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Major Structures of the Human Heart:

Chambers:

Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via pulmonary veins.

Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the body through the aorta.

Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the superior and inferior vena cavae.

Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries.

Valves:

Aortic Valve: Controls blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta.

Mitral Valve: Regulates blood flow between the left atrium and left ventricle.

Pulmonary Valve: Manages blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries.

Tricuspid Valve: Controls blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle.

Additional Structures:

Septum: Divides the left and right sides of the heart.

Myocardium: Muscular layer responsible for contractions.

Pericardium: Protective sac surrounding the heart.

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1. Flow of Blood through the Heart:

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium → flows to the right ventricle → pumped to lungs for oxygenation via pulmonary arteries.

Oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium → flows into the left ventricle → pumped to the body via the aorta.

Systole: Contraction phase when ventricles pump blood.

Diastole: Relaxation phase when heart chambers fill with blood.

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1. Structure and Function of Heart Valves:

Function: Ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent backflow.

Structure: Composed of fibrous tissue; open and close in response to pressure changes.

Types of Valves:

Aortic and Pulmonary: Semilunar valves, have three cusps.

Mitral and Tricuspid: Atrioventricular valves, have two or three cusps.

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1. Initial Thoughts:

Importance of valve functionality in maintaining efficient blood circulation.

Potential impact of malfunctions on heart health and overall well-being.

2. Existing Knowledge:

Heart valves are critical for directing blood flow.

Mechanical challenges in replicating valve dynamics in a model.

3. Knowledge Gaps:

Need to investigate materials that can mimic natural valve properties.

Specific design requirements for effective simulation of heart valve function.

4. Approach to the Task:

Conduct research on biomaterials used in medical devices.

Collaborate with people who know more than us.

5. Information Needed for Accurate Modeling:

Mechanical properties of heart valve tissues (e.g., elasticity, tensile strength).

Fluid dynamics involved in blood flow through valves.

6. Testing Materials:

Design experiments to simulate the physiological conditions under which heart valves operate.

Use sensors to measure flow rates and pressure changes during testing.

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1. Transcript of Biomedical Engineer Interview:

Insights on current technologies in heart valve design.

Challenges faced in developing durable, effective artificial valves.

Importance of biocompatibility in materials used for heart valves.

2. Heart Tissue Structure:

Layers of Heart Tissue:

Endocardium: Inner lining of the heart chambers.

Myocardium: Thick muscular layer responsible for pumping action.

Epicardium: Outer layer of the heart.

Cellular Composition:

Collagen fibers provide structural support.

Elastin allows for elasticity and flexibility.

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Heart valve mechanics.

Properties of heart tissues relevant to model design.

Key anatomical diagrams and illustrations.

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1. explore Models:

Chambers:

Right Atrium (deoxygenated blood in)

Right Ventricle (deoxygenated blood out to lungs)

Left Atrium (oxygenated blood in)

Left Ventricle (oxygenated blood out to body)

Valves:

Tricuspid Valve (right atrium to right ventricle)

Pulmonary Valve (right ventricle to pulmonary artery)

Mitral Valve (left atrium to left ventricle)

Aortic Valve (left ventricle to aorta)

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Systole (Heart Contraction):

When the left ventricle contracts, pressure rises and forces the valve open.

Blood flows smoothly (laminar flow) through the open valve into the aorta.

Diastole (Heart Relaxation):

As the ventricle relaxes, pressure decreases, allowing some blood to backflow toward the heart.

This backflow pushes the valve closed, preventing regurgitation. The collagen in the valve reinforces the structure, sealing it completely.

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Start

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Heart Contracts (Systole)

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Increased Pressure

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Valve Opens

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Blood Flows into Aorta

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Heart Relaxes (Diastole)

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Pressure Decreases

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Backflow Closes Valve

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End