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The Neolithic Revolution was the beginning of farming and settlements. Major cities and civilizations began during this period, leading to a huge population increase. Trade also set the stage and men took on the role of protecting settlements and obtaining food.

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Mesopotamia was located within the Fertile Crescent. It had three major regions including Akkad, Sumer, and Assyria. Mesopotamians had many cultures and languages and most of them were polytheistic. Temples called Ziggurats were built in honor of gods and religious/political leaders.

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The Sumers were the earliest known civilization, first settled between 4500 BC and 4000 BC. The Sumerian society was divided people into 3 strict classes, each with different social standing. Like the Mesopotamians, the Sumerians were polytheistic. The Sumerians' main accomplishment was creating Cuneiform, an ancient form of writing and now the world's oldest.

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The Egyptians practiced polytheism, and their government and religion were intertwined. Pharaohs were in charge of them. Resources and surplus were under government control within Egyptian provinces, and the country's economy operated on a trade barter system. There was a class system in place, and many marriages were arranged.They also accomplished a lot, like creating the first 365-day calendar in history and hieroglyphics.

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The Indus Valley Civilization had more than 2,000 settlements in the region. Some of the homes in the settlements would reach up to 3 stories tall. They had a sewage system and advanced roads/water systems. Some of the most common ways of life that their residents would live were living with their extended families in one room and having many arranged marriages

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One of the oldest cultures in the world is that of China. Aristocrats controlled farming. Although they practiced polytheism, they believed in a supreme god. For Chinese people, the family was the primary focus.Their most significant achievements were the development of a written language, the growth of the silk trade, and the fact that their population had grown to 50 million.

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The earliest known civilization in Mesoamerica was the Olmec. They are well-known for having enormous stone heads. They appear to have been polytheistic, though this has not been verified. They also participated in a "ballgame" that had great significance, but that historians do not fully understand.

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Originally, the Mayans settled in what is now modern-day Guatemala and Beilze. They built pyramids, stone structures, and engaged in agriculture. The also took part in human sacrifice. They further developed a simplified number system, and their population peaked up to two million.

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The Babylonian Empire was founded by Hammurabi and located in Mesopotamia. Babylon was the capital city. The people here had to follow a list of strict laws called Hammurabi's Code Of Law. If the citizens didn't follow or broke these rules, they would face harsh punishment as severe as death.

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Conquered much of Mesopotamia in a short time, The Assyrians had great military tactics and weaponry as well as advanced communication techniques. They produced widespread civil unrest leading to the breakdown of the social order and ultimately later caused the overthrow of the Assyrians.

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The Persian Empire conquered much of the territory formerly held by the Assyrians and Babylonians. Persians maintained cultural and religious tolerance. The "Persian Royal Road" helped leaders move easily throughout the empire. They practiced Zoroastrianism which is a monotheistic religion. Those who chose God would have an afterlife in paradise, the ones who didn't would be cast into the abyss for an eternity in misery.

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Epic poetry writing served as the foundation for much of Greek culture. These writings were made to serve as guide for future Greek citizens, often men. Additionally, the Greeks were split up into city states, each of which had its own acropolis.

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Sparta was a strict, warlike society, and military-focused state. People were born into a caste system. Women were not allowed to join the military, while men started training as soon as they turned 7. Spartans rejected the outside world and new ideas.

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Athens developed one of the world's earliest constitutions, which included assemblies. They're referred to as the birthplace of Western civilization. the spot where democracy was born. They claimed their superiority over their neighbors and considered themselves to be direct ancestors of the great Homeric heroes.

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Known as the Persian Wars, there were two major conflicts between the Greeks and Persians. Greece had 11,000 troops and Persia had 15,000, and the Persians were still defeated in the first fight, the fight of Marathon, which took place in 490 BC. Due to the North's lack of support, the Persians also lost the second war, known as the Battle of Samis, which took place in 480 BC.

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In the Peloponnesian War, Sparta and Athens were rivals. A plague outbreak in the city during the battle killed half of the its residents. Sparta was proclaimed the winner overall, which made the Greek city states weaker due to their lack of organization and made them more prone to attack.

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Birth Of Christianity (first century CE)

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Birth Of Christianity (first century CE)

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The birth of Jesus was around 1 BC. The Early Roman Empire practiced tolerance, but as emperors increased in power tolerance was limited. Christians believe that Jesus is The Son of God. Which is how the Christian faith was birthed. Jesus encouraged practices of honesty, patience, good deeds, and peace to all.

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Rome began to crumble due to a lack of organization, inequality, weak leaders, and a lack of trust in government. Because of this, Rome split into empires: Byzantine and Western.

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The Frankish Empire controlled most of Western Europe and promoted Christianity. Charlemagne was the most influential ruler named Roman Emperor. Rome had already collapsed but Charlemagne was able to legitimize his rule by allying himself with the Pope.

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The capital of Byzantine was Constantinople which became the center of Europe. Ruler's authority is tied closely to religion leading them to be seen as almost God-like. Justinian code was a legal system created by Justinian combining and simplifying Roman Laws in the Byzantine Empire.

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The Crusdes were a series of conflicts between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land; there were nine in all, and the first was the only one in which the Christians triumphed. In the first, Pope Urban II calls for peasants and knights to defend the Holy Land, promising them both potential wealth and sin forgiveness. They killed 70,000 people after successfully taking over Jersualaem, and their rule lasted for roughly a century.

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The Bubonic Plague killed over 75 million people. Fleas on the backs of rats spread the plague. Poverty, failed businesses, and decreased business were some of the most severe economic effects of the global crisis.

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John Hus was a Czech preacher who called for a return to biblical values rather than the orders of the pope. He was accused of heresy and executed by burning at the stake after supporting the church's indulgence practice.

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After leading French forces to numerous decisive victories, Joan of Arc, a French peasant woman, rose to notoriety as a military leader. She was later taken prisoner by the English, tortured, and killed. She then turned into a matryr.