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Feeding and Eating Disorders  (Bulimia Nervosa)  By: Mariafernanda, Afnan 

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Feeding and Eating Disorders  (Bulimia Nervosa)  By: Mariafernanda, Afnan 

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1. The primary symptoms are regurgitation and spitting out food to dispose ingested calories because of weight gain concerns. The diagnostic criteria is Eating, in a discrete period of time (e.g., within any 2-hour period), an amount of food that is definitely larger than what most individuals would eat in a similar period of time under similar circumstances. A sense of lack of control over eating during the episode (e.g., a feeling that one cannot stop eating or control what or how much one is eating).

2. Bulimia nervosa commonly begins in adolescence or young adulthood before puberty's. Binge eating frequently begins during or after an episode of dieting to lose weight. Experiencing multiple stressful life events also can precipitate onset of

bulimia nervosa.

3. Some risk and prognostic factors are weight concerns, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, social anxiety disorder, thin body ideal. Childhood physical or sexual abuse.

5. Only girls have eating disorders is a misconceptions.

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Alexandra & Tesnim- Dissociative Amnesia

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Alexandra & Tesnim- Dissociative Amnesia

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1. The main symptoms of dissociative amnesia are sudden memory loss of important personal or traumatic events, trouble remembering who they are, and feeling stressed or upset because of the gaps. In some cases, the person may travel or wander unexpectedly, which is called a fugue state.

2. Dissociative amnesia develops primarily as a psychological defense mechanism against overwhelming stress or trauma. The course of the disorder can vary, with episodes lasting from a few minutes to a lifetime, and the prognosis depends on the severity of the trauma and the individual's life circumstances.

3. Dissociative amnesia is more likely in people who have experienced severe stress or trauma, have other mental health conditions, or are prone to dissociation. Most people recover their memories over time, especially with support or therapy, but repeated or chronic trauma can make recovery slower or incomplete.

4. This disorder has several impacts in people's lives like mental and emotional well-being it could cause identity confusion causing them to feel disconnected from their own life, detachment many reported feeling detached from themselves and their emotions and cause Anxiety and depression: The distress caused by memory gaps, identity loss, and a fractured sense of reality can lead to high rates of anxiety and depression. .

5. Many people wrongly think that dissociative amnesia is faked or just ordinary forgetfulness, but it’s a real response to trauma. Some also believe it only happens in extreme cases or that people with it are permanently “lost,” when in fact most can recover memories over time, especially with support or therapy.

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Eva, Zack, Gabrielle - Anxiety Disorders

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Eva, Zack, Gabrielle - Anxiety Disorders

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder:

Symptoms

Excessive and constant anxiety occurring multiple days about more than one event or activities like performance or work.

It is difficult to control the worry.

The anxiety cause clinically significant distress impairment in social, occupational, and other areas of functioning.

How does the disorder develop and take its course?

Feeling anxious and nervous throughout an individual’s life.

GAD is chronic and wax/wane across the life span

Rates of full remission are very low.

What are the risk and prognostic factors associated with this disorder?

Temperamental (avoidance, reward dependence)

Environmental (Parenting practices, childhood adversities)

Genetic (Genetic factors take ⅓ of the risk for experiencing GAD and shared with other mood disorders.

1. How does this disorder affect a person's daily life, relationships, and functioning?

The excessive worrying takes time and energy

Muscle tension

Disturbed sleep which impacts an individual’s health and well-being

Difficulty concentrating and starting assignments

What are some misconceptions or stigmas surrounding this disorder?

Sometimes, I’m anxious because I’m anxious

It’s easy to control racing thoughts and anxiety

It’s easy to calm down

Panic Disorder:

1). What are the primary symptoms and diagnostic criteria for this mental health disorder?

Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent unexpected panic attacks

2). How does the disorder develop and take its course?

Panic disorder typically develops in late adolescence or early adulthood and follows a course characterized by unpredictable panic attacks and a persistent fear of having more. If left untreated, this "fear of fear" can cause significant behavioral changes and complications.

3). What are the risk and prognostic factors associated with this disorder?

Risks include a family history of anxiety disorders, a personal or family history of substance use disorders, and experiencing trauma or high stress. Prognostic factors that can lead to a worse outcome include the presence of other mental health conditions like depression or agoraphobia, a history of substance abuse, and high levels of harm avoidance.

4). How does this disorder affect a person's daily life, relationships, and functioning?

Panic disorder is associated with high levels of social, occupational, and physical disability; considerable economic costs; and the highest number of medical visits among the anxiety disorders. Individuals with panic disorder may be frequently absent from work or school for the doctor and emergency room.

5).What are some misconceptions or stigmas surrounding this disorder?

it's a sign of weakness, that people with the condition are "faking it," or that panic attacks are just an overreaction to stress. Other stigmas suggest panic attacks are life-threatening or cause a loss of control, but these are not true. Panic disorder is a real medical condition with effective treatments, not a sign of character failure.

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1. Primary symptoms and diagnostic criteria: clinically significant disturbances in sexual function judged to be due to effects of a substance. Symptoms appear from a withdraw or severe intoxication.

2. Sexual dysfunction disorder develop as early as 8 days for antidepressant; years for alcohol and nicotine effects; antipsychotic is unknown; after end of opioid use, premature ejaculation can occur.

3. Risk and prognostic factors associated are medication noncompliance (irregular use, complete stop) -> lack of efficacy for antidepressants. Heavy users of substances.

4. Affect a person's daily life, relationships, and functioning through frustration/lack of sexual activity, low self-esteem + relationship issues, physically distressing (lead to fatigue or joint paint).

5. Misconceptions or stigmas surrounding the disorder: belief that it's a moral failing, untreatable, and person is to blame.

-Tsion and Sandra

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Alssana and Justin- Substance -Related and Addictive Disorders

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Alssana and Justin- Substance -Related and Addictive Disorders

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1. Primary symptoms involve change in cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms. A diagnosis is given based on the type of substance and the type of mental health that accompanies it.

2. You can develop short term or long term problems and symptoms. The disorder develops depending on the strength of withdrawal that are associated with a certain substance.

3. Risks involve the development of mental disorders with the use of said substance. Intake of substance can result in psychiatric consequences related to previous mental disorders. Mental disorders are more likely to increase with the quantity and frequency of the substance being used.

4. This negatively affects daily life tasks and could serve to strain these relationships.

5. Some misconceptions would be that they are willingly doing these drugs all the time, and not treating them the right way could serve to make it worse. These people need rehab and help instead.

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.     Team: Nour, Jassira, Jordan

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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.     Team: Nour, Jassira, Jordan

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1. Primary symptoms for PTSD: Psychological distress following exposure to a traumatic or stressful event; in some cases, symptoms can be well understood within an anxiety- or fear-based context. However, many individuals who have been exposed to a traumatic or stressful event

exhibit a phenotype where, rather than anxiety- or fear-based symptoms, the most prominent

clinical characteristics are anhedonic and dysphoric symptoms; externalizing angry and

aggressive symptoms or dissociative symptoms. The diagnostic criteria for PTSD involve exposure to a traumatic/stressful event that is explicitly a part of the diagnostic criteria, re-experiencing symptoms, avoidance symptoms, and negative alteration in cognition and mood are general diagnostic criteria.

3. PTSD is developed by being put into traumatic situations which would trigger the "flight or fight" response. After experiencing traumatic events, people may feel extreme stress when put into same or similar situations.

4. Going through the predisposal to traumatic events is a risk factor. A prognostic factor could be coping mechanisms, or the severity of the trauma.

5. PTSD can negatively affect a person's life by causing them to have traumatic flashbacks and/or causing them to be avoidant.

6. A misconception is that Veterans are the only people who develop PTSD.

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Bipolar and Related Disorders - Brae & Zoe

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Bipolar and Related Disorders - Brae & Zoe

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1. Primary symptoms include high emotional highs and low emotional lows over the course of week long periods with destructive/impulsive behaviors. Diagnostic criteria include time-frames for mood disruption (mania or depression) and how disruptive the behaviors are in each cycle of emotion. (excess spending, risky behavior, low hygiene, etc.)

2. Can be onset by puberty, child birth, and often manifests around early 20's.

3. There is an elevated risk of risky sexual behaviors that can incur sexual abuse victimization and disease as well as non-compliance with treatment or medication management due to impulsive tendencies.

4. Due to impulsivity relationships can be short lived and intense, there is a pronounced flighty thought pattern that can damage career maintaining, and intensity can be hard to create lasting healthy friendships and relationships.

5. "Manic-Pixie-Dream-Girl" effect, thoughts of relating it to famous historically bad people (Kanye, Azealia Banks, Nicki Minaj) and that it is a quick cyclical pattern when it actually is more long term. Lots of sexualization of femme presenting people with the disorder and demonization of masculine presenting people with the disorder.

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Hana Sishu, Melat Ambay, & Jaylene Hernandez

1. Thoughts are obsessive, involuntary, and cause distress. Individual attempts to suppress or ignore the obsession. The obsession is time consuming, compulsive, and reparative.

2. The average age of onset is 19 and a half years old and 25% of cases start by age 14. Men have an earlier age of onset than women. 40% of individuals of onset OCD in childhood or adolescents may experience remission in early adulthood.

3. Some risks include temperament, environmental factors, genetic, and physiological.

4. Consumes time and energy through obsessions and compulsions which can lead to significant impairment in relationships, work, school, and overall function. Includes social avoidance, obsessing over partners feelings and love.

5. A common misconception is that it is only about cleanliness or organization. People can be easily treated for it and that it is a disorder that people can stop.

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Sarah & Katie- Schizoid Personality Disorder 

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Sarah & Katie- Schizoid Personality Disorder 

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1. A: Social detachment, limited social interaction, lack of emotional expression, beginning of early adulthood. needs to contain 4 of the following

1. neither desires nor enjoys close relationships

2. prefers activities in solitary

3. little interest in sexual activities with another person

4. little interest in activities

5. lacks close friends

6. indifferent to praise or criticism

7. emotional detachment

B: does not occur with another psychological disorder or another medical condition.

2. Development: Starts with a lack of relationships in school, subject to teasing, solitariness

3. prognostic and risk factors: increased prevalence in the

relatives of individuals with schizophrenia or schizotypal personality disorder. genetic and physiological.

4. Effects on daily life: less likely to experience depression and anxiety due to less social pressure. Most people live a well Adjusted iife.

5. Schizoid personality disorder is not the same as schizophrenia. People with SPD feel emotions, more than they can handle. They want a close relationship, but don't feel safe around people.

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Victoria & Lauryn - Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) due to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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Victoria & Lauryn - Neurocognitive Disorder (NCD) due to Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

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Alssana and Justin- Opioid Related Disorders

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Alssana and Justin- Opioid Related Disorders

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Attention Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

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Major Depressive Disorder

1. Loss of Motivation and Interest in Activities, Significant Weight Loss or Gain Without Dieting, Depressed Mood Most of the Day for Nearly Every Day, Insomnia or Hypersomnia Nearly Every Day

2. Incidence appears to peak in a persons 20s, however fist onset late in life is not uncommon. It is quite variable how long the course of the disorder is. The course of depression may reflect social-structural adversity associated with poverty, racism, and marginalization.

3. Neuroticism is a well established risk factor. Adverse childhood experiences constitute a set of potent risk factors. Substance abuse, late or untreated autism, adhd, anxiety, and borderline personality disorder are all comorbid with MDD-like symptoms, so these may obscure or delay recognition of MDD.

4. Persistent sadness throughout the day, chronic fatigue, severe withdrawal from family and friends, decreased interest in intimacy or affection, drop in attendence to school, work, or social functions, hightened risk of job loss and academic failure.

5. "Depression only happens after something bad" "Once you have depression you always will" "Depression is just sadness" "Why are you depressed when you have so much" "Anti-depressive meds aren't good for you" "Depression automatically means you are suicidal"

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1. Symptoms include paralysis, seizures, tremors, reduced or absent speech volume

2. Triggered by traumatic or stressful life events. Onset is reported throughout the life course but is easier to diagnose in younger children.

3. Temperamental factors: maladaptive personality traits, emotional instability. Environmental factors: childhood abuse & neglect.

4. It can affect someone's daily routines because it is so disruptive. It can also impede relationships due to the emotional stability needed for a caretaker.

5. Could be underdiagnosed because it can present as seizures & be misdiagnosed as epilepsy. Another misconception is that the patient is "faking their symptoms", especially for children.

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1. Get into groups of 3-4

2. Select a DSM-5 mental health category. Write your names on it to “claim it”.

3. Research one of the disorders in the category and answer these questions

1. What are the primary symptoms and diagnostic criteria for this mental health disorder?

2. How does the disorder develop and take its course?

3. What are the risk and prognostic factors associated with this disorder?

Feel free to search the internet for the last two questions.

4. How does this disorder affect a person's daily life, relationships, and functioning?

5. What are some misconceptions or stigmas surrounding this disorder?

4. Share with the class