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Cotton Gin Invention & Impact On Cotton Production (Began 1793)

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Cotton Gin Invention & Impact On Cotton Production (Began 1793)

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-In 1793, The Cotton gin was invented by Eli Whitney. The machine was an automated process to clean cotton more efficiently. By 1810, cotton exports would grow to over 93 million pounds.

-Despite the productivity, the cotton gin would increase slavery demands. South Plantations needed labor for increased production, eventually forcing enslaved people from the Upper South to the Deep South and into the Cotton Belt. The population of enslaved people would increase from 700,000 to nearly 4 million from 1790 to 1860.

-The South would begin to rely on slave work for farming, while the North focused on industrialization. The differences increased tension and issues in American politics, being one of the reasons the Civil War began.

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Cotton Gin Invention & Impact On Cotton Production (Began 1739)

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-The United States bought roughly 828,000 square miles of land from France for $15 million in 1803 (doubling in size)

-It gave the US control of the Mississippi and New Orleans, providing land for farming and settlement

-Paved the way for westward expansion and Manifest Destiny, the belief that they were meant to cross the continent.

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-In 1804, President Thomas Jefferson launched an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

-The goal was to explore new territory, build relationships with the Native Americans, and search for a water route.

-Sacagawea, an important figure on the expedition, acted as a guide and a translator between the natives.

-Lewis and Clark would record hundreds of new plant and animal species, expand/make new maps, and create domestic ties between tribes.

-Would strengthen America's claim on the Oregon Territory and expand understanding of geography.

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Rise of Industry in the North (18th-19th century)

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Rise of Industry in the North (18th-19th century)

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-In 1793, the first American Factory was built by Samual Slater in Rhode Island. This factory would bring British textile methods back to the US, leading to industrial growth and new creations like spinning machines and power looms for more efficient production.

-During the 1820s, Francis Cabot Lowell would create a system where all stages of the textile industry would happen under one roof, at the Lowell Mill, Massachusetts.

-The Lowell Mill Girls were employed here, typically aging 15-25 years old. They lived in boarding houses, were provided education, and earned wages (a rare opportunity for women) The mills forced work days between 12 and 14 hours, making these women operate around dangerous machines and horrible air quality.

-The revolution led to increased urbanization as people began moving from farms into growing cities. New social classes were created, such as the working and middle classes. New gender roles were also created since women were finally being brought into the workforce.

-Despite the improvement, environmental changes increased, such as pollution and the use of natural resources. Social costs, like child labor, unsafe working, and inequality, were also an increased issue.

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-Before 1820, voting was limited only to white men who owned property. During the Presidency of James Monroe, the push for expanding voting rights grew significantly.

-The Democratic Party claimed to represent the interests of the common man and pushed for public participation in the government.

-New campaign styles would emerge to attract votes, such as rallies and public events.

-Universal white male suffrage also grew, and by 1828, when Andrew Jackson became president, most white men were allowed to vote despite not owning land.

-Americans were allowed a voice in voting more than ever before, but women, African Americans, and Native Americans were still denied voting.

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Slavery and Early Abolitionists (1820-1840)

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Slavery and Early Abolitionists (1820-1840)

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-Around 2 million people were forced to work in slavery, enduring hard conditions and brutal treatment. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 made cotton production faster and easier, but increased the need for slavery in plantations in the South.

-As the slave trade grew, slaves often had to trek hundreds of miles from Upper to Deep South cotton fields.

-Abolitionists began pushing to end slavery. Some of the most well-known leaders during the growth of the organized movement between 1820 and 1830 were Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, William Lloyd Garrison, and the Grimke sisters.

-The underground railroad greatly helped those enslaved to escape. Garrison's The Liberator Newspaper (1831) would also aid in spreading anti slavery messages. Activists would help by holding speeches and circulating petitions to end slavery.

-The southern states would pass laws controlling slavery and punish people who helped slaves escape. By 1840, the movement greatly aided in ending slavery later on, raising awareness about its cruelty, and challenging racial prejudice

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Slavery and Early Abolitionists (1820-1840)

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Indian Removal Act (1830) & Trial of Tears

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Indian Removal Act (1830) & Trial of Tears

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-The Indian Removal Act, signed by Andrew Jackson, forced Natives to relocate.

-Signing this allowed the federal government to trade native lands in the southeast for land west of the Mississippi River.

-Forced removals started in 1831 and continued until 1850. In 1838, the Trail of Tears began, forcing Cherokee people from their homes at gunpoint and walking over a thousand miles to present-day Oklahoma. Nearly 4000 people died from exposure, diseases, and starvation.

- (Worcester V. Georgia 1832) The Cherokee Nation, sided with other tribes, took legal action, eventually winning in the Supreme Court case. Georgia would be ruled against enforcing laws on Cherokee land.

-Ancestral lands, traditional ways of life, and many lives would be lost in Native American communities.

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Indian Removal Act (1830) & Trial of Tears

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-Manifest Destiny, a term first used by journalist John O' Sullivan in 1845, was the belief that American expansion across the continent was guided by god. Sullivan believed that America was intended to spread democracy and capitalism across NA.

-Influenced nationalism, cultural interaction, and territorial growth. There was also an improvement in industrial growth, farming, natural resources, and new city transportation routes.

-The belief would grow during a period of American nationalism and technical progress. Railroads were being built as well as better communication systems. Americans began moving west in search of new land and opportunities.

-The Louisiana Purchase would make the migration easier since it would double the size of the country.

-The Westward Expansion would force Native populations to leave their land and eventually led to the Indian Removal act in 1830.

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Texas and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

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Texas and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

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-Texas would gain independence from Mexico in 1836 after the Texas Revolution, becoming the Republic of Texas. It was an independent nation for nine years until President John Tyler pushed for annexation despite Mexico's warning that this action could lead to war.

-In 1845, Texas became the 28th state, causing Mexico to cut its diplomatic ties with the US. Texas would claim the Rio Grande as a result

-April 1846, the Mexican-American War began when Mexican forces launched an attack on US troops. In February 1845, the war finally ended.

-Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mexico would give up present-day California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, Wyoming, and some of Arizona. Mexico would receive $15 million from the US for the land.

-The new territory helped the dream of Manifest Destiny despite new debates over slavery because of the new land. Sectional tensions would increase, later contributing to the Civil War.

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Texas and the Mexican-American War (1846-1848)