed to generate electricity They are often split into renewable and non-renewable resources.

Renewable resources are replaced by nature in less than a human lifetime. They will never run out.

Non-renewable resources cannot be replaced by nature in a human lifetime. They are used faster than they can be replaced by nature and will run out.

Fossil fuels

Fossil fuels are non-renewable energy resources, and they include:

They were formed over millions of years, from the remains of dead plants and animals:

coal was formed from dead trees, ferns and other plant material

crude oil and natural gas were formed from dead marine organisms such as plankton

Coal, oil and gas are all being used up much more quickly than they are being replaced. They will run out. It takes about 150 million years for oil to form from plankton, so the oil we use for petrol and diesel in cars and to heat homes is definitely not replaced within a human lifetime!

Electricity from fossil fuels

Fossil fuels store chemical energy.

By the end of 2019, 39% of the electricity generated in the UK came from power stations fuelled by fossil fuels. In Northern Ireland in 2020, approximately 51% of electricity came from non-renewable sources.

Northern Ireland has three fossil fuel power station:

Recently it has been reported that Kilroot is to be replaced by a new, modern gas-fired power station.

This diagram shows an energy transfer diagram for the generation of electricity from a fossil fuel such as coal.

Coal or gas is burned to produce steam. The steam is forced through a turbine, which is a bit like a fan, and causes it to rotate. The rotating turbine turns a generator to produce electricity.

Advantages of using fossil fuels to generate electricity

Disadvantages of using fossil fuels

Nuclear fuels

Nuclear fuels release energy through nuclear reactions, rather than through chemical reactions. The main nuclear fuels are uranium and plutonium. Apart from the fuel used, a nuclear power station is similar to a fossil fuel power station in that, the energy released is used to boil water. The expanding steam spins turbines, which then drive generators to produce electricity.

Advantages of using nuclear fuel to generate electricity

They do not produce carbon dioxide and so they do not contribute to global warming

They do not produce sulfur dioxide and so they do not contribute to acid rain

They do not produce polluting gasses which contribute to smog

Requires lower quantity of fuel compared with fossil fuel power stations which reduces mining and transportation effects on environment

They are reliable

Disadvantages of using nuclear fuel to generate electricity

Hydropower

Like the wind, water can be used to drive turbines directly. There are several ways that water can be used. These include waves, tides, and falling water in hydroelectric power schemes. Hydropower is energy produced by moving water through a turbine.

The water in the sea rises and falls because of waves on the surface. Wave machines use the kinetic energy in this movement to drive electricity generators.

Huge amounts of water move in and out of river mouths each day because of the tides. A tidal barrage is a barrier built over a river estuary to make use of the kinetic energy in the moving water. The barrage contains electricity generators, which are driven by the water rushing through turbine blades.

Geothermal energy

Hot water and steam from deep underground can be used to drive turbines. This is called geothermal energy.

Volcanic areas

Several types of rock contain radioactive substances such as uranium. These release energy, which warms up the rocks. In volcanic areas, the hot rocks heat water and this may rise to the surface naturally as hot water and steam. Here the steam can be used to drive turbines and electricity generators.

Hot rocks

In some places, the rocks are hot, but no hot water or steam rises to the surface. In this case, deep wells can be drilled down to the hot rocks and cold water pumped down. The water runs through cracks in the rocks and is heated up. It returns to the surface as hot water and steam. The diagram shows how this works.

Advantages

Disadvantages

Most parts of the world do not have suitable areas where geothermal energy can be exploited.

The Sun is a renewable energy resource. As long as it exists and continues to shine, it will release energy. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear energy released when hydrogen nuclei in the Sun join together.

A solar cell is a device that converts light energy directly into electrical energy. Some pocket calculators use solar cells and you may have seen large panels of solar cells on house roofs.

Do not confuse solar cells with solar panels, which use energy from the Sun to just heat water, and not to produce electricity. These may also be put onto house roofs so that they can absorb the Sun's energy.

Advantages of generating electricity using solar cells

Solar energy is a renewable energy resource

There are no fuel costs

No greenhouse gases are produced

No harmful polluting gases are produced

Solar cells can provide electricity in remote locations where there is no mains electricity

Maintenance costs are low

Disadvantages of generating electricity using solar cells

Solar energy quiz

Test your knowledge of solar energy with this quick quiz.

JavaScript is required to view this activity.

Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changed from one form to another

Energy resources are the different ways of supplying a particular form of energy

For example:

Chemical energy is a form of energy

Food, oil, coal, gas, petrol, turf and wood are some of the resources which supply chemical energy

Renewable energy resources are replaced by nature in less than a human lifetime. They will never run out

Non-renewable energy resources cannot be replaced by nature in a human lifetime. They are used faster than they can be replaced by nature and will run out

Non-renewable resources include:

The fossil fuels; crude oil, coal and natural gas

Nuclear fuels such as uranium and plutonium

Renewable resources include:

Wind, waves, tides, hydroelectricity, biomass, solar, geothermal

Every single Joule of energy

in the universe today

was present at the

Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago...

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Energy is essential for every one of us. Humans have advanced because we have learned how to change energy from one form into another.

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26 Science experiments related to types of energy.

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26 Science experiments related to types of energy.

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Have a go at some of these experiments. Share your learning with the class via slides and videos.

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By Amy Cowen on September 8, 2023 3:00 PM
Use these free STEM lessons and activities to help students get hands-on building, testing, and exploring the science of energy and the different types of potential and kinetic energy.
From the classic snake-in-a-can prank to stretching and shooting rubber bands across the room, bouncing a basketball, or rolling a marble down a ramp, kids know energy in motion when they see it. The world is full of energy, and energy is constantly being used, converted, and transferred between objects. Students may identify the presence of potential and kinetic energy in the movements of a roller coaster, a pendulum, or a playground swing, but there are a number of different types of potential and kinetic energy. Teaching students about the law of conservation of energy and helping them identify the specific type of energy demonstrated by objects or systems offers a wide range of hands-on learning opportunities as students build their understanding and awareness of the science of energy.

The law of conservation of energy is a fundamental principle of science. According to the law of conservation of energy, energy cannot be created or destroyed. Energy is a constant. The energy of an object may shift form, be converted or transformed into other types of energy, or be transferred to another object (or objects), but the total amount of energy in the universe remains the same.

Potential and Kinetic Energy

Many students are familiar with potential and kinetic energy to describe the energy of an object at rest or in motion. There are, however, many forms of energy that fall within the broad categories of kinetic energy and potential energy. The lessons below help educators teach about the various types of potential and kinetic energy and about mechanical energy, the sum of potential and kinetic energy in a mechanical system. In these lessons, students explore forces, what happens when one object does work upon another object, the role of mass and gravity, and how energy can be harnessed, converted, shared, and transferred.

The free STEM lessons and activities below provide hands-on learning materials to teach students about energy and to explore various types of energy and how they relate to other types of energy. In these lessons, students explore the relationship between types of energy, conservation of energy, the relationship of energy to work, and how work can transfer or change the energy of an object.

Lesson Plans and Activities to Teach About Energy

The resources below are grouped as follows:

At the bottom of this resource, you will find key vocabulary words, related STEM careers, and a list of independent science and science fair projects for students looking for projects.

Note: for more information about the various "types" of resources available, see Understanding Science Buddies' Resources.

Teach About Potential Energy

Sometimes thought of as the energy of an object at rest, potential energy is the stored energy an object has due to its position relative to other objects or due to deformation of its own shape. In exploring potential energy, students learn about elastic energy, gravitational energy, chemical energy, and nuclear energy.

Elastic Energy

Elastic energy refers to the energy stored in a stretched rubber band or other substance that is deformed and wants to return to its original shape. Elastic energy is potential energy that is converted into kinetic energy when the stretched or deformed object is released.

Because of their stretchiness (elasticity), rubber bands are often used to demonstrate elastic energy. In the Rubber Bands for Energy activity, students stretch and release rubber bands and investigate the relationship between how far the rubber band is stretched and how far it flies. This activity introduces equations for both potential and kinetic energy and allows students to see firsthand that the distance a stretched rubber band travels is related to the distance it is stretched. Questions: Do the rubber bands fly farthest when they are pulled back more or when they are pulled back only a little bit? Is the distance the rubber bands fly at each stretch length consistent? What forces act on the rubber band as it flies through the air?

Note: For additional activities related to elastic energy, see the Rubber Band STEM (Awesome Summer Science Experiments) collection.

Gravitational Energy

Gravitational energy refers to the potential energy of an object in relation to another object due to gravity. On Earth, gravitational energy can be observed in the height of an object above the ground. In space, gravitational energy can be observed in the distance between objects like planets and satellites.

Chemical Energy

Chemical energy refers to the energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

In the Burning Calories-Literally! lesson, students make a calorimeter and use it to measure the energy content of various foods. Chemical energy is stored in the chemical bonds that hold carbohydrates, fats, and proteins together in food molecules and is measured in Calories. In the experiment, the homemade calorimeter measures the change in temperature in a reservoir of water as the chemical energy of a burning food transfers thermal energy to the water. Questions: How is the oxidation of food in our bodies similar to what happens when foods are burned in a calorimeter? What is the difference between Calories (capital C) and calories? Why is a homemade calorimeter less accurate than a professional one? How does energy loss occur using the homemade calorimeter?

Note: For additional lessons and activities related to chemical reactions, see the Teach Chemical Reactions - 20+ Chemistry Lessons and Activities collection.

Nuclear Energy

Nuclear energy refers to the energy stored in the nucleus of an atom.

Teach About Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is the energy an object has due to its motion. In exploring kinetic energy, students learn about motion energy, thermal energy, radiant energy, sound energy, and electrical energy.

Motion Energy

Motion energy refers to the energy found in moving objects.

Note: The egg drop challenge is a good opportunity for students to explore the Engineering Design Process. The An Eggstronaut Mission video uses the design and testing of an egg drop landing device to walk students through the steps of the Engineering Design Process.

Radiant Energy

Radiant energy is the energy found in electromagnetic waves. Examples of radiant energy can be found in light from the Sun, x-rays, gamma rays, and radio waves.

1. In the Build a Pizza Box Solar Oven activity, students build a simple solar oven from a pizza box. The solar oven converts solar energy, radiant energy from the Sun, to thermal energy to cook food. Question: What do materials like aluminum foil and plastic wrap have to do with how the solar oven channels and uses radiant energy? (For an independent student project, see Now You're Cooking! Building a Simple Solar Oven)

2. Have you always wanted a blue house? Or a yellow one? When it is time to paint a house, how should you choose which color to use? In the Can the Color of Your House Reduce Your Energy Footprint? activity, students investigate to see how the color of paint used on a building relates to how hot or cool the building stays inside. Understanding how different colors of paint absorb or reflect radiant light energy can make a difference in the energy requirements of a building for heating or cooling. Question: Can paint choices be made that help in both cold and hot temperatures? Why or why not? What other variables related to building construction can make a house more energy efficient? What color paint would keep a house coolest on a hot day? Are potential energy savings from specific paint colors enough to make it worthwhile to choose a color for environmental reasons over personal preference? ( Note: For a related experiment, see this environmental engineering project.)

Thermal Energy

Thermal energy is energy from the movement of atoms and molecules in a substance. Thermal energy is often referred to as heat or heat energy.

In the Make a Thermometer to Study the Temperature lesson, students make simple liquid thermometers to explore how thermal expansion of liquids is used to make a thermometer. ( Tip: A shorter activity version is also available for informal use.) Questions: How can we use a liquid inside a thermometer to tell how hot or cold it is? What happens to the liquid inside the thermometer when it cools down or heats up?

Note: For additional lessons and activities related to thermal energy, see the 6 STEM Activities to Teach about Thermal Energy and Heat Transfer collection.

Sound Energy

Sound energy travels in waves and is produced when objects or substances vibrate. Sound waves that reach our ears are interpreted as sound (or noise).

1. In the Sound and Vibrations 1: Rubber Band Guitar lesson, students make a simple guitar from a recycled box and rubber bands and explore how sound is caused by vibrations. Plucking a rubber band string makes it vibrate, which causes air molecules to vibrate, which results in a sound wave that travels to the ear and is interpreted by the brain as a sound. (For a related informal science activity, see Make a Rubber Band Guitar.) Questions: How does how hard you pluck the string correspond to the loudness of the sound?

2. In the Sound and Vibrations 2: Make Sprinkles Dance lesson, students learn that sound can create vibrations (rather than vibrations creating sound, as demonstrated in the rubber band guitar lesson). Using a simple setup with a plastic-covered dish (a model membrane) and candy sprinkles on top, students will create sound waves by humming and observe what happens to the sprinkles on top of the plastic. At the end of this exploration, they will be able to explain why sprinkles jump and bounce in response to the sound. (For a related informal science activity, see Make Sprinkles Vibrate with Sound.) Questions: How does how loud you hum correspond to the size of the vibrations, or how much the sprinkles "dance"?

Note: For additional lessons and activities related to the physics of sound, see the 18 Lessons to Teach the Science of Sound collection.

Electrical Energy

1. Can you make a battery out of a stack of coins? In the Charge from Change: Make a Coin Battery activity, students make a homemade battery using construction paper, vinegar, salt, and a handful of pennies and metal washers. By making their own voltaic pile, they learn about electrodes and how electrolytes carry charged particles between metals. Questions: How many coins does it take to light up the LED? Can your coin battery power anything other than an LED? (Students can do a similar independent exploration with the A Battery That Makes Cents project.)

2. In the Electric Play Dough lesson (or Electric Play Dough Project 1: Make Your Play Dough Light Up & Buzz! project), students use conductive dough and insulating dough to learn about circuits. With the two types of dough, they construct simple "squishy" circuits that light up an LED and see firsthand what happens when a circuit is open or closed. For a short, informal exploration of electric play dough, see the Squishy Circuits: Light Up Your Play Doh® Creations! activity. Question: How many LEDs can you light up in your circuit?

Note: For additional lessons and activities related to teaching about electricity, see the 16 Science Experiments to Teach About Electricity collection.

Potential + Kinetic Energy Together

When exploring energy, students will quickly see that both potential and kinetic energy are often present as energy shifts from one form to another. When a stretched rubber band is released, for example, the elastic potential energy is converted to kinetic energy of motion. Similarly, a ball held up has gravitational potential energy, but when the ball is dropped, this changes to kinetic energy. The lessons and activities highlighted below are good examples of systems that demonstrate potential energy + kinetic energy, often in sequences that repeat (like a roller coaster with more than one hill).

When we talk about an object's total kinetic energy of motion and gravitational or elastic potential energy, we refer to the energy as mechanical energy. Mechanical energy is the sum of an object's potential and kinetic energy. The total energy in a mechanical system is its mechanical energy.

1. For another roller coaster activity, see Build a Marble Roller Coaster. This one uses foam rather than paper for a larger roller coaster building experiment.

2. When a player dribbles a basketball, the ball has potential energy at its starting point, which is converted to kinetic energy as the ball falls to the ground. Some of the energy is lost on impact (as sound or heat or absorbed by the floor), and when the ball bounces back up, it may not return to its starting height. If a player's hand is there to put more energy into the ball (by pushing it down again), the ball can continue to bounce up and down, and the energy will shift back and forth between potential and kinetic energy. In the Bouncing Basketballs: How Much Energy Does Dribbling Take? project, students explore the energy demonstrated by a ball that is dropped from a certain height and allowed to bounce a number of times before being caught. Questions: If no energy is added to a bouncing ball, what eventually happens to the ball? In a bouncing ball, what type of potential energy is present when the ball is held out and ready to be dropped? What impact does the distance from which the ball is dropped have on how high it will bounce or for how long? When a player uses a hand to push the ball back to the floor, what happens to the energy in the ball? (For a related exploration of the energy lost when a ball is bounced, see the Basketball Physics: Where Does a Bouncing Ball's Energy Go? project.)

Note: For additional activities related to potential and kinetic energy, see the 13 Activities and Lessons to Teach Potential and Kinetic Energy collection.

Energy Projects for Students Doing Independent Science Projects or Science Fair

Students interested in projects related to energy, types of energy, conservation of energy, and energy transfer may enjoy independent physics and engineering projects like these:

Related STEM Careers

Students interested in energy and the projects and lessons highlighted can learn more about related STEM career pathslike:

Vocabulary

The following word bank contains words that may be covered when teaching about energy using the lessons and activities in this resource.

Chemical energy

Elastic energy

Electrical energy

Energy transfer

Forces

Friction

Gravitational energy

Heat

Joule

Kinetic energy

Law of conservation of energy

Mass

Mechanical energy

Motion energy

Newton's laws of motion

Nuclear energy

Potential energy

Power

Radiant energy

Sound energy

Thermal energy

Watt

Waves

Work

Bookmark this Resource!

Thematic Collections

Collections like this help educators find themed activities in a specific subject area or discover activities and lessons that meet a curriculum need. We hope these collections make it convenient for teachers to browse related lessons and activities. For other collections, see the Teaching Science Units and Thematic Collections lists. We encourage you to browse the complete STEM Activities for Kids and Lesson Plans areas, too. Filters are available to help you narrow your search.

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