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"The second wave of feminism bacame broader as the intersectionality of caste,class and culture were recognised by the state. The movement entered the private sphere to claim equal rights pertaining to marriage, divorce, succession, justice for dowry and sexual violence, and economic opportunities." (Jain 2)

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"The second wave of feminism bacame broader as the intersectionality of caste,class and culture were recognised by the state. The movement entered the private sphere to claim equal rights pertaining to marriage, divorce, succession, justice for dowry and sexual violence, and economic opportunities." (Jain 2)

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This quote relates to the importance of gender equality becasue, over the course of history, women have often been greatly opressed and this is a fact. So, when the rights of women to be increased, and to encompass all the righs of the above quote were taken into consideration, that was a major turning point for women within India. The country often had a male dominated culture and so when women were allowed to have an equal voice in their own marraiges, divorces and even the right to fight for inheritance this contribtued to creating a more equal society.

When relating this idea to the struggles that women within North America had faced in the past and currently are still facing, similarites can be observed. It wasn't too long ago that women had to legally fight to be considered people under the law, and the opportunities and chances to obtain a higher paying career or to even vote. Both groups of women in both regions have faced great oppression and had fought for their rights to be considered as equal to men.

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Movements on the Internet and Online Trends - Zara

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Movements on the Internet and Online Trends - Zara

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"Cyberfeminist movements can

gain momentum quickly and can die down

just as fast." It kind of makes sense that movements often gain rapid traction and that is because due to the accessibility of social media platforms and digital tools that make these so widespread so fast.

I feel some movements fail to address intersectionality or adapt to evolving cultural and political contexts struggle to remain relevant.

And just like cyberfeminist movements gain quick momentum, issues affecting women in India often witness viral attention online. For instance, movements like #MeToo and the outrage over the Nirbhaya case gained significant traction through digital platforms, sparking debates and protests.

Yet, despite initial outrage, many issues faced by women in India—such as sexual harassment, dowry deaths, and gender-based violence—often fade from public discourse once the immediate wave of online attention subsides. There's also quite a bit that is swept under the rug, or the attempt to, like with the R.G. Kar Hospital gang rape case.

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“For others, it represents a new avenue

for global feminist networking” (‘it’ being media)

This highlights that feminism is very active in the online sense. For example, the #MeToo movement originated in America and was brought to light online to spread awareness and help people everywhere to speak out.

“Cyberfeminism is more reactive while offline movements are proactive.”

This emphasizes the reactive nature of digital feminism, often sparked by specific events, in contrast to the more consistent and strategic efforts of offline activism.

“Cyberfeminist movements can gain momentum quickly and can die down just as fast.”

This emphasizes the transient nature of online activism, where movements can rise rapidly but may also dissipate just as quickly, unlike more enduring offline movements.

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"the evolution of the feminist struggle is often referred to as ‘waves’ of change, reflecting peaks and troughs of the movement."

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"the evolution of the feminist struggle is often referred to as ‘waves’ of change, reflecting peaks and troughs of the movement."

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In the west the women's rights movements are referred to as "waves" in history. Although the movement to push for women's rights was constant this term refers to the peaks in the movement throughout the years where actual change was made by the countries respective government.

This quote is important as it show the how the feminists groups became more confident and larger in number in their movements over time seen in the increase in frequency after each wave. This growth in the movement put pressure on the groups against their movements and governments to see the prejudice in their laws and make changes.

These waves are apparent in both North American countries and India with similarities such as the increase in frequency between each wave showing a common pattern of the movement growing with each actual change made which gave confidence to more feminists to voice their opinion and join the movement themselves.

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“Western feminists appropriate and

“colonise” the fundamental complexities

and conflicts which characterise the lives

of women of different classes, religions,

cultures, races and castes in these countries.“

This shows how treating all women’s experiences as the same can erase the unique struggles of women from different backgrounds, making it important to consider everyone’s differences.

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“ Cyber feminism goes beyond previous feminist waves that conceived women as a homogenous group, whose interests could be represented by a singular agenda.”

This quote shows how Online feminism has shaped feminism to become more inclusive by changing the idea that women are just one group, and acknowledges the role that race plays.

This relates to women in North America because North America is becoming more and more diverse, so more representation needs to be included.

“Highly individualised forms of feminism encourage intersectional differences and varied voices to emerge. Yet, it can also make the potential of a wider and more united transformation difficult to achieve.”

This Quote shows how focusing on each individual creates More diversity in whose perspectives are shown, but also makes it harder to unify.

This relates to women in North America because majority of women who live here have access to social media where they are exposed to many different feminist viewpoints and experiences, however as a woman in North America I don’t think that a lot of these issues seen online are widely known about.

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"For instance, feminism may hold a different meaning for rural Indian women who struggle to access necessities like food, healthcare, and education. Issues like equal pay, sexual harassment and reclaiming public spaces will mean little to them."

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"For instance, feminism may hold a different meaning for rural Indian women who struggle to access necessities like food, healthcare, and education. Issues like equal pay, sexual harassment and reclaiming public spaces will mean little to them."

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This quote explains

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"Online technologies are key in terms of disseminating information. Online forums often play a crucial part for many women to realise that their relationship may be abusive. Access to the internet helps the victim to find the right information regarding the legal system, financial support and refugees."

This idea is important when it comes to the issue of gender equality. It showcases how abuse is so normalized for some women that they don't even realize that they're in an abusive relationship. Online forums are seen as a great tool to help out women who are stuck in these situations by providing proper information about their next steps. If we compare this to the issues women in North America face, we can see a stark difference. When I enter a washroom in a public space, I see phone numbers listed for helplines targeted towards women who are victims of domestic violence. This small form of communication is not something that would be as common in other parts of the world since men may deem it as 'controversial'. They may try and say that 'not all men are like that' so there's no need to put it in a space easily accessible by women. Regardless, it's a tool that has helped many and will continue to provide aid to those in need.

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"In 2017, the #LahuKaLagaan hashtag took over on Twitter to campaign against the 12 percent tax on sanitary napkins, with the 'period tax' being scrapped in 2018 as a result of the movement." (Jain 5) -Saruja

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"In 2017, the #LahuKaLagaan hashtag took over on Twitter to campaign against the 12 percent tax on sanitary napkins, with the 'period tax' being scrapped in 2018 as a result of the movement." (Jain 5) -Saruja

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This quote shows how digital activism can bring real change for gender equality. The #LahuKaLagaan movement helped remove the tax on sanitary napkins, which was a problem for many women. It shows how women using social media can demand fair treatment and fight for their rights, helping improve policies that affect women’s health and well being.

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"In Kerala, the voices of subaltern groups are

very prominent on social media, especially

sexual minorities and Dalit groups. On social

media, all of us are publishers. Only some

communities get the space to get published

in mainstream media. Social media allows

marginalised voices the possibility of being

heard in the public discourse.” (Jaime 7)

This quote explains how social media platforms allow women in marginalized areas, such as Kerala, to share their experiences and stories when they are often overlooked. Social media allows everyone to share their stories and to be heard, especially when most stories of Indian women are ignored on social media. By publishing their stories, women in India can openly express and share their experiences with sexism.

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“On the internet, the option of anonymity

enables women to construct their identity

on their own terms. They can discuss

issues that are otherwise considered too

‘sensitive’ for the public domain.”

This quote emphasizes how public spaces can become safe spaces for women. These safe spaces allow them to challenge oppressive systems online that they otherwise would not have expressed due to fear of retribution.

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In the ethnographic work ‘Why Loiter,’ feminist sociologist Shilpa Padke showed that the act of “loitering” is more prevalent among men, while women in India are rarely alone in public spaces like parks and beaches. 

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In the ethnographic work ‘Why Loiter,’ feminist sociologist Shilpa Padke showed that the act of “loitering” is more prevalent among men, while women in India are rarely alone in public spaces like parks and beaches. 

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The quote relates to gender inequality because it implies that women aren't in public places alone because they don't feel safe in their own society/environment. The quote stated that men are more likely to be loitering because women in India aren't alone as often in places like parks and beaches.

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“Western feminists appropriate and

“colonise” the fundamental complexities

and conflicts which characterise the lives

of women of different classes, religions,

cultures, races and castes in these countries.

It is in the process of homogenisation and

systemisation of the oppression of women

in the third world that power is exercised in

much of recent Western feminist discourse

and this power needs to be defined and

named.” (Jaime 6).

This quote highlights the issue of white feminists colonizing and relating to the complex issues that women of colour face. Rather than understanding the unique and complex experiences that women of colour endure, white women try to generalize their problems to fit everyone. This quote shows how white feminists and feminists in America overlook the challenges that women in India go through.

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Digital misogyny in the form of hate speech,

physical threats and obscene language have

a deep impact on women’s voices online,

that results in self-censoring, assuming

an anonymous identity or a pseudonym,

or withdrawing from online domains

altogether.

The digital space enables one to assemble

country-specific resources and data that

can help victims and survivors of domestic

violence to empower themselves. Several

survivor forums and groups have enabled

women to seek support, help, and advice

on domestic and gender-based violence.60

Online technologies are key in terms of

disseminating information.

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“ In 2012, in the aftermath of the death of a 23-year-old rape victim in Delhi, widespread protests broke out under the ‘Nirbhaya movement’.” (Janie 5) 

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“ In 2012, in the aftermath of the death of a 23-year-old rape victim in Delhi, widespread protests broke out under the ‘Nirbhaya movement’.” (Janie 5) 

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This is important to the issues of gender equality because there have been so many cases in India that involve SA and rape. People don’t think of women as their equal and that’s the problem. There are similar issues happening in North America where women will go through SA and it’s important to see that this is a fast growing issue.

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"The poorest and most marginalized are least likely to have internet access; until 2018, only 30 percent of women had access to the internet, of which only about 12 percent were from rural areas. Hence, India still has a long way to go for democratic online feminism to function independent of offline activism." (Jain 8) Owen

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"The poorest and most marginalized are least likely to have internet access; until 2018, only 30 percent of women had access to the internet, of which only about 12 percent were from rural areas. Hence, India still has a long way to go for democratic online feminism to function independent of offline activism." (Jain 8) Owen

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Throughout this quote, it explains the the extreme cultural Barriers happening in India since only 30% of women have access to the internet and only 12% from rural areas, indicating that only the "wealthy" women in India living in the cities and more expensive areas in India have access. This is extremely surprising considering that India has such a large population (largest in the world) and the number being this low does not correlate.This represents that technology is not as advancing in certain areas in the world, and that there needs to be a change as it is unfair/unjust for women in India to not have access to the internet considering that most women in North America do have access to the internet.

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About 6,000 of these stories, related to cases of sexual harassment, were used to train 2,000 police officers to prevent harassment cases in London.

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About 6,000 of these stories, related to cases of sexual harassment, were used to train 2,000 police officers to prevent harassment cases in London.

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The ‘Everyday Sexism Project’, The ‘Everyday Sexism Project’, an online initiative launched in 2012 by British feminist writer Laura Bates, is one of many online movements that marked the beginning of the fourth wave of feminism. It has encouraged tens of thousands of women around the world to write about the sexual harassment, workplace discrimination and instances of body shaming they encounter in their everyday lives.

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About 41% of women in the

US have been sexually harassed online

61% of those who said they had faced online abuse or harassment also said they had experienced loss of self-confidence or lower self-esteem as a result

48% of women in the UK who had experienced violence at the hands of a partner also reported experiencing online abuse once they had left the relationship

From the same study, 38% of women had been stalked online after they had left their partners

About 55% of the propagators were found to be women (when it comes to abuse on Twitter) and were almost as likely to use the same derogatory language as had been used by their male counterparts against them

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“The internet separates the women from their material selves and has been considered as a promising new avenue.” (Jaime 4)

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“The internet separates the women from their material selves and has been considered as a promising new avenue.” (Jaime 4)

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This quote really stood out to me because it talks about how the internet and media separates women from their material status. This shows how people are only now considering that women can be a good at something.

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Tanvir, Riya, Gursanj, Saruja, Gurleen, Anushka 

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Tanvir, Riya, Gursanj, Saruja, Gurleen, Anushka 

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SHAYNA , NERIAH, REET, MAHEEP, zara, RAVNEET

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Your task in groups is to read the section that you have been assigned from the reading posted on Google Class.

Once done, choose 3 key quotes from that section to put in a separate post under your section and include your group's opinions about why this idea is important to the issue of gender equality.

Also, consider, what issues does Jain bring up in India that are similar or different to issues that women face in North America?