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Britain had large and accessible supplies of coal and iron - two of the most important raw materials used to produce the goods for the early Industrial Revolution. Also available was water power to fuel the new machines, harbors for its merchant ships, and rivers for inland transportation. Industrial growth also depended on an abundant supply of navigable rivers and canals, especially in the early stages before the railroads came.

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Europe’s location on the Atlantic, with its numerous harbors and ports, gave it access to natural resources and markets outside its borders. Industrial production occurred at such a dramatic rate—machines require massive amounts of raw materials and produce huge quantities of products—that access to foreign resources and markets was a necessity for industrial growth. Effects would be that they were able to receive natural resources in more quantity due to having more access to the world through the sea. Coal was a key raw material. And the steam engine was vital too.

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industrialization was heavily concentrated in the Northeast United States, particularly along the Eastern Seaboard, while the West, including the areas the railroad was traversing, remained largely undeveloped and lacking in significant industrial capacity.

It accelerated westward expansion, which lead to rapid development of the American west. Increased settlement, and resource extraction. Cotton gin and cotton were key materials and technology.

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Trans Siberian Express Service, Nizhnyaya Krasnosel'skaya Ulitsa, Moscow, Russia

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Trans Siberian Express Service, Nizhnyaya Krasnosel'skaya Ulitsa, Moscow, Russia

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Trans Siberian Express Service, Nizhnyaya Krasnosel'skaya Ulitsa, Moscow, Russia

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Russia had also begun to industrialize, focusing on specifically on railroads and exports. The trans-Siberian railroad stretched from Moscow to the pacific ocean, allowing Russia to trade with east Asian countries like china and japan. The Russian coal, iron and steel industries developed with the railroad around the 1890s. by 1900, Russia was the 4th largest steel producer in the world, but Russia was still agriculturally dominant until after the communists' came in 1971. The Trans-Siberian Railroad significantly accelerated Russia's industrial revolution by opening up vast, previously inaccessible regions of Siberia, allowing for the exploitation of rich natural resources like minerals and timber, boosting economic growth, facilitating migration to the east, and providing a vital transportation link for military purposes, ultimately contributing to the country's rapid industrial development. The train helped get all these things done.

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In the mid 19th century, Japan went through a process of defensive modernization. They adapted technology and institutions developed in the western world. By learning from the west, Japan strengthen their military and economic strength so they could maintain its original domestic traditions. In the last 40 years of the 19th century, Japan emerged as a leading global power. Effects on Japan would be significantly transforming the country from a feudal society to a modern, industrialized power, leading to rapid economic growth, urbanization, a modernized military, and ultimately, the emergence of Japan as a major world player on the international stage; however, it also resulted in social changes like increased labor exploitation and a shift in traditional gender roles.

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The Industrial Revolution in India was not a separate revolution from the global one, but rather a period of slow industrialization primarily driven by British colonial rule, where traditional Indian handicraft industries were largely replaced by large-scale factory production, particularly in textiles, due to the introduction of steam-powered machinery, leading to a decline in India's own manufacturing sector while supplying raw materials to British factories. The Industrial Revolution had a largely negative impact on India, causing significant de-industrialization as British factories produced cheaper goods than India's traditional handloom industry, leading to widespread unemployment among Indian weavers, increased poverty, and forced reliance on cash crop agriculture for raw materials to fuel British factories, often resulting in famines.

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Egypt's "Industrial Revolution" was primarily led by Muhammad Ali Pasha in the early 19th century, where he aimed to develop a robust industrial economy focused on cotton production by building factories to process Egypt's abundant cotton into textiles, but this attempt largely failed due to factors like British economic interference, poor leadership, and ultimately resulted in Egypt becoming heavily reliant on exporting raw cotton rather than producing finished goods, leaving them in a state of economic dependence on European powers. created a nascent working class, increased urbanization, and contributing to later political tensions with European powers, particularly Britain, who eventually gained significant control over the country's economy.