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The cellular components are called cell organelles. Cell organelles are specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions necessary for the cell's survival and operation.

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Cell Membrane is also known as plasma membrane, is found in all type of cells and separates the interior of the cells from the outside environments. Cell membrane consist of a lipid bilayers that is semipermeable.

Cell membrane provide a protection for a cell , it also provides a fixed environments inside the cells. It have several different functions one is to transport the nutrients into the cells and aso to transport a toxic substance existing the cells . Cell membrane will have a protein on it and it will interact with another cells. Cell membrane also provides some structural support for a cells.

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The shape of nucleus is round or oval. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons situated at the centre of the atom. The nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes, which encode genetic material. The nucleus is a doubled membraned organelle that contains genetic materials and other instructions necessary for cellular processes. The nucleus is only found in eukaryotic cells and is also one of the largest organelles.

Bahasa : Bentuk dari nukleus adalah bulat atau oval. Inti atom terdiri dari proton dan neutron yang terletak di pusat atom. Nukleus berisi semua kromosom sel, yang mengkode materi genetik. Nukleus adalah organel bermembran ganda yang berisi materi genetik dan instruksi lain yang diperlukan untuk proses seluler. Inti hanya terdapat pada sel eukariotik dan juga merupakan salah satu organel terbesar.

citation : “Composition and Size of Nucleus, Atomic Masses, Isotopes and Isobars.” Unacademy, 28 Apr. 2022, unacademy.com/content/neet-ug/study-material/physics/composition-and-size-of-nucleus-atomic-masses-isotopes-and-isobars/. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.Redaksi Halodoc. “Ketahui Fungsi Inti Sel Dan Bagian-Bagiannya Di Sini. | Chat Dokter ✔️ Beli Obat ✔️ Booking Rumah Sakit ✔️ #Te.” Halodoc, 8 Sept. 2022, www.halodoc.com/artikel/perlu-tahu-ini-fungsi-inti-sel-dan-bagian-bagiannya?srsltid=AfmBOoqgaFT9d9BAH6D-MUMR9S--xwh3AnuPsOAZJo-D6iGH_OBCDH9t. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

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English Version

1. Structure:

It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules.

Sometimes Cytoplasm acts like watery solution and sometimes it is more of like a gel-like consistency

It is located between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

2. Function:

Cytoplasm role in the cells are to holds the internal components inside the cells to protects it from any damage.

Bahasa Indonesia Version

1. Struktur:

Terdiri dari air, garam, dan berbagai molekul organik.

Kadang-kadang Sitoplasma bertindak seperti larutan encer dan kadang-kadang lebih seperti konsistensi seperti gel

Terletak di antara membran sel dan membran inti

2. Fungsi:

Peran sitoplasma dalam sel adalah untuk menahan komponen internal di dalam sel untuk melindunginya dari kerusakan.

Citation:

Austin, Christopher P. “Cytoplasm.” Genome.gov, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cytoplasm.

Wakim, Suzanne, and Mandeep Grewal. “5.5: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton.” Biology LibreTexts, 21 Dec. 2018, bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Human_Biology_(Wakim_and_Grewal)/05%3A_Cells/5.05%3A_Cytoplasm_and_Cytoskeleton.

Stewart, Sophie. “Cytoplasm.” Kenhub, 15 June 2023, www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/cytoplasm.

Fletcher, Kathryn. “What Is Cytoplasm? - Definition & Functions - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com.” Study.com, 2019, study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-cytoplasm-definition-functions-quiz.html.

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WHAT IS MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles.

WHAT IS WORK OF IT

Mitochondria is one of the immortal part for the cell because it's give energy to cell so cell can perform various function. That energy is produced by having chemicals within the cell go through pathways, in other words it get converted.

HOW MITOCHONDRIA FORM

It replicate by dividing in two, using a process similar to the simple, asexual form of cell division by bacteria and they are maded in nucleus.

WHAT WILL HAPPEN IF MITOCHONDRIA IS NOT PRESENT IN THE CELL

If cell doesn't have mitochondria it will die because of no energy.

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANIMAL AND PLANt MITOCHONDRIA.

Evrey cell have different size types of mitochondria because cell need of energy can be different and the mitochondria of animal cells are accountable for the generation of a large amount of energy as they cannot use the energy from the sunlight to carry forward their biological processes. In-plant cells, sunlight can be utilized as a source of energy, and thus, the purposes of mitochondria are eased.

WHAT IS MITOCHONDRIA MADE OF

The mitochondrion is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, intermembrane space, inner membrane, cristae, and matrix

INNER PART OF MITOCHONDRIA

The inner mitochondrial membraneis a highly specialized structural membrane . The layer of the inner membrane has a high content of the double phospholipid cardiolipin, which is composed of four fatty acids instead of two which may be responsible for the impermeable nature of this membrane to ions.

HOW MITOCHONDRIA WORKS

The classic role of mitochondria isoxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by using the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat . ATP is used in turn as the primary energy source for most biochemical and physiological processes, such as growth, movement and homeostasi

DOES MITOCHONDRIA IS A LIVING

Mitochondria are symbionts that are no longer free living . Some of there essential genes have been incorporated into the hosts genome and some remain within the mitochondria themselves. After billions of years of coevolution, they have, for the most part become organelles, and are considered to be organelle

STRUCTURE OF A MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria are surrounded by a double-membrane system, consisting of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes separated by an intermembrane space.

HOW DOES MITOCHONDRIA SURVIVE

Mitochondrial nutrients provide substrates and co-factors that support and/or stimulate mitochondrial enzyme activity, they enhance cellular antioxidant defenses, they scavenge free radicals and protect mitochondria from oxidation, and they protect and repair mitochondrial membranes.

so inshort mitochondria is a power house of a cell and it have many nutrients and many parts.

jadi singkatnya mitokondria adalah pembangkit listrik sel dan memiliki banyak nutrisi dan banyak bagian

CITATION

“What Is Mitrocondia.” Brainly.in, 26 Aug. 2019, brainly.in/question/12025505. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Brand, M.D., et al. “The Role of Mitochondrial Function and Cellular Bioenergetics in Ageing and Disease.” British Journal of Dermatology, vol. 169, no. 2, 21 June 2013, pp. 1–8, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321783/, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjd.12208.

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Golgi Apparatus is part of plant cells. Golgi Apparatus is made of stacked pouches called cisternae. The Golgi Apparatus is responsible for transporting proteins and lipids into vesicles. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

Aparatus Golgi adalah bagian dari sel tumbuhan. Aparatus Golgi terbuat dari kantong-kantong bertumpuk yang disebut cisternae. Aparatus Golgi bertanggung jawab untuk mengangkut protein dan lipid ke dalam vesikula. Letaknya di dalam sitoplasma di sebelah retikulum endoplasma dan di dekat inti sel.

Rogers, Kara. “Golgi Apparatus.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 23 Jan. 2020, www.britannica.com/science/Golgi-apparatus.

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What is the Golgi apparatus?

How was the Golgi apparatus discovered?

How is the Golgi apparatus structured?

Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae. The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus. While many types of cells contain only one or several Golgi apparatus, plant cells can contain hundreds.

Secretory proteins and glycoproteins, cell membrane proteins, lysosomal proteins, and some glycolipids all pass through the Golgi apparatus at some point in their maturation. In plant cells, much of the cell wall material passes through the Golgi as well.

Structure

The Golgi apparatus itself is structurally polarized, with three primary compartments lying between the "cis" face and the "trans" face. These faces are biochemically distinct, and the enzymatic content of each segment is markedly different. The cis face membranes are generally thinner than the others.

In general, the Golgi apparatus is made up of approximately four to eight cisternae, although in some single-celled organisms it may consist of as many as 60 cisternae. The cisternae are held together by matrix proteins, and the whole of the Golgi apparatus is supported by cytoplasmic microtubules. The three primary compartments of the apparatus are known generally as " cis" (cisternae nearest the endoplasmic reticulum), "medial" (central layers of cisternae), and " trans " (cisternae farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum). Two networks, the cis Golgi network and the trans Golgi network, which are made up of the outermost cisternae at the cis and trans faces, are responsible for the essential task of sorting proteins and lipids that are received (at the cis face) or released (at the trans face) by the organelle.

Protein trafficking and modification

The proteins and lipids received at the cis face arrive in clusters of fused vesicles. These fused vesicles migrate along microtubules through a special trafficking compartment, called the vesicular-tubular cluster, that lies between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. When a vesicle cluster fuses with the cis membrane, the contents are delivered into the lumen of the cis face cisterna. As proteins and lipids progress from the cis face to the trans face, they are modified into functional molecules and are marked for delivery to specific intracellular or extracellular locations. Some modifications involve cleavage of oligosaccharide side chains followed by attachment of different sugar moieties in place of the side chain. Other modifications may involve the addition of fatty acids or phosphate groups ( phosphorylation) or the removal of monosaccharides.

The different enzyme-driven modification reactions are specific to the compartments of the Golgi apparatus. For example, the removal of mannose moieties occurs primarily in the cis and medial cisternae, whereas the addition of galactose or sulfate occurs primarily in the trans cisternae. In the final stage of transport through the Golgi apparatus, modified proteins and lipids are sorted in the trans Golgi network and are packaged into vesicles at the trans face. These vesicles then deliver the molecules to their target destinations, such as lysosomes or the cell membrane.

Some molecules, including certain soluble proteins and secretory proteins, are carried in vesicles to the cell membrane for exocytosis (release into the extracellular environment). The exocytosis of secretory proteins may be regulated, whereby a ligand must bind to a receptor to trigger vesicle fusion and protein secretion. In addition, within the vesicles are proteases that cut many secretory proteins at specific amino acid positions. This often results in activation of the secretory protein, an example being the conversion of inactive proinsulin to active insulin by removing a series of amino acids.

Some secretory proteins will cease to be transported if their carbohydrate groups are modified incorrectly or are not permitted to form. In some cases the carbohydrate groups are necessary for the stability or activity of the protein or for targeting the molecule for a specific destination.

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Golgi apparatus | Definition, Function, Location, & Facts

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Golgi apparatus, organelle of eukaryotic cells that is responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids. The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of flattened, stacked pouches called cisternae and is located in the cytoplasm near the cell nucleus.

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The vacuole has no basic shape and is located in the centra area of a cell.The vacoule are typically very large and store a very huge amount of water sometime a vacoule can take up most of the space of the plant cell.The composition of a Vacoule are proteins,mineral salts,organic acids,amino acids,proteins, sugar,nucleic acids, and glycoslides.The role of the vacoule in plants are to maintain water balance in a plant and for the animal it is to help isolate waste products.

Vakuola tidak memiliki bentuk dasar dan terletak di area tengah sel, vakuola biasanya sangat besar dan menyimpan air dalam jumlah yang sangat banyak, terkadang vakuola dapat menempati sebagian besar ruang sel tumbuhan, komposisi vakuola adalah protein, garam mineral, asam organik, asam amino, protein, gula, asam nukleat, dan glikosida, peran vakuola pada tumbuhan adalah untuk menjaga keseimbangan air dalam tumbuhan dan untuk hewan untuk membantu mengisolasi produk limbah.

Translated with

DeepL.com (free version)

Gahl, William. “Vacuole.” National Human Genome Research Institute, william, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Vacuole. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Zhang, Chunhua, et al. “Molecular Composition of Plant Vacuoles: Important but Less Understood Regulations and Roles of Tonoplast Lipids.” Plants, vol. 4, no. 2, 11 June 2015, pp. 320–333, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4844321/, https://doi.org/10.3390/plants4020320. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

roger, William. “Where Is the Vacuole Located? | Homework.Study.com.” Homework.study.com, william, 2024, homework.study.com/explanation/where-is-the-vacuole-located.html. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

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Lysosomes are membrane-bound cell organelles that have digestive enzymes.

Lysosomes are spherical and made up of enzymes. They also break down excess or worn-out cell parts.

citation

Gahl, William. “Lysosome.” Genome.gov, National Human Genome

Research Institute, 2019, www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Lysosome.

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Structure

Ribosomes are cellular structures responsible for protein synthesis, found both freely in cells and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes. Each ribosome consists of two subunits: 40S and 60S in eukaryotes, 30S and 50S in prokaryotes, assembled in the nucleolus. Composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins, they convert genetic information into proteins. rRNA catalyzes peptide bond formation, linking amino acids to build proteins.

Function

Ribosomes synthesize proteins by translating mRNA into polypeptide chains. This occurs in two steps: initiation, where the ribosome assembles at the start codon, and elongation & termination, where tRNA delivers amino acids until a stop codon ends the process. Ribosomes can be free-floating (for intracellular proteins) or RER-bound (for secretion or membrane proteins).

CITATION

The. “Ribosome | Definition, Function, Formation, Role, Importance, & Facts.” Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 July 1998, www.britannica.com/science/ribosome?. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

“Search: Ribosomes Are Small.” NCBI, 2025, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/search/all/?term=Ribosomes%20are%20small. Accessed 30 Jan. 2025.

Indonesia

Struktur

Ribosom adalah struktur seluler yang bertanggung jawab untuk sintesis protein, ditemukan secara bebas di dalam sel dan melekat pada retikulum endoplasma pada eukariota. Setiap ribosom terdiri dari dua subunit: 40S dan 60S pada eukariota, 30S dan 50S pada prokariota, berkumpul di dalam nukleolus. Terdiri dari RNA ribosom (rRNA) dan protein, mereka mengubah informasi genetik menjadi protein. rRNA mengkatalisis pembentukan ikatan peptida, menghubungkan asam amino untuk membangun protein.

Fungsi

Ribosom mensintesis protein dengan menerjemahkan mRNA menjadi rantai polipeptida. Hal ini terjadi dalam dua langkah: inisiasi, di mana ribosom berkumpul di kodon awal, dan pemanjangan & penghentian, di mana tRNA mengirimkan asam amino hingga kodon penghenti mengakhiri proses.Ribosom dapat mengambang bebas (untuk protein intraseluler) atau terikat RER (untuk protein sekresi atau membran).

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Cell wall are made by cellulose, hemicelluloses, and pectins. Cell Wall is on the outside of the Animals cell , and the cell wall is a structure layers surround some cell types. In Cell Wall there are middle lamella, primary cell wall, plasma (cell) membrane, hemicellulose, pectin, and cellulose microfibril. The roled is for support, shape, and protect the cell inside of it.

Translate =

Dinding sel dibuat oleh selulosa, hemiselulosa, dan pektin. Dinding Sel berada di bagian luar sel Hewan, dan dinding sel merupakan lapisan struktur yang mengelilingi beberapa jenis sel. Pada Dinding Sel terdapat lamela tengah, dinding sel primer, membran plasma (sel), hemiselulosa, pektin, dan mikrofibril selulosa. Perannya adalah untuk menopang, membentuk, dan melindungi sel di dalamnya.

Citation

Iqbal, M. (2023, February 15). Eukaryotic cell wall: Structure, chemical composition, and function. https://microbialnotes.com/eukaryotic-cell-wall-its-structure-chemical-composition-and-function

Khan Academy. (n.d.). https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ms-biology/x0c5bb03129646fd6:cells-and-organisms/x0c5bb03129646fd6:cell-parts-and-functions/v/comparing-animal-and-plant-cells#:~:text=Plant%20cells%20have%20a%20cell,while%20animal%20cells%20do%20not.

Admin. (2023, October 6). Cell wall - definition, cell wall function, cell wall layers. BYJUS. https://byjus.com/biology/cell-wall/#:~:text=The%20main%20function%20of%20the,and%20out%20of%20the%20cell.