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British English Accent (BrE) and American English Accent (AmE) greatly differ to each other in a term of it's history, features and language variations. In Phonemic Variation, the most prominent feature that makes the two accents different is the rhoticity as BrE omits /r/ in their pronunciations. Moving on to Prosodic Variation, we find out that it is unique that BrE puts stress in pronouncing the second syllable of the word whereas AmE in the other hand, stressing more on the first syllable. BrE and AmE also have significant differences in term of their Lexical Variation as their spelling, vocabulary as well as idioms are distinguishable and lastly, they also show differences in their Grammar and Syntactic Variation. For example, BrE uses modal auxiliary "shall" a lot in conversation, however its uses are only limited to first persons meanwhile AmE rarely uses "shall" because they are more prefer to use "will" as this modal verb can be used to all persons.

In  the process of making the analysis of language variation, we have realize that the way individual talks can be slightly different compared to the accents that we know generally due to personal's upbringing and surroundings. This can be seen from the struggles that we had in analyzing our first speaker, the UK born individual's phonemic variation. We find that some of his pronunciations such as  the word "schedule" are very similar to American English accent, /skɛʤʊl/.

This further proves that a lot of integration between these two accents have happened in the past few decades resulting in generations that speak mixed of both Englishes. This is not to say that it is all bad or the future of the accents are at stake. It just means that language will have to change as people also start to evolve within themselves, migrating and mixing with each other.

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NUR ALIS FATIHAH BINTI ROHIMI_EPORTFOLIO REFLECTION

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain.

Consists of 4 countries (Scotland, Northern Ireland, Wales and England) and 83 counties (division). London is the capital city of both England and UK.

Total population is 67 million. Predominantly, 81.88% of them are White, followed by 7% Asian British and Black British at 3%.

The most populous country is England with 54 million, London taking over 8.9 million of the population.

UK's national language is English, also being the first language for 95% of the population. Other than that, people speak in regional languages or Polish.

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Name: Usama Mohammad
Age: 23
Ethnicity: British-Pakistani
Birthplace: London, UK
Current place: London, UK
Occupation: Teaching Assistant

A man born from mixed marriages, British-Pakistani, with English as his mother tongue.

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U.S.A: United States of America

5 regions (Northeast, Southeast, Southwest, West and Midwest) of which altogether have 50 states and 1 Federal District (Washington DC, also known as the capital city).

The 3 rd largest country in the world with a population over 300 million as of 2022, with 72.4% White Americans, 12.6% African Americans, 5.2% Asians and the rest are of mixed races.

It's biggest state is Alaska while the smallest one is Rhode Island.

The most populous state is California with 39 million followed by Wyoming as the least.

US national language is English, particularly American English.

It is believed that more than 200 million people use English at home. The second most used language is Spanish with 39 million speakers.

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Name: Jeffrey Barrett East
Age: 22
Ethnicity: Caucasian
Birthplace: Diamondhead, Mississippi, USA.
Current place: Huntsville, Alabama, USA.
Occupation: Line Cook

An American-born, with English as his mother tongue.

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A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a word

Number of phonemes: 44

Phonemes consists of:

Consonants

Long vowels

Short vowels

Diphthongs

Tripthongs

The written representation of a sound is placed in slashes

Examples:

/b/

/t/

/d/

Functions:

Makes a difference in words’ pronunciation

Distinguish a word’s meaning from another word

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What is Rhoticity?

Introduced by:  John Wells

Year: 1982

English Accents speakers can be divided into 2 groups: Rhotic speakers and Non-rhotic speakers

Rhotic speaker articulate the consonant /r/ whereas Non-rhotic speaker do not articulate the consonant /r/ hence:

British English speaker = Non-rhotic speaker

American English speaker = Rhotic speaker

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"leisure days"

In the audio, our second speaker is a Rhotic speaker as he pronounced clearly the word "leisure" with "r" as in /lɛʒər/ meanwhile our first speaker dropped "r" when he pronounced the word as /lɛʒə/, making him a Non-rhotic speaker.

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When will Non-rhotic speaker pronounce /r/?

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When will Non-rhotic speaker pronounce /r/?

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There is a condition for Non-rhotic speakers to pronounce /r/ in their pronunciation:

Only pronounce the 'r' if it comes before a spoken vowel sound

(e.g: red, rude,here)

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Rhoticity: When to pronounce the R in a Standard British English accent

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/ɑː/ and /æ/

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Cream and Brown Minimalist Let's Learn Presentation

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"I would have not lose my only chance to get my dream job"

In the audio, the sentence above has shown a significant changes in vowel between the two speakers whereas the British speaker would pronounce the word "chance" as
/ʧɑːns/ meanwhile the American speaker would pronounce the word as
/ʧæns/.

This changes of vowel /ɑː/ in British Accent  to /æ/ in American Accent has occurred as it has met the following condition:

Vowel /ɑː/ is followed by another consonant such as

/ns/

/nt/

/nʧ/

/mpl/

There's also another example of conditions where the change of vowel will occurs where:

vowel /ɑ:/ is before sounds /s/, /f/, and /t/

( e.g : pass )

vowel /ɑ:s/ in BrE but /æs/ in AmE

 (e.g : glass )

vowel /ɑ:t/ in Bre but /æf/ in Ame

(e.g : giraffe )

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2.1 What is International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

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2.1 What is International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)?

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Cute Floral Vector Illustration Linktree Profile Image (2)

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Cute Floral Vector Illustration Linktree Profile Image

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1.0 Introduction

Demographic of the Speakers and their respected countries

2.0 International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

2.1 What is IPA?
2.2 IPA Transcription of Sample Sentences

3.0 Background History of English:

3.1 English in United Kingdom
3.2 English in America

4.0 Phonemic Variation

4.1 What is a Phoneme?
4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 Rhoticity
4.2.2 Change of Vowels
4.2.3 Change of Diphtongs

5.0 Prosodic Variation

4.1 What is a Prosody?
4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 Intonation
4.2.2 Stress

6.0 Lexical Variation

6.1 What is Lexical Variation?
6.2 Lexical Variation between BrE and AmE
6.3 Lexical Variation across UK (England)
6.4 Lexical Variation across US

7.0 Grammar/Syntactic Variation

7.1 What is Grammar/Syntactic Variation?
7.2 Grammatical Variation in British vs American English
7.3 Analysis

7.3 Analysis
7.3.1 Nouns
7.3.2 Articles
7.3.3 Pronouns
7.3.4 Verbs
7.3.5 Tenses
7.3.6 Prepositions
7.3.7 Punctuations
7.3.8 Adverbs

8.0 Conclusion & Reflection

9.0 Personal Written Reflections

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The concept idea of IPA was introduced by:

Otto Jesperson

Developed by:

A.J. Ellis

Henry Sweet

Daniel Jones

Passy

Year: in the late 19th century

The Aims:

Avoid confusion caused by the inconsistent conventional spellings used in every language.

Distinguish one word from another by using a unique symbol for each distinctive sound (phoneme) in a language.

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2.2 IPA Transcription of Sample Sentences

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2.2 IPA Transcription of Sample Sentences

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of British English:

ði ɔːgənaɪzeɪʃən dʌz nɒt əlaʊ ɛni æktɪvɪtiz ɔː ʃɛdjuːlz tuː biː sɛt ʌp ɒn aɪðə sætədeɪ ɔː sʌndeɪ æz ðəʊz ɑː səpəʊzd tuː biː lɛʒə deɪz

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of American English:

ði ɔrgənəzeɪʃən dʌz nɑt əlaʊ ɛni æktɪvətiz ɔr skɛʤʊlz tu bi sɛt ʌp ɑn iðər sætərdi ɔr sʌndeɪ æz ðoʊz ɑr səpoʊzd tu bi lɛʒər deɪz

‌

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of British English:

kæn juː pliːz gɪv miː ə glɑːs ɒv wɔːtə ?
aɪ niːd tuː teɪk maɪ mɛdsɪn

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of American English:

kæn ju pliz gɪv mi ə glæs ʌv wɔtər ?
aɪ nid tu teɪk maɪ mɛdəsən

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of British English:

ði ədvɜːtɪsmənt kleɪmz ðæt təmɑːtəʊz ɑː gʊd sɔːs ɒv sɛvrəl vɪtəmɪnz sʌʧ æz vɪtəmɪn iː ænd siː bʌt ɪn ði ɛnd ɪt ɪz ɔːl əbaʊt ðə sɔːsɪz ænd kəndɪmənts ðeɪ ɑː ˈsɛlɪŋ

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of American English:

ði ədvɜrtəzmənt kleɪmz ðæt təmeɪtoʊz ɑr gʊd sɔrs ʌv sɛvrəl vaɪtəmənz sʌʧ æz vaɪtəmən i ænd si bʌt ɪn ði ɛnd, ɪt ɪz ɔl əbaʊt ðə ˈsɔsəz ænd kɑndəmənts ðeɪ ɑr sɛlɪŋ

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of British English:

əʊ maɪ gɒd !
ɪf əʊnli aɪ dɪd nɒt əʊvəsliːp ɒn ðə deɪ ɒv ði ɪntəvjuː, aɪ wʊd hæv nɒt luːz maɪ əʊnli ʧɑːns tuː gɛt maɪ driːm ʤɒb

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) of American English:

oʊ maɪ gɑd !
ɪf oʊnli aɪ dɪd nɑt oʊvərslip ɑn ðə deɪ ʌv ði ɪntərvju, aɪ wʊd hæv nɑt luz maɪ oʊnli ʧæns tu gɛt maɪ drim ʤɑb

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Green Orange Shapes Fun & Playful Linktree Profile Image

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Initial Teaching Alphabet | Britannica. (n.d.). Www.britannica.com. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Initial-Teaching-Alphabet
‌

toPhonetics. (2019). ToPhonetics. https://tophonetics.com/

オフィスのイラスト. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.irasutoya.com/2014/05/blog-post_6681.html

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More on the differences between British and American English

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More on the differences between British and American English

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Main Points

British English (BrE) and American English (AmE) has numerous varieties.

Several ways on how British English and American English differs from each other includes :

Vocabulary

Accent

Spelling

Grammar

(Some of these examples above along with other variations will be explored more in the portfolio).

Most of the differences between BrE and AmE are minor and do not really affect one's understanding of English rules.

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How Are British English and American English Different?

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The difference over choice of words for different types of people at the same time (Holmes, J. 2008).

E.g: Perhaps=Maybe

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6.2 Lexical Variation between BrE and AmE

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6.2 Lexical Variation between BrE and AmE

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British settlers first brought it to America. The spelling was not yet officialised. Then, Dr. Johnson, a scholar from London made the first English dictionary.

The variation occurs when a lexicographer from the US named Noah Webster finally created an official dictionary for the Americans. He apparently also changed the spelling to show the country's independence from the mother country of the language.

Some examples of the variation:-

Spelling differences:

-ogue: (BrE-AmE) Monologue-Monolog

-y-: (Bre-AmE) Tyre-Tire, Pyjamas-Pajamas

Vocabulary differences:

BrE: barrister, AmE: lawyer

BrE: metro, underground tube, AmE: subway

Idioms differences:

BrE: sweep under the carpet, AmE: sweep under the rug

BrE: skeleton in the cupboard, AmE: skeleton in the closet

BrE: blow one's trumpet, AmE: blow one's horn

Grammar differences:

Collective nouns are considered singular in American English. But British English, mostly considers it as plural.

E.g: (AmE) The band is playing. (BrE) The band are playing.

BrE uses 'at' for preposition to relate to time and place. AmE uses 'on' for time and 'in' for place.

The Brits use 'shall' meanwhile the Americans use 'will' or 'should'.

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6.3 Lexical Variation across United Kingdom (England)

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6.3 Lexical Variation across United Kingdom (England)

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London and its surrounding areas: Roll

Leeds and Blackburn: Tea cake

Manchester and Preston: Barm

Oldham and Rochdale: Muffin

Nottinghamshire: Cob

around the North East: Bun

Liverpool and Coventry: Batch

Belfast (Northern Ireland): Bap

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97% of Southern speakers say 'chewing gum'.

North speakers around Merseyside and Middlesbrough say 'chewy'.

Greater Manchester and Leeds people uses 'chuddy'.

Tyneside is more common with 'chud'.

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6.4 Lexical Variation across United States

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6.4 Lexical Variation across United States

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The usage of 'drowsy' is concentrated around West region of US, particularly area around Utah, Nevada and South California. It is also highly used in New York and Pensylvannia.

The word 'sleepy' is widely used in Southeast region, particularly at North and South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi and Florida.

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'Bookstore' usage frequency is divided into two regions of US, Northeast and West.

In the Northeast, basically all states in it uses 'bookstore'. In the West, it is mainly used by Utah, Washington, and South California.

The word 'bookshop' is famous only in Midwest and Southeast region. It is very frequently used in from the very upper of Midwest, Minnesota to the very end of Southeast region, Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama.

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Robinson, J. (2019, April 24). British Library. Www.bl.uk. https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/lexical-change-in-the-english-language

‌Differences between British and American English | British Council Foundation Indonesia. (2022). Britishcouncilfoundation.id. https://www.britishcouncilfoundation.id/en/english/articles/british-and-american-english

‌Sanyal, D. (2014, January 7). A Comparative Analysis of Lexical Variation in American and British English with special reference to few selected words | Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities. Rupkatha.com. https://rupkatha.com/exical-variation-in-american-and-british-english/

‌Lexical variables | Our Dialects. (2019). Our Dialects. https://www.ourdialects.uk/lexical/

‌Grieve, J., Cfl, Asnaghi, C., Ruette, T., & Qlvl. (2014). Lexical Variation in American English: A Web-based Dialect Survey. http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/qlvl/prints/Grieve_Asnaghi_Ruette_2014pres_lexvar_AmE.pdf

Holmes, J. (2008). An introduction to sociolinguistics. Longman.

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What is a Diphtong?

Diphtong is a gliding vowel in the articulation of which there is a continuous transition from one position to another.

For example: the letter "i" in the word ice is represented as /ai/

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British English has 8 diphtongs:

/eɪ/

/əʊ/

/ɔɪ/

/eə/

/aɪ/

/aʊ/

/ɪə/

/ʊə/

American English has 5 diphtongs:

/eɪ/

/aɪ/

/aʊ/

/oʊ/

/ɔɪ/

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Cream and Brown Minimalist Let's Learn Presentation (3)

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In British English pronunciation, the schwa /ə/ glides towards /ʊ/, starts with unrounded lips:

This movement is not large because the second part of the diphthong is weak.

The lips may be slightly rounded in anticipation of the glide towards /ʊ/

In American English pronunciation, this diphthong starts as a rounded vowel between /ɔ/ and /o/, but centralized and gliding towards /ʊ/.

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Cream and Brown Minimalist Let's Learn Presentation (2)

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Prosody is expressiveness in a speech

Elements of prosody:

Intonation

Stress

Tone

Rhythm

Functions:

provides context of the speech

makes the word more memorable and meaningful

Keeps listeners engaged

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Example of different intonations in speech

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What is Intonation?
Intonation is a layer of meaning beyond words and helps speakers communicate meaning through the rise ( UP [↑] ) and fall ( DOWN [↓] ) of the voice. It helps to convey:

grammatical meaning

(e.g: different tones for types of questions)

status of information

(e.g: main or subordinate/ finished or unfinished)

attitude

(e.g: whether we’re certain or not/ have doubts or reservations )

feelings

(e.g. whether we’re confident/ happy/ enthusiastic/ sad/ bored etc.)

relational

(e.g: how ‘open’, friendly or ‘closed’ we are towards a listener, or to communicate empathy or shared feeling)

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Cream and Brown Minimalist Let's Learn Presentation (4)

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Examples of Sentences with British English Intonation and American English Intonation

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The Intonation Comparison of BrE and AmE in YNQ

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The Intonation Comparison of BrE and AmE in YNQ

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Sample sentence 1:

Did you make[↑] that for us?

In the sample sentence above, British speakers are tend to use a fall-rise intonation on a polite yes-no question (YNQ). This means that a high pitch is reached in the ‘nuclear’ syllable (make) followed by a sharp fall to low pitch, with a little rise at the end of the phrase (us).

Sample sentence 2:

Did you make any new friends [↑]?

In contrast, American speakers are tend to use a high rising intonation on a polite yes-no question (YNQ) as seen in the sample sentence above. This means that a high pitch can only be found at the end of the sentences (friend).

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The BBC recently asked me and other phoneticians to comment on the idea, expressed in social media, that Meghan, Duchess of Sussex has started to acquire a British accent.
There are indeed some signs in video clips that she occasionally shows British influence. For example, here she is on a visit to my birthplace, Birkenhead (full speed, then slowed down):

The typically British feature here is the use of a fall-rise intonation on a polite yes-no question (YNQ). This means that a high pitch is reached in the 'nuclear' syllable (in this example make) followed by a sharp fall to low pitch, with a little rise at the end of the phrase ( us).

Americans are more likely to say YNQs with a high rising intonation:

But the British (at least the Southern British) love the fall-rise:

The commonness of such fall-rises on YNQs in SSB is discussed in my English After RP. But it's not a new phenomenon: over twenty years ago, American intonation expert Bob Ladd wrote:

in polite yes-no questions... it is quite common in RP but not in any North American variety to use... a high level prenuclear stretch and a falling-rising nucleus ( Intonational Phonology, 1st edition, 1996, p. 122)

However, you may be unaware of this pattern if you've learned about intonation from British RP-based textbooks, which describe the intonation of now old-fashioned RP. The main pattern for polite YNQs in old RP was a high level prenuclear stretch followed by a nuclear low rise. This was called the 'Low Bounce' by O'Connor & Arnold in their classic Intonation of Colloquial English (2nd edition, 1973). Here it is, in examples from the accompanying cassette tape. (I'm old enough to have been taught by the authors; if I'm not mistaken, the first speaker is 'Doc' O'Connor and the second is Gordon Arnold.)

Your reaction to those clips may depend on whether you're native or not. Non-natives may recognize the patterns as simply the way they were taught to speak English. Native Brits, on the other hand, may be laughing at how old-fashioned (and posh) they sound - the kind of speech that natives now find hilarious in old films like Brief Encounter:

O'Connor & Arnold (p. 64):

This is by far the most common way of asking yes-no questions; it should be regarded as the normal way, with the speaker displaying genuine interest in obtaining the information requested. Any other tone group should be used only in the special circumstances outlined in the appropriate place in this chapter.

The fall-rise, which today is vastly more common than the RP Low Bounce, was considered by O'Connor & Arnold to be a rare pattern. They claimed it was only for YNQs which expressed surprise, especially echo questions, where 'the effect... is of astonishment, as if the speaker can hardly believe his ears' (p. 71). One of their examples:

Are you going to the wedding? Am \/I going? ǁ (Well, of course I am!)

The old-fashioned O'Connor & Arnold account of YNQs in RP was essentially repeated as recently as 2006 in John Wells's English Intonation (Cambridge University Press). 'The default tone for a yes-no question is a rise. We call it the yes-no rise' (p. 45). The book's audio clips are mostly examples of O'Connor & Arnold's Low Bounce, occasionally sounding like clips from Brief Encounter:

English Intonation repeated (and quoted from) O'Connor & Arnold's warnings about using fall-rises on YNQs:

Neither the mid fall-rise nor the rise-fall-rise is used with questions... The high fall-rise... adds animation or intensity and has the effect of making the question more specific. It can suggest astonishment, 'as if the speaker can hardly believe his ears' (p. 221)

This RP account is obviously quite inappropriate for contemporary 'mainstream' speech. None of the twenty assorted Brits illustrated above are using the fall-rise to express that they can hardly believe their ears. Nor is Meghan. They're just being neutrally polite, interested, engaged. Clearly, a major change has taken place in standard British intonation; indeed, it took place long enough ago for Bob Ladd to describe it as an established characteristic of RP in the 1990s!

The full contemporary pattern, with high level pitch before the fall-rise, is not even described by O'Connor & Arnold, or by Wells's English Intonation. (They associate the fall-rise with prenuclear falling pitch, which is still true in statements.) John Wells knew of the full pattern's existence, but he didn't consider it RP and therefore excluded it from the old-school RP that described in English Intonation. He mentions it as a 'Near-RP' form in his 1982 Accents of English (p. 373):

This suggests how the change took place. I think the 'Near-RP' fall-rise has probably been in use for a long time, right across Southern Britain, by a wide range of speakers. Here it is from a Cockney cab driver and from Yorkshireman Lord Adebowale:

I think that as upper class speech became increasingly stigmatized in recent decades, and a wider range of speakers became respectable (see English After RP and blog posts of mine like this one and this one), the widely used fall-rise established itself as a YNQ standard - imitated today, quite appropriately, by Meghan. And the old RP-ish Low Bounce became a restricted option.

The Low Bounce is certainly not dead. But it's harder to find in clips, and is quite often used for a particular effect. Let's end with a few modern recordings that make use of the old Low Bounce.

This speaker is not asking anyone a real question, but rather is reading from a collection of stories by P. G. Wodehouse and C. H. Bovill, published in 1914. The word blighter, meaning 'annoying fellow', is described by Cambridge as 'UK old-fashioned' - and the reader has chosen the old-fashioned Low Bounce intonation to match.

This is a video from BBC Learning English. Again, the speaker is not asking anyone a real question but is reading, this time a textbook-style question (0:47). Although the video is trying to be up-to-date, the speaker here is talking like an old textbook. I think he'd be extremely un likely to use this Low Bounce intonation if he were actually conversing with another native.

In another English-teaching video, this teacher actually makes a point of contrasting stilted 'textbook' speech and real speech (2:08):

The intonation that he uses to illustrate the artificial, stilted way of speaking is, surprise surprise, the Low Bounce.

[When this teacher goes on to say the question more naturally, he uses a falling intonation (as he does when he asks 'Do we say it like this?' in the clip above). The fall is at least as common as the fall-rise on YNQs. In fact, the fall and the fall-rise can be hard to tell apart; the little rise at the end of the latter can be very little indeed. As I say in English After RP (p. 106), 'the contemporary Fall-Rise nuclear tone is often not fully realized... In natural running speech it can sometimes be tricky to distinguish it from the High Fall.' I hope to exemplify this with audio clips (as well as the high rise, also used by Brits on YNQs) in another post.]

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British intonation: Meghan teaches us - english speech services

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The BBC recently asked me and other phoneticians to comment on the idea, expressed in social media, that Meghan, Duchess of Sussex has started to acquire a British accent. There are indeed some signs in video clips that she occasionally shows British influence.

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What is word stress?
When we stress syllables in words, we use a combination of different features. A stressed syllable combines five features:

It is l-o-n-g-e-r - com p-u-ter

It is LOUDER - comPUTer

It has a change in pitch from the syllables coming before and afterwards. The pitch of a stressed syllable is usually higher.

It is said more clearly -The vowel sound is purer. Compare the first and last vowel sounds with the stressed sound.

It uses larger facial movements - the jaw and lips move differently when a word is stressed.

Function of word stress:

Distinguish a word from another word

(e.g: desert and dessert)

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7.1 What is Grammar/Syntactic Variation?

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7.1 What is Grammar/Syntactic Variation?

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Grammatical variation is differences in word, phrase or sentence structure of English language in different parts of the world and social groups (Robinson, 2019).

Examples :

John entered the room. It was full of people.

John entered the room, which was full of people.

When John entered, the room was full of people.

The room which John entered was full of people.

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7.2 Grammatical Variation in British vs American English

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7.2 Grammatical Variation in British vs American English

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British and American English has very similar grammar and syntax variation but the differences are still notable.

For Example :

'I have no time' (BrE)

'I don't have any time' (AmE)

Some of the grammar variation are now accepted and used frequently in BrE.

However, some grammar structure may still be considered ungrammatical in some other variety.

Differences between AmE and BrE can be seen through the usage of nouns, pronouns, verbs, tenses, prepositions, auxiliaries, etc.

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7.3.1 Nouns

BrE : Singular collective nouns are followed by singular or plural verb.

Which team is losing? ✓

Which team are losing? ✓

His team are all sitting down. ✓

AmE : Singular collective noun can only be followed by singular verb.

Which team is losing? ✓

Which team are losing? ✗

7.3.2 Articles

BrE : uses the article 'a' and 'an' depending on vowel and consonant sounds.

an orange.

a cat.

AmE : prefers article 'a' for informal usage.

a orange.

However, AmE prefers using the article the for phrases that requires definite articles, no definite article and indefinite article.

BrE :

He is in hospital.

Members of staff.

On average.

AmE :

He is in the hospital.

Members of the staff.

On the average.

7.3.3 Pronouns

Example 1
BrE : Indefinite pronoun one is repeated throughout the sentence in co-reference.

"If one loses one's tempter, one should apologize."

AmE : Indefinite pronoun one is replaced with third person pronoun (s/he).

"If one loses his temper, he should apologize."

Example 2
AmE uses the relative pronouns who compare to whom.

BrE : Whom do you want to see?

AmE : Who do you want to see?

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[3:58] British speakers pronounced the word "advertisement" as
/ədˈvɜːtɪsmənt/ whereas the stress is on the second syllable. Nevertheless, American speakers pronounced the word as
/ædvərˈtaɪzmənt/ where the word stress is being put on the first syllable.

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30 Words That Americans and Brits Stress Differently

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7.3.4 Verbs

Example 1
BrE : Frequently uses the modal auxiliary 'shall' but it is restricted to first persons. It is also usually used in formal invitation.

Shall we dance?

I shall go. (sometimes they use 'will' when speaking)

AmE : Rarely uses 'shall', 'should', etc. as they use 'will' and 'would' more but these modal auxiliary is not limited to first persons only and can be used with all persons.

I will go.

Example 2

BrE : Uses 'will' and 'would' in predictive sense.

Would we always tell you?

You oughtn't to have done.

AmE : Uses 'should' or 'must' in predictive sense.

Should we always tell you?

You shouldn't have done.

Example 3
BrE : Uses be + 'going to' in informal spoken style.

Are you going to play with them?

AmE : Uses contracted form of 'going to' (gonna).

Are you gonna play with them?

Past and Participle Forms of Verbs

BrE : She's eaten too much.
AmE : She ate too much.

BrE : Have you seen my keys anywhere?
AmE : Did you see my keys anywhere?

BrE : Have you ever been to Italy?
AmE : Did you ever go to Italy?

BrE : He bust through that door yesterday.
AmE : He busted through that door yesterday.

7.3.5 Tenses

a) An action in the past that causes an effect in the present
BrE : Mary feels ill since she has worked a lot.
AmE : Mary feels ill since she worked a lot.

b) Sentences with 'just'
BrE : She has just finished her dinner.
AmE : She just finished her dinner.

c) Sentences with 'already', 'yet', 'never' or 'ever'
BrE : I haven't told her about her mother's death yet.
AmE : I didn't tell her about her mother's death yet.

7.3.6 Prepositions

Some prepositions are required in BrE but not AmE.

a) Preposition 'at' before an adverb.

BrE : I am currently at home.

AmE : I am currently home.

b) Preposition 'on' before 'day', 'week', or 'certain day'.

BrE : I'll see you on Monday.

AmE : I'll see you Monday.

c) Adding -s or -st in prepositions.

BrE : He walked towards the post office.

AmE : He walked toward the post office.

BrE : It was hiding among the pile of clothing.

AmE : It was hiding amongst the pile of clothing.

d) Different usage of preposition.

BrE : I'll be here at the weekend.

AmE : I'll be here on the weekend.

7.3.7 Punctuations

Some punctuations are used differently between BrE and AmE.

a) Quotations.

BrE : Mother told me, "Go play with your brother". (double inverted commas)

AmE : Mother told me, 'Go play with your brother'. (single inverted commas)

b) Commas

BrE : My favorite animals are cats, rabbits and hamsters.

AmE : My favorite animals are cats, rabbits, and hamsters. (usage of comma on the second to last item)

c) Connect pre-fixes with the main word using hyphens.

BrE : post-war, co-operation.

AmE : postwar, cooperation.

7.3.8 Adverbs

Example 1
BrE : He'll arrive here presently. (soon)
AmE : He is presently living in Malaysia. (now)

Example 2
BrE : The car looks a nice one.
AmE : The car looks like a nice one.

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