# data[].attributes.headline
No care without justice: A normative ethical perspective of the employment of people with disabilities in hospitality businesses

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No care without justice: A normative ethical perspective of the employment of people with disabilities in hospitality businesses

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The Mzembe, et al. (2024) article investigates the discrimination problem faced by disabled people in employment in the hotel industry. The article calls on enterprises to provide support such as training and a mentor system to ensure that disabled people obtain equal employment opportunities and working conditions.

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The impact of artificial intelligence on economic development

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The impact of artificial intelligence on economic development

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The Trabelsi (2024) article examines the ethical issues in the artificial intelligence industry. The development of artificial intelligence impacts the labor market, causing job losses and an increase in inequality. The direction and application methods of its development need to follow ethical norms, such as privacy protection in data use, algorithm transparency, and so on.

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The impact of artificial intelligence on economic development | Emerald Insight

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Determinants of Youth Unemployment: Empirical Analysis of OECD and EU Member States from 2000 to 2017

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Determinants of Youth Unemployment: Empirical Analysis of OECD and EU Member States from 2000 to 2017

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The Yoo-Duk Kang (2021) article introduces the serious problem of global youth unemployment. Affected by factors such as the structure of the labor market and education, enterprises have behaviors such as unfair treatment of young job seekers and not providing training and development opportunities in the recruitment and employment process, which hinders young people from achieving decent employment and leads to a waste of human resources.

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A General Overview of the Field of Internal Social Responsibility within Sustainability

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A General Overview of the Field of Internal Social Responsibility within Sustainability

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The article written by Jose Luis Vazquez-Burguete, et al. (2016) explores the ethical issues in corporate social responsibility and human resource management. Enterprises lack a sense of internal social responsibility and fail to fully consider employee welfare, working conditions, and career development in human resource management.

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A General Overview of the Field of Internal Social Responsibility within Sustainability

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More and more companies and institutions claim day by day to be committed to sustainability, a 
multidisciplinary concept comprising social, environmental, and economic issues, as well as directly reflected in 
terms of people’s welfare, quality of life and security. As a result, sustainability appears as a concept closely 
linked to social responsibility – or to corporate social responsibility in case of organizations – and, consequently, 
as a very difficult concept to be concisely defined. 
In this sense, and even when sustainability involves both internal and external dimensions, most sustainable 
policies and actions have been – and still are – aimed at external target audiences. Meanwhile, evidence of the 
incorporation of sustainable and responsible principles into internal management in organizations are not so 
common, even when this same evidence also shows that most effective external actions are supported by the 
prior commitment of employees to responsibility and sustainability (just as in case of internal marketing or 
internal corporate social responsibility regarding their external counterparts). 
Similarly, the content of the contributions in the academic literature has been mostly devoted to the external 
aspects of corporate responsibility and sustainability and – although an increasing number – a few of them have 
focused on their internal dimensions, then suggesting that there is still much to be done. 
On the above, once approached the concepts of internal marketing and internal social responsibility, and based 
on the academic literature, this paper aims to analyse the relationship between corporate social responsibility 
and human resource management. Then, with an exploratory purpose, a first and general overview about the 
number of contributions published in the field is intended, as well as about the way in which academic literature 
discusses and analyses how sustainable principles are being adopted in human resource management in 
organizations. This way, using the publications included in the Google Scholar database as a reference, we can 
conclude a preliminary idea of how this topic has been contributing and can contribute in the near future 
(reinforced by the current relevance of the UN Sustainable Development Goals – and specifically the SDG 8 on 
decent work and economic growth –) to the achievement of successful sustainable practices, as a starting point 
for further research and developments.

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Unfairness and Inclusiveness in Employment

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Unfairness and Inclusiveness in Employment

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There is discrimination against disabled people in the hotel industry. Enterprises do not ensure fairness in recruitment and work arrangements, which violates the principle of inclusiveness. At the same time, in the field of youth employment, enterprises treat young job seekers unfairly and do not provide training opportunities, exacerbating youth unemployment.

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Unfairness and Inclusiveness in Employment

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The ‘Useless’ Sustainability: Chinese and American Discourses of Eco - Fashion and the Utilitarian Fantasy

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The ‘Useless’ Sustainability: Chinese and American Discourses of Eco - Fashion and the Utilitarian Fantasy

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The article written by Li (2023) probes the ethical issues in the fashion industry. The fashion industry has an obvious utilitarian tendency, pursuing profit maximization while ignoring the carrying capacity of the environment and the long-term interests of society, resulting in environmental pollution, infringement of workers' rights and interests, and other problems.

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The “Useless” Sustainability: Chinese and American Discourses of Eco-Fashion and the Utilitarian Fantasy | Recherches en Communication

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What can China bring to the international dialog of eco-fashion? How can Chinese ways of imagining sustainability teach us new ways to think about fashion, ethics, and environment? This paper focuses on the design practice and philosophy of China’s first-generation eco-fashion designer, Ma Ke, and places her work in juxtaposition with the mainstream discourses of eco-fashion in the US. Adopting a Lacanian psychoanalytic approach, my analysis identifies an ideology of utilitarianism in the US discourse of eco-fashion that aims to maximize resource usage and minimize pollution and waste. Ma Ke’swork, by contrast, criticizes utilitarianism and proposes to conceiveour ethical relationship with the material world not through utility, butthrough memory and history. She portrays textiles as a humble medium that records the past, while the traces left from the past constitute the most seductive part of our clothes. Ma Ke’s work, I argue, offers a critique of the dominant ideologies in Western eco-fashion and helps us rethink the relationship between fashion, environment, and the ethics of consumption.

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The National Project Coordinator (NOB) is an organization of the International Labour Organization (ILO). Its main responsibility is the coordination and implementation of work related to occupational safety and health in the construction of high speed railway in Egypt.

By strengthening occupational safety and health management in the construction sector, it will contribute to creating a safer and more regulated working environment, thereby increasing labor productivity and contributing to the sustainable development of Egypt's construction industry and achieving the goal of decent work. At the same time, a stable and healthy workforce can attract more investment and drive economic growth, in line with SDG 8's vision of promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all.

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Supporting SDG 8, which champions inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment, and decent work for all, is intrinsically linked to utilitarian principles and the equitable employment of people with disabilities. According to Statista (2023), the U.S. employment rate of persons with a disability has remained low, with the employment rate of persons with a disability in 2023 being significantly lower compared to those without disabilities. This highlights ongoing underemployment and discrimination of disabled individuals. Such practices contradict utilitarianism, which seeks to maximize overall happiness and well-being, including fair treatment and employment for disabled people. Discrimination not only harms these individuals but also hinders societal happiness by reducing their well-being and potentially causing social tensions, thus lowering collective well-being. Ethically, businesses are required to provide equal opportunities and accommodations for individuals with disabilities to ensure a diverse and inclusive workplace. Businesses should implement policies that prevent discrimination, provide reasonable accommodations, and promote the hiring and retention of people with disabilities.

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Achieving SDG 8, which advocates for full and productive employment and decent work, is a critical consideration when integrating AI into the workforce. It underscores the ethical imperative to balance the economic benefits of AI with the need to prevent job displacement, ensuring that technological advancements align with the goal of sustainable and inclusive economic growth. A study published in Economics Letters indicates that AI use is having a significant impact on worker tasks rather than on employment levels at the firm level. About 27% of firms using AI report replacing worker tasks, but only about 5% experience employment change due to AI use (Bonney et al., 2024). This suggests a potential ethical challenge regarding job displacement and the how can AI be used to promote jobs rather than take them away. According to utilitarianism, the greatest good is achieved by maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering. In the context of AI, this means that while we recognize the significant contributions to economic growth and productivity, we must also consider the potential negative impacts, such as job displacement. The benefits of AI in terms of economic growth and productivity must be balanced against the potential harm caused by job displacement. Businesses must ethically manage the transition to AI by investing in the reskilling of their workforce to minimize negative impacts on employment. National institutions to provide employees with the necessary skills to adapt to AI-driven changes in the job market. Ethical consideration companies should develop reskilling programs and collaborate with education department should guide the implementation of AI to ensure that it contributes positively to sustainable development and does not exacerbate inequalities.

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SDG 8's commitment to inclusive growth and decent work for all, including young people, is starkly challenged by high youth unemployment rates. This situation underscores the ethical dilemma of reconciling economic progress with the imperative to provide meaningful employment opportunities for the younger generation. IMF (2024) reports that high-frequency data through June confirm a softening in momentum into the second quarter of 2023, with elevated youth unemployment (at 20.8 percent in May 2023) indicating labor market weakness. High youth unemployment not only affects individual well-being but also has broader implications for social stability and economic growth. Ethical theories such as Virtue Ethics emphasize the importance of cultivating virtues like resilience and adaptability in young people to enhance their employability. Enterprises and governments need to create employment opportunities and provide training programs tailored to the needs of young people. This includes investing in education and vocational training to enhance the skills of the youth and prepare them for the future job market.

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Tourist behaviour change for sustainable consumption (SDG Goal 12): Tourism Agenda 2030 perspective article

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Tourist behaviour change for sustainable consumption (SDG Goal 12): Tourism Agenda 2030 perspective article

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The Dolicar (2023) article explores the problem of resource waste in the tourism industry. For example, excessive cleaning, food waste, and a large amount of waste generation not only consume a large amount of resources but also increase enterprise costs, and ultimately affect sustainable development, company operations, and employment.

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Acknowledgements

The author thank Fengwei Dai and Oscar Yuheng Zhu for translating the abstract into Chinese language and Csilla Demeter and Ana Ximena Alvis Gonzales, MA, for translating the abstract into Spanish language. The author is grateful to the Australian Research Council for funding under its Laureate Fellowship scheme (FL190100143).

Citation

Dolnicar, S. (2023), "Tourist behaviour change for sustainable consumption (SDG Goal12): Tourism Agenda 2030 perspective article", Tourism Review, Vol. 78 No. 2, pp. 326-331. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0563

Publisher
:
Emerald Publishing Limited

Copyright

© 2024 Emerald Publishing Limited. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining, artificial intelligence training and similar technologies.

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Tourist behaviour change for sustainable consumption (SDG Goal12): Tourism Agenda 2030 perspective article | Emerald Insight

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There is the contradiction between rapidly developed technology field and adequate job opportunities. For example, the development of the artificial intelligence industry may crowd out the labor market by replacing the simple physical and low-level mental work of employees. At the same time, there may be regulatory risks which can harm the long-term sustainable economic growth when enterprises use technology improperly, such as protecting data privacy and improving algorithm transparency.

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At the 2023 World Economic Forum, tech entrepreneur Mihir Shukla noted: "People keep saying AI is coming but it is already here". The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for day-to-day tasks has increased rapidly over the last decade and ChatGPT (developed by OpenAI) is a prime example of this, with the popular generative AI used by more than a billion users for everyday tasks like coding and writing. The speed and scale of AI uptake can be captured by a simple fact: it took ChatGPT just 60 days to reach its 100 millionth user; in contrast, Instagram took two years to reach the same milestone. A recent Stanford University report found that the number of AI patents increased 30-fold between 2015 and 2021 (HAI 2023), highlighting the rapid rate of progress made in the AI development sphere. AI-powered technologies can now perform a range of tasks, including retrieving information, coordinating logistics, providing financial services, translating complex documents, writing business reports, preparing legal briefs, and even diagnosing diseases. Moreover, they are likely to improve the efficiency and accuracy of these tasks due to their ability to learn and improve via the use of machine learning (ML).

AI is generally acknowledged to be an engine of productivity and growth. With its ability to process and analyse enormous volumes of data, it has the potential to boost the efficiency of business operations. The McKinsey Global Institute predicts that around 70% of companies will adopt at least one type of AI technology by 2030, and less than half of large companies may use the full range of AI technologies. Price Waterhouse Coopers predicts that AI could increase global GDP by 14% in 2030 (PwC 2017).

Research into the impact of AI on the labour market has expanded recently. Acemoglu and Restrepo (2018) provide a theoretical framework to understand the impact of new technologies on the labour market. They decompose the effect of new technologies on labour into three broad effects: a displacement effect, a productivity effect and a reinstatement effect (new technologies can serve as a platform to create new tasks in many service industries, where labour has a comparative advantage relative to machines, boosting labour demand).

Frank et al. (2019) classify current literature on the labour market implications of AI into two broad categories: a doomsayer's perspective and an optimist's perspective. Doomsayers believe that labour substitution by AI will harm employment. Frey and Osborne (2013) estimate that 47% of total US employment is at risk of losing jobs to automation over the next decade. Their research reveals that a substantial share of employment in service occupations - where most US job growth has occurred over the past decades - are highly susceptible to computerisation. Bowles (2014) uses Frey and Osborne's (2013) framework to estimate that 54% of EU jobs are at risk of computerisation. Acemoglu and Restrepo (2017) provide a historical example of excessive automation negatively affecting the labour market due to weak productivity and reinstatement effects, finding that areas in the US most exposed to industrial automation in the 1990s and 2000s experienced large and robust negative effects on employment and wages.

AI is also expected to have a disruptive effect on the composition of the labour market. Autor (2015) presented evidence that the labour market has become polarised over the last few decades towards low-skilled and high-skilled jobs and away from medium-skilled jobs, due to the advent of computers. However, he stated that this polarisation is likely to be reversed, as some low-and-medium skilled jobs are likely to be relatively resistant to automation, while some highly-skilled but relatively routine jobs may be automatable (potentially with technologies like AI). However, Petropoulos and Brekelmans (2020) concluded that unlike the computer and robotic revolution, the AI revolution is unlikely to cause job polarisation as it will affect alter low-skilled, middle-skilled and high-skilled jobs.

Optimists believe that AI's productivity and reinstatement effects will be more than enough to compensate for the substitution effect. Some opinion pieces project that AI and robotics will have created up to 90 million jobs by 2025, indicating a strong positive labour market impact. The World Economic Forum concluded in October 2020 that while AI would likely take away 85 million jobs globally by 2025, it would also generate 97 million new jobs in fields ranging from big data and machine learning to information security and digital marketing.

Lawrence et al. (2017) argue that AI automation is unlikely to negatively impact the employment market due to its large positive spillover effects (reinstatement effect), which would counteract the negative direct effects of substitution in the labour market and can be seen as a Schumpeterian 'creative destruction'. They believe that automation is likely to transform, rather than eliminate, work. In contrast to other studies finding larger negative effects, Arntz et al. (2016) estimate that only 9% of jobs in the UK are susceptible to automation in the next decade. They argue that instead of substitution, transformation is more likely to occur, with 35% of jobs would change radically in the next two decades.

Nakamura and Zeira (2018) build a task-based theoretical model that shows that automation need not lead to unemployment in the long run. Somers et al. (2022) conduct a systematic review of the empirical literature on technological change and its impact on employment and find that the number of studies that support the labour substitution effect is more than offset by the number of studies that support the labour-creating/reinstating and real income effects of new technologies. Moreover, they find that studies that analyse the net employment effect of technological change suggest the net impact of technology on labour to be rather positive than negative, reaffirming this narrative. Bholat (2020) further notes that job losses in specific sectors due to new technologies have historically been counter-balanced by broad-based gains in aggregate real income as these technologies create higher quality and lower priced goods and services. This leads to higher disposable income which boosts demand for new products, which in turn, boosts labour demand in such sectors. Alan Manning notes that some of the direst predictions about the impact of automation on employment during the past decade have not come to pass (Bholat 2020). This may indicate that concerns about the impact of AI on employment are slightly exaggerated.

The May 2023 CfM-CEPR survey asked the members of its panel to forecast the impact of AI on global economic growth and unemployment rates in high-income countries over the upcoming decade. The survey contained two questions. The first asked the panellists to forecast the impact of AI on global economic growth over the upcoming decade. The second asked them to predict the impact of AI on unemployment in high-income countries in the upcoming decade.

Question 1: What will be the implications of recent developments in AI on global economic growth, as they mature over the upcoming decade?

Twenty-seven panel members responded to this question. The majority of the panel (64%) believes that AI will increase global economic growth to 4-6% per annum over the upcoming decade. The remainder of the panel (36%) thinks that AI will have no significant effect on global growth. Notably, most panellists express a great degree of uncertainty with their predictions because

Almost two-thirds of the panel believes that the development of AI over the upcoming decade will positively impact economic growth. Jorge Miguel Bravo (Nova School of Business and Economics, Lisbon) cites the widespread uptake of machine learning as a 'general purpose technology' across the developed and developing world as the main reason why he would "bet on the upside rather than no change or fall". Ugo Panizza (The Graduate Institute, Geneva (HEID)) echoes these thoughts, claiming that "AI will lead to an increase in productivity and thus higher economic growth". However, he notes some caveats to this prediction, stating that "AI could increase unemployment and inequality and this may have backlashes on productivity and growth". Robert Kollmann (Université Libre de Bruxelles) similarly expresses subdued optimism regarding the advent of AI, arguing that it is unlikely to affect the long-term trend growth rate of world GDP, but could boost global growth slightly, by around "0.5".

Most panellists believe that the implications of AI on global economic growth are extremely uncertain, rendering forecasting impossible. Andrea Ferrero (University of Oxford) summarises this view: "I expect AI to have a significant impact on the economy, but I'm not really sure how. I can imagine that some sectors will benefit more than others, and some may even suffer. The implications for economic growth overall are highly uncertain in my view." Jagjit Chadha (National Institute of Economic and Social Research) states that the overall impact of AI will depend on several factors - "which policies are adopted, how monopoly power is challenged and what new ideas are ultimately released" - and hence, he cannot say what the impact will be "with any degree of certainty".

Ricardo Reis (London School of Economics) succinctly summarises the great degree of uncertainty shared by the panel: "Forecasting future growth over a decade is very hard, so 'not confident' is the most relevant part of this answer."

Question 2: What will be the implications of recent developments in AI on unemployment in high-income countries over the upcoming decade?

Twenty-nine panel members responded to this question. Most of the panel (63%) believes that AI will not affect employment rates in high-income countries across the next decade. The majority of the remainder (27%) think that developments in AI could increase unemployment in high-income countries. Only two panellists believe that AI could decrease unemployment in high-income countries over the upcoming decade. Notably, more than half of the panel express a lack of confidence in their responses, indicating the high degree of uncertainty surrounding this question.

Most panellists believe that AI developments are unlikely to impact unemployment in high-income countries over the long run. Michael Wickens (Cardiff Business School and University of York) cites previous technological changes to support this stance: "The number of jobs and the level of unemployment will not change but the number of hours of work will fall and leisure increase. This is what has happened following past tech[nological] improvements. The same thing will happen with AI." Echoing this view, Cédric Tille (The Graduate Institute, Geneva) states that "unemployment effects may be limited" but notes that "the impact on income inequality and need for redistribution policy may be large". Maria Demertzis (Bruegel) argues that the impact of unemployment could depend on reskilling, stating "the quicker this [reskilling] happens, the less the impact on unemployment".

Several panellists indicate uncertainty regarding long-term predictions of the impact of AI on employment. Andrea Ferrero (University of Oxford) highlights this uncertainty: "I expect unemployment to increase in the short run as human employment in some tasks and jobs becomes obsolete. In the medium run, the supply will adjust and it's possible that AI may even reduce the natural rate of unemployment in the long run. I'm just not sure."

A fraction of the panel expresses pessimism regarding the impact of AI on the labour market due to its impact on vulnerable groups. Wouter den Haan (London School of Economics) sums up this viewpoint: "My concern is that AI may be bad for the more vulnerable in the labour markets like the ones who will not be that easy to adapt to a new environment".

However, a few panel members express an opposing view, claiming that may actually decrease unemployment in high-income countries. Volker Wieland (Goethe University Frankfurt and IMFS) suggests that AI could potentially decrease unemployment rates and the number of hours worked.

References

Acemoglu, D and P Restrepo (2017), " Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets ", SSRN Electronic Journal 128(6).

Acemoglu, D and P Restrepo (2018), " Modeling Automation ", SSRN Electronic Journal.

Agrawal, A, J Gans, and A Goldfarb (eds) (2019) The Economics of Artificial Intelligence: An Agenda, University of Chicago Press.

Arntz, M, T Gregory and U Zierahn (2016), " The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries ", OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Paper No. 189.

Autor, D H (2015), "Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation", Journal of Economic Perspectives 29(3): 3-30.

Bholat, D (2020), " The impact of machine learning and AI on the UK economy ", VoxEU.org, 2 July.

Bowles, J (2014), " Chart of the Week: 54% of EU jobs at risk of computerisation ", Bruegel blog.

Frank, M R, D Autor, J E Bessen et al. (2019), " Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116(14): 6531-6539.

Frey, C B and M A Osborne (2013), " The Future of employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to computerisation?", Technological Forecasting and Social Change 114(1): 254-280.

HAI - Institute for Human Centered AI (2023), Artificial Intelligence Index Report 2023, Stanford University.

Lawrence, M, C Roberts and L King (2017), " IPPR Commission on Economic Justice Managing Automation Employment, inequality and ethics in the digital age ", IPPR Discussion Paper.

Nakamura, H and J Zeira (2018), " Automation and unemployment: Help is on the way ", VoxEU.org, 11 December.

Petropoulos, G and S Brekelmans (2020), " Artificial intelligence's great impact on low and middle-skilled jobs ", Bruegel blog.

PwC (2017), The macroeconomic impact of artificial intelligence.

Somers, M, A Theodorakopoulos and K Hötte (2022), "T he fear of technology-driven unemployment and its empirical base", VoxEU.org, 10 June.

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The impact of artificial intelligence on growth and employment

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The use of artificial intelligence for day-to-day tasks has increased rapidly over the last decade. The May 2023 CfM-CEPR survey asked the members of its European panel to predict the impact of AI on global economic growth and unemployment rates in high-income countries over the upcoming decade.

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Lack of Care and Social Responsibility for Employees in Enterprise

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Lack of Care and Social Responsibility for Employees in Enterprise

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The disregard of enterprises for employee welfare, working conditions, and career development is not conducive to the personal growth of employees and the stable operation of enterprises. For instance, the infringement of workers' rights and interests in the fashion industry reflects that enterprises tend to ignore the rights and interests of employees when pursuing profits.

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What Is Social Responsibility?

Social responsibility means that businesses, in addition to maximizing shareholder value, must act in a manner benefiting society, not just the bottom line. Social responsibility has become increasingly important to investors and consumers who seek investments that not only are profitable but also contribute to the welfare of society and the environment. While critics have traditionally argued that the basic nature of business does not consider society as a stakeholder, younger generations are embracing social responsibility and driving change.

Key Takeaways

Understanding Social Responsibility

Social responsibility means that individuals and companies must act in the best interests of their environment and society as a whole. As it applies to business, social responsibility is known as corporate social responsibility (CSR) and is becoming a more prominent area of focus within businesses due to shifting social norms.

The crux of this theory is to enact policies that promote an ethical balance between the dual mandates of striving for profitability and benefiting society as a whole. These policies can be either commission (philanthropy: donations of money, time, or resources) or omission (e.g., "go green" initiatives such as reducing greenhouse gases or abiding by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations to limit pollution).

Many companies, such as those with "green" policies, have made social responsibility an integral part of their business models, and they have done so without compromising profitability.

Additionally, more consciously capitalistic investors and consumers are factoring in a company's commitment to socially responsible practices before making an investment or purchase. As such, embracing social responsibility can benefit the prime directive: maximization of shareholder value.

There is a moral imperative as well. Actions-or the lack thereof-will affect future generations. Put simply, social responsibility is just good business practice, and a failure to do so can have a deleterious effect on the balance sheet.

Social responsibility can also boost company morale, especially when a company can engage employees with its social causes.

What Are the 4 Types of Social Responsibility?

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) emphasizes that a business's ability to maintain a balance between pursuing economic performance and adhering to societal and environmental issues is a critical factor in operating efficiently and effectively.

The key ways that a company embraces social responsibility include philanthropy, promoting volunteering, ethical labor practices, and environmental changes.

For example, companies managing their environmental impact might look to reduce their carbon footprint and limit waste. There's also the social responsibility of ethical practices for employees, which can mean offering a fair wage, which arises when there are limited employee protection laws.

Examples of Socially Responsible Corporations

Social responsibility takes on different meanings within industries and companies. For example:

Starbucks Corp. (SBUX) committed to social responsibility from the start, including sustainability and community welfare. It purchases Fair Trade Certified ingredients to manufacture products and actively supports sustainable farming in the regions where ingredients are sourced.

Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings Inc. has integrated social responsibility into the core of its operations. Like Starbucks, the company purchases Fair Trade Certified ingredients.

The Lego Group, manufacturer of Lego toys, has committed to reducing its carbon impact. It was named a World Wildlife Fund Climate Savers Partner in 2014.

Salesforce.com Inc. (CRM) developed what it calls the 1-1-1 model. The company dedicates 1% of its equity, 1% of its product, and 1% of employees' time back to the community.

Big-box retailer Target Corp. (TGT), also well known for its social responsibility programs, has donated money to communities in which the stores operate, including education grants.

Criticism of Corporate Social Responsibility

Not everyone believes that businesses should have a social conscience. Economist Milton Friedman stated that "'social responsibilities of business' are notable for their analytical looseness and lack of rigor." Friedman believed that only individuals can have a sense of social responsibility. Businesses, by their very nature, cannot. Some experts believe that social responsibility defies the very point of being in business: profit above all else.

However, social responsibility has become more mainstream and is now practiced among a wide range of companies. Younger generations, such as millennials and Gen Z, are embracing social responsibility and driving change in the workplace and as consumers.

What are examples of social responsibility?

Social responsibility includes companies engaging in environmental preservation efforts, ethical labor practices, philanthropy, and promoting volunteering. For example, a company may change its manufacturing process to reduce carbon emissions.

What are the main benefits of social responsibility?

Benefiting society and lessening the negative impacts on the environment are among the main benefits of social responsibility. Consumers are increasingly looking to buy goods and services from socially responsible companies, which can have a positive impact on their bottom line.

How does social responsibility benefit companies?

In addition to potentially increasing the bottom line, companies that implement social responsibility programs can also boost their brand image. Social responsibility programs can also have a positive impact on morale among employees.

The Bottom Line

Social responsibility benefits society and the environment while lessening negative impacts on them. Companies engaging in social responsibility can do so in a number of ways, including making changes that benefit the environment, engaging in ethical labor practices, and promoting volunteering, and philanthropy. Consumers are more actively looking to do business with socially responsible companies, which can also benefit bottom lines.

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Social Responsibility in Business: Meaning, Types, Examples, and Criticism

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Social responsibility is a theory that asserts that businesses must act in a manner benefiting society, not just the bottom line.

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Utilitarianism, which focuses on maximizing overall happiness and minimizing suffering (Shaw et al, 2020), aligns with SDG 8 by advocating for policies that lead to the greatest good for the greatest number. Utilitarianism would support policies that integrate people with disabilities into the workforce, as this would increase their happiness and societal inclusivity. However, according to a study by the International Labour Organization (ILO), there has been progress in policy development but limited impact on employment rates for people with disabilities (Konur, 2019).  Utilitarians would also advocate for the retraining and upskilling of the workforce to adapt to AI advancements, ensuring that the benefits of AI are broadly distributed and that job displacement is minimized. For youth unemployment, Policies such as education reform, vocational training, and entrepreneurship support would be promoted to reduce youth unemployment and enhance overall societal well-being.

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Libertarianism, a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of personal freedom and minimal governmental interference in individual and economic affairs (Shaw et al., 2020). It aligns with SDG 8 in that they share a belief in the power of free market principles to drive job creation and economic expansion. Libertarians might argue for the removal of employment barriers, such as excessive regulations, to facilitate the hiring of people with disabilities without imposing undue burdens on businesses. They would also likely advocate for minimal state intervention, allowing market forces to determine the optimal use of AI and its influence on employment, with the belief that the market will naturally adapt to new technologies. Furthermore, libertarians would support reducing bureaucratic obstacles to entrepreneurship and encourage private sector initiatives to create job opportunities for young people. While the data from UN indicate that there has been some progress, SDG 8 has not yet been fully effective in reducing youth unemployment.

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Rawlsian, derived from the philosophical work of John Rawls, is fundamentally concerned with creating a society where fairness and equality are paramount, particularly for the most vulnerable members of society (Shaw et al., 2020). The connection between Rawlsian justice and SDG 8 lies in their shared vision of a just and inclusive economic system. In the context of employment, Rawlsians would endorse policies that offer additional support and resources to level the playing field for people with disabilities, who are frequently among the most disadvantaged in the job market. When it comes to the impact of Artificial Intelligence on employment, Rawlsians would champion policies that safeguard workers displaced by AI, ensuring that the benefits of AI are broadly and fairly distributed throughout society. Moreover, they would advocate for the design of policies aimed at creating equal opportunities for all youth, particularly focusing on dismantling systemic barriers that impact certain groups disproportionately.

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This wiki explores the issue of unemployment and unsustainable economic development in industries, including the practical challenges and opportunities of transformation in line with UN SDG 8. By using the ethical theories like utilitarianism, liberalism and Rawlsian egalitarianism, we focus on introducing methods and plans aimed at reducing the real challenge of unemployment and promoting sustained economic growth.

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Productive employment means jobs offering stable income, promoting personal development and contributing to economic growth. It provides reliable pay for basic living needs and learning opportunities, helps overcome poverty and improve living standards, promotes social justice and reduces wealth inequalities. It's a key driver of economic growth, improving productivity, increasing profits, stimulating investment and consumption. In short, it's crucial for sustainable development, poverty reduction, economic development and social stability.

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In the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, governments commit to generate full and productive employment and decent work for all and promote micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) to enable all people to benefit from growth.

Specifically, the Addis Agenda:

Commits to include full and productive employment and decent work for all as a central objective in national development strategies

Calls for full and equal participation of women and men, including persons with disabilities, in the formal labour market

Will work ... to integrate the informal sector into the formal economy in line with country circumstances

Commits to developing and operationalizing, by 2020, a global strategy for youth employment and to implement the ILO Global Jobs Pact by 2020

Commits to promote national youth strategies as a key instrument for meeting the needs and aspirations of young people

Commits to promoting appropriate, affordable and stable access to credit to MSMEs (SDG 8.3), as well as adequate skills development training for all

Update from the 2019 Financing for Sustainable Development Report
The upturn in the world economy over the past few years has been associated with a slight improvement in global labour market indicators. The global unemployment rate is estimated to have fallen marginally in 2018 to about 5 per cent. However, after expanding by an annual average of 1.2 per cent between 2013 and 2018, global employment is projected to grow by less than 1.0 per cent in 2019, slowing further in 2020.

In many developed economies, unemployment rates are currently at historical lows. Against this backdrop, firms in several countries have reported capacity constraints, amid the inability to attract sufficient numbers of qualified workers. By contrast, in a few large developing economies, unemployment rates have risen, as job markets have been deeply impacted by sharp economic downturns and/or political crises.

Headline indicators also conceal structural weaknesses in labour market conditions, which pose a developmental challenge for policymakers. Many of the working poor hold informal jobs or are in other vulnerable forms of employment, such as contributing family work and own-account work. Of those employed in 2018, 265 million workers were nonetheless living in extreme poverty. In developing countries, three out of four workers are in vulnerable forms of employment, which entail lower levels of job stability and are often associated with a lack of decent working conditions. Moreover, more than half of the world population has no access to social protection. This tends to perpetuate high levels of subsistence activities, which generally provide low levels of income.
Relevant SDG indicator
With about 60 million unemployed youth and 139 million young workers living in poverty, youth unemployment remains a global policy challenge. About 22 per cent of young people across the world aged 15-24 are not employed or enrolled in education or training- more than three-fourths of them are female. In addition, gender disparities in the labour market remain wide. In 2018, women still accounted for less than two-fifths of the global workforce. The global labour force participation rate of women in 2018, at 47.9 per cent is considerably lower than that for men, which stands at 74.9 per cent. The gap between women's and men's wages is large-from 16 per cent to 22 per cent depending on the estimation technique. In developed countries, the gender pay gap is largest at the top of the income distribution, while in poorer countries, the gap is largest at the low end of the wage distribution.

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Generating full and productive employment for all | Financing for Sustainable Development Office

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In the Addis Ababa Action Agenda, governments commit to generate full and productive employment and decent work for all and promote micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) to enable all people to benefit from growth.

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Forced labour seriously violates human rights. It means forcing workers to work unwillingly via threats, violence, deception, etc., with inadequate pay, poor conditions and no freedom to leave. Its main forms include bonded labour, trafficked labour and forced recruitment. It causes irreversible damage to workers and the environment, limits development opportunities, disrupts the fair competition market and hinders sustainable economic development.

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Forced labor occurs when individuals are compelled to provide work or service through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. This crime happens both in the United States and overseas, and victims rarely come forward to seek help because they may be unable to escape their environment, are too vulnerable to seek assistance, potential language barriers may exist, or they do not self-recognize as a victim.

Indicators of forced labor may take place during the worker's recruitment process to force the acceptance of the job, to deceive the worker into an exploitative job, or to create debt bondage by charging recruitment fees that cannot be paid back reasonably. Once the person is working, an employer may force, defraud, or coerce the victim to do work not agreed to at the time of recruitment. Additionally, force, threats of harm, and other abusive practices may be used to prevent the victim from leaving the job. Threats may be against the victim or the victim's loved ones. A list of indicators of forced labor can be found here.

Forced Labor in the United States

Despite our nation's foundation in freedom guaranteed in our Constitution, forced labor exists and persists even today. Victims of forced labor in the United States can be citizens, or they can originate from almost every region of the world, regardless of whether they have entered the United States with or without legal status. Traffickers frequently target vulnerable populations, such as individuals without lawful immigration status, those who incurred recruitment debts, and those who are isolated, impoverished, or disabled, to name a few. U.S. citizens, foreign nationals, women, men, and children can all be victims of forced labor.

Law enforcement has uncovered forced labor in a variety of industries, including illicit massage businesses, domestic work, agriculture, factory work, and many other industries. For instance, forced labor appears in door-to-door sales crews, bars and restaurants, peddling and begging, health and beauty services, construction, hospitality, and commercial cleaning services, to name a few.

Goods Produced with Forced Labor Destined for U.S. Markets

Goods imported to the U.S. produced with forced labor undermine legitimate trade and competition. U.S. law prohibits the importation of goods mined, produced, or manufactured wholly or in part with forced labor and violators may face criminal and/or civil consequences. A lack of transparency in complex, extensive global supply chains or a lack of attention to the problem of forced labor can endanger the lives of laborers and negatively impact consumers and corporations. A vast majority of the goods produced through forced labor are either raw materials or sub-components of the early stages of a corporate supply chain. In a textile supply chain, for example, people working in the early stages of a product's lifecycle are at the highest risk of exploitation and forced labor:

Raw Material Sourcing - Commonly referred to by industry as "Tier 3" suppliers, the initial harvesting and preparation of raw materials is often manual-labor-intensive and dangerous as laborers can be exposed to harsh chemicals. Tier 3 suppliers are often small, unregulated operations.

Component/Sub-assembly - "Tier 2" suppliers perform component and sub-assembly manufacturing and often uses materials from multiple Tier 3 suppliers. Unfortunately, not all Tier 2 suppliers perform the due diligence to ensure their lower-level suppliers do not engage in forced labor. Forced labor can also be present at this stage.

Final assembly/Finished product - The "Tier 1" supplier assembles the components/sub-assemblies into a finished product. Some Tier 1 suppliers may serve only one retailer or brand while others may produce final products for multiple retailers. For many products, the final assembly process also requires intensive manual labor. While the risk of forced labor being used in this stage is lower, the risk still exists.

The U.S. has an explicit statutory prohibition on the importation of goods produced using forced labor and can bring to bear criminal and civil penalties to combat it. You can learn more about supply chain compliance on issues of child labor and forced labor by utilizing the Department of Labor's (DOL) "Comply Chain" application that helps companies and industry groups seeking to develop robust social compliance systems for their global production. DOL also makes available its reporting on child labor, forced labor, and human trafficking in a separate mobile application Sweat and Toil that puts 1,000 pages of research in the palm of your hand.

How You Can Help

You can take an active role in ending forced labor, and awareness of this abuse is a crucial first step.

Watch the Blue Campaign Labor Trafficking Awareness Videos to learn about the indicators of forced labor and how to report them.

Become a well-informed consumer. There are a variety of digital applications and websites that are designed for consumers to research and make informed purchases with the confidence that their dollars are not supporting forced labor practices.

To report suspected civil forced labor trade violations, submit information to U.S. Customs and Border Protection at eallegations.cbp.gov/Home/allegation.

To report criminal violations of forced labor in corporate supply chains submit information to ICE.ForcedLabor@ice.dhs.gov, or contact Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) at 866-DHS-2-ICE (866-347-2423)

Learn More

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Forced labor occurs when individuals are compelled to provide work or service through the use of force, fraud, or coercion. This crime happens both in the United States and overseas, and victims rarely come forward to seek help because they may be unable to escape their environment, are too vulnerable to seek assistance, potential language barriers may exist, or they do not self-recognize as a victim.

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Improving Employment Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities

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Improving Employment Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities

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Proposal 1

Grounded in the ethical perspective of Utilitarianism, businesses should adopt a range of strategies to improve employment prospects for people with disabilities, aiming to increase societal well-being and collective benefit. This involves establishing inclusive hiring practices to prevent discrimination against disabled candidates, alongside creating accessible workspaces and supplying essential assistive tools to promote an environment that welcomes those with disabilities. Furthermore, organizations can modify their schedules and workflow to suit the requirements of disabled employees, such as by introducing more adaptable working hours or streamlining operational protocols. It is also vital to cultivate a supportive company ethos that promotes understanding and respect for colleagues with disabilities. By means of training and educational programs, companies can enhance employees' awareness of the varied nature of disabilities and the distinctive contributions that these individuals make to the team, thus fostering a more inclusive and diverse workplace.

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Improving Employment Opportunities for Individuals with Disabilities

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Proposal 2

Both enterprises and governments should invest in the development and utilization of artificial intelligence-assisted technologies to aid individuals with disabilities in integrating into the workforce. This aligns with utilitarian principles and supports Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 8 by promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth. Research indicates that assistive technologies can significantly boost the employability of people with disabilities.

Proposal 3

In accordance with Rawlsian principles that highlight fairness and justice, particularly in the support of the most vulnerable populations, it is essential to establish policies that ensure equal opportunities for all workers, including those facing the risk of displacement by AI. This proposal calls for providing income protection and comprehensive social safety nets for workers affected by AI, addressing economic inequality, and guaranteeing that all workers have equal access to educational and training resources necessary to adapt to the evolving landscape shaped by AI.

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Generative AI holds great potential for those with disabilities - but it needs policy to shape it - G3ict: The Global Initiative for Inclusive ICTs

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Proposal 4

Guided by Utilitarian theory, it is proposed that businesses and government bodies work together to generate a wide range of job opportunities and internship programs, focusing on entry-level roles and internships for young individuals. This initiative aims to enrich their work experience and professional capabilities. Additionally, enhancing vocational education and training is crucial for aligning youth skills with market needs, thereby boosting their employment prospects and overall quality of life.

Proposal 5

In alignment with Libertarian theory, it is suggested to minimize unnecessary regulations and obstacles in the labor market to facilitate easier hiring of young people by companies. Fostering youth entrepreneurship can further stimulate market liberalization and innovation. Concurrently, it is vital to encourage the private sector's involvement in tackling youth unemployment through the creation of job opportunities and the provision of training programs, thereby reducing reliance on governmental intervention and enabling market dynamics to take a leading role.

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There is the problem of irrational resource utilization and violation of the principle of sustainable development. For example, the issue of resource waste in the tourism industry reflects that enterprises need to pay attention to the sustainable use of resources in their operations to avoid the impact on employment and economic growth due to resource depletion. Meanwhile, the utilitarianism in the fashion industry can also lead to environmental pollution problems and ignoring the carrying capacity of the environment.

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Hannover Re is hiring automation and artificial intelligence developers in Sydney, Australia. This position is responsible for a range of automated processes such as design and programming, working with cross-functional teams.

With the application of artificial intelligence technology, it may have a substitution effect on some positions within the company. This position requires active participation in the company's internal human resource transformation planning while promoting technological innovation, so as to achieve a smooth transition of employees, which reflects the protection of employees' rights and interests and the ethical responsibility for employment transformation.

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Automation and AI Developer Job in Sydney NSW - SEEK

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We are seeking an Automation and AI Developer to join our team. The role will be a 2-year contract position working with our talented IT team.

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The Corporate Strategy Officer provides operational and research support to ACCR, including managing multi-stakeholder affairs, organizing and overseeing webinars, and conducting steel decarbonization studies.

By developing and implementing sustainable development strategies, corporate strategy officers can help companies reduce environmental risks and improve resource efficiency in the long term, thereby enhancing their competitiveness. This not only enables the shareholders of the enterprise to benefit from long-term and stable returns, but also guarantees the employment stability of employees and provides employees with better career development prospects, which is in line with the utilitarian concept of the pursuit of interests of most people. For example, by pushing for the decarbonization of steel mills, companies can avoid the risk of high fines and business restrictions due to stricter carbon regulations, thereby protecting employees' jobs, while also providing society with more environmentally friendly and sustainable products and services that benefit consumers.

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Company Strategy Officer (Operations & Research) - Remote / Work from Home - Job in Sydney - Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility

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You will engage with staff across ACCR to ensure the efficient delivery of our strategy, via project management assistance and research support.

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KPMG Recruitment of Senior Consultant - Financial Services Climate Sustainability Modelling

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KPMG Recruitment of Senior Consultant - Financial Services Climate Sustainability Modelling

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The incumbent will be responsible for developing and applying sophisticated climate sustainability models to provide financial services clients with professional analysis to address the risks and opportunities posed by climate change and to help clients optimize their business decisions within a sustainability framework.

This position provides employment opportunities for professionals and reflects support for the creation of decent work in SDG 8. At the same time, helping financial services customers to develop sustainable development strategies can help enterprises achieve sustainable economic growth in the long run, ensure that economic activities are coordinated with environmental protection, and indirectly promote the development of the entire economic system in a more sustainable direction.

Sustainable development should ensure the equitable participation and benefit of all interest groups, and the position can motivate companies to consider social equity factors in their investments and business operations, such as avoiding negative impacts on vulnerable groups, while actively seeking solutions that promote equity, which aligns with the emphasis on ethical issues such as employment equity and inclusion. Contribute to a more equitable social and economic system.

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KPMG: Senior Consultant - FS Climate & Sustainability - Modelling

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Join our Financial Services Climate & Sustainability team and re-define the sustainable future of our clients.

Your contribution to KPMG

Advise clients on sustainability topics, with a focus on risk and quantitative modelling, in a challenging and rapidly changing environment.

Help businesses, particularly in the financial services sector with their sustainability risk identification and risk management processes.

Build, validate or run models in the sustainability area, such as scenario analysis.

Assist our clients with decarbonization, from baseline validation to metrics and target setting, to decarbonization levers and monitoring.

Put your talents to use and drive innovation, including new tools and methodology for our offerings.

This is what makes you successful

Master’s or Bachelor’s degree and strong academic record in Finance, Economics or a quantitative discipline.

At least 3 years of financial services industry experience, including exposure to risk and quantitative modelling topics, and a good understanding of key sustainability issues for financial institutions.

Ability to communicate complex ideas effectively, both verbally and in writing in English. Fluency in German and/or French is a significant advantage.

Strong drive to gain experience in the financial services industry and consulting and to work in an international environment.

A passion for sustainability and helping the Swiss financial sector to transition.

Strong analytical and quantitative problem-solving skills.

An entrepreneurial mindset, with the drive to develop new business ideas and services.

Ability to work collaboratively in a team environment and with people at all levels in an organization.

Your benefits

Do you have any questions?

Pascal Scacchi
Experienced Hire Recruiter
+41 58 249 29 85

KPMG as an employer
Our FS Climate & Sustainability team specializes in steering financial institutions toward more sustainable business models. We offer expertise in ESG integration, non-financial reporting, regulatory compliance and risk management, helping clients develop effective strategies while ensuring compliance with global standards for a sustainable development.
KPMG is known for providing clear and consistent solutions in the areas of auditing and advisory services. The broad palette of services across many subject matters and industries allows the provision of multidisciplinary services from a single source for our clients on the one hand and diverse careers and development options for our employees on the other hand. Our dealings are fair and frank and we strive to always look at the results of our work through the eyes of our clients. At KPMG, we are aware that if we add value for our clients, we also do the same for ourselves.

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Workplace discrimination typically appears as unfair treatment, employment practices, or bias directed at people based on personal characteristics, such as:

Race or national origin

This type of workplace discrimination involves unfair treatment, harassment, or denial of employment opportunities based on someone’s racial or ethnic background.

Age

Age discrimination involves employment decisions and behaviors based on a person’s age rather than their merit or qualifications.

Gender

Gender discrimination is the unequal treatment or consideration of someone based on their gender identity. This can manifest as unequal pay, stereotyping, or sexual harassment. It can affect workers of any gender, including people who identify as transgender or those who fall outside of the gender binary, and is an especially common problem for women in the workplace.

Sexual orientation

Workplace discrimination can also involve treating employees differently based on their sexual orientation. This can include prejudiced behavior like harassment, unfair termination, denial of benefits, or creating a hostile work environment for people in the LGBTQ+ community.

Disability

Disability discrimination occurs when a workplace treats people with physical or mental disabilities unfairly. It can involve denying reasonable accommodations, refusing employment, offering unequal pay, or excluding them from certain job opportunities.

Religious beliefs

Religion-based workplace discrimination occurs when a business treats someone differently than their coworkers because of their religion. This can include harassment or hostility, being denied a job or promotion, or getting fired because of their religious beliefs.

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IMD business school for management and leadership courses

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What discrimination in the workplace is and what to do about it

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Explore the impact of workplace discrimination and discover effective strategies to address and prevent it.

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Gender equality in the workplace means that equal opportunities and treatment for men and women in terms of hiring, pay, promotion, and working conditions.

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Women in the Workplace 2024: The 10th-anniversary report

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Now celebrating its 10th anniversary, McKinsey’s annual Women in the Workplace report is the largest study of women in corporate America. See our 2024 findings.

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A mismatch between the skills of workers and the skills required by the market and by enterprises can lead to a situation where employment difficulties and inactivity coexist.

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Employment for People with Disabilities 

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Employment for People with Disabilities 

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ILO’s Approach

The International Labour Organization (ILO) has developed guidelines and practices aimed at promoting equal opportunities for people with disabilities. This includes the Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) Convention and the ILO Code of Practice for Managing Disability in the Workplace. These guidelines emphasize nondiscrimination and inclusion, aiming to create a fair and accessible workplace for all, aligning closely with SDG 8, which focuses on inclusive and sustainable economic growth and decent work for all.

Application in the Workforce

The ILO also collaborates with companies globally to support disability inclusion initiatives, showing that employing people with disabilities benefits not only the workforce but also companies’ public perception and productivity.

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The International Organisation of Employers (IOE) provides a policy overview of AI’s role in optimizing processes and potentially displacing jobs. It suggests that companies adopting AI need strategic approaches, including skill development for workers and ethical guidelines to address data privacy and bias. This policy aligns with SDG 8 by encouraging companies to ensure that AI implementation fosters an inclusive and productive workforce.

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The Impact of AI on Work and Employment (an IOE policy review)

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- AI as a Catalyst for Change: AI can optimise processes, enhance customer experiences, and provide competitive advantages.

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Goal 8 - Promote sustainable economic growth and decent work for all

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Goal 8 - Promote sustainable economic growth and decent work for all

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Employment is the key to global economic and social progress. It is a key pillar for promoting inclusive and sustainable economic growth. It focuses on various aspects such as economic productivity, entrepreneurship and labour rights, and provides a pathway to prosperity and stability. However, there are many challenges to achieving this vision, such as workplace discrimination and unfairness, lack of social responsibility awareness in enterprises and impact of high-tech developments. These problems can all pose risks in achieving SDG 8. As more and more people face employment challenges, addressing this issue has become increasingly important. According to the International Labour Organization (ILO) (2023), the total number of unemployed young people worldwide is around 65 million, making the task of achieving Sustainable Development Goal 8 even more urgent.

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Promoting decent jobs for youth everywhere © Getty Images

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It means that the demand for and use of natural resources such as forests, minerals, water and energy sources is so high that these resources are being used much faster than they can be regenerated or replaced. This overexploitation can lead to resource scarcity in the long term and have negative impacts on the environment and future generations.

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility. The term overconsumption is quite controversial in use and does not necessarily have a single unifying definition. When used to refer to natural resources to the point where the environment is negatively affected, it is synonymous with the term overexploitation. However, when used in the broader economic sense, overconsumption can refer to all types of goods and services, including manmade ones, e.g. "the overconsumption of alcohol can lead to alcohol poisoning". Overconsumption is driven by several factors of the current global economy, including forces like consumerism, planned obsolescence, economic materialism, and other unsustainable business models and can be contrasted with sustainable consumption.

Defining the amount of a natural resource required to be consumed for it to count as "overconsumption" is challenging because defining a sustainable capacity of the system requires accounting for many variables. The total capacity of a system occurs at both the regional and worldwide levels, which means that certain regions may have higher consumption levels of certain resources than others due to greater resources without overconsuming a resource. A long-term pattern of overconsumption in any given region or ecological system can cause a reduction in natural resources that often results in environmental degradation. However, this is only when applying the word to human impacts on the environment. When used in an economic sense, this point is defined as when the marginal cost of a consumer is equal to their marginal utility. Gossen's law of diminishing utility states that at this point, the consumer realizes the cost of consuming/purchasing another item/good is not worth the amount of utility (also known as happiness or satisfaction from the good) they'd receive, and therefore is not conducive to the consumer's wellbeing.

When used in the environmental sense, the discussion of overconsumption often parallels that of population size and growth, and human development: more people demanding higher qualities of living, currently requires greater extraction of resources, which causes subsequent environmental degradation such as climate change and biodiversity loss. Currently, the inhabitants of high wealth, "developed" nations consume resources at a rate almost 32 times greater than those of the developing world, who make up the majority of the human population (7.9 billion people). However, the developing world is a growing consumer market. These nations are quickly gaining more purchasing power and it is expected that the Global South, which includes cities in Asia, America, and Africa, will account for 56% of consumption growth by 2030. This means that if current trends continue relative consumption rates will shift more into these developing countries, whereas developed countries would start to plateau. Sustainable Development Goal 12 "responsible consumption and production" is the main international policy tool with goals to abate the impact of overconsumption.

If everyone consumed resources at the US level, you will need another four or five Earths.

-Paul R. Ehrlich, biologist[13]

Economic growth is sometimes seen as a driver for overconsumption. Economic growth can be seen as a catalyst of overconsumption due to it requiring greater resource input to sustain the growth. China is an example where this phenomenon has been observed readily. China's GDP increased massively from 1978, and energy consumption has increased by 6-fold. By 1983, China's consumption surpassed the biocapacity of their natural resources, leading to overconsumption. In the last 30-40 years, China has seen significant increases in its pollution, land degradation, and non-renewable resource depletion, which aligns with its considerable economic growth. It is unknown if other rapidly developing nations will see similar trends in resource overconsumption.

The Worldwatch Institute said China and India, with their booming economies, along with the United States, are the three planetary forces that are shaping the global biosphere. The State of the World 2005 report said the two countries' high economic growth exposed the reality of severe pollution. The report states that

The world's ecological capacity is simply insufficient to satisfy the ambitions of China, India, Japan, Europe, and the United States as well as the aspirations of the rest of the world in a sustainable way.

In 2019, a warning on the climate crisis signed by 11,000 scientists from over 150 nations said economic growth is the driving force behind the "excessive extraction of materials and overexploitation of ecosystems" and that this "must be quickly curtailed to maintain long-term sustainability of the biosphere." Also in 2019, the Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services published by the United Nations' Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services, which found that up to one million species of plants and animals are at risk of extinction from human activity, asserted that

A key element of more sustainable future policies is the evolution of global financial and economic systems to build a global sustainable economy, steering away from the current limited paradigm of economic growth.[21]

Consumerism is a social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts. There is a spectrum of goods and services that the world population constantly consumes. These range from food and beverage, clothing and footwear, housing, energy, technology, transportation, education, health and personal care, financial services, and other utilities. When the resources required to produce these goods and services are depleted beyond a reasonable level, it can be considered to be overconsumption. Because developing nations are rising quickly into the consumer class, the trends happening in these nations are of special interest. According to the World Bank, the highest shares of consumption, regardless of income lie in food, beverage, clothing, and footwear. As of 2015, the top five consumer markets in the world were the United States, Japan, Germany, China, and France.

Planned and perceived obsolescence is an important factor that explains why some overconsumption of consumer products exists. This factor of the production revolves around designing products with the intent to be discarded after a short period of time. Perceived obsolescence is prevalent within the fashion and technology industries. Through this technique, products are made obsolete and replaced on a semi-regular basis. Frequent new launches of technology or fashion lines can be seen as a form of marketing-induced perceived obsolescence. Products designed to break after a certain period of time or use would be considered to be planned obsolescence.

According to a 2020 paper written by a team of scientists titled "Scientists' warning on affluence", the entrenchment of "capitalist, growth-driven economic systems" since World War II gave rise to increasing affluence along with "enormous increases in inequality, financial instability, resource consumption and environmental pressures on vital earth support systems." And the world's wealthiest citizens, referred to as "super-affluent consumers . . . which overlap with powerful fractions of the capitalist class," are the most responsible for environmental impacts through their consumption patterns worldwide.

Any sustainable social and environmental pathways must include transcending paradigms fixated on economic growth and also reducing, not simply " greening", the overconsumption of the super-affluent, the authors contend, and propose adopting either reformist policies which can be implemented within a capitalist framework such as wealth redistribution through taxation (in particular eco-taxes), green investments, basic income guarantees and reduced work hours to accomplish this, or looking to more radical approaches associated with degrowth, eco-socialism and eco-anarchism, which would "entail a shift beyond capitalism and/or current centralised states."

Waste generation, measured in kilograms per person per day

A fundamental effect of overconsumption is a reduction in the planet's carrying capacity. Excessive unsustainable consumption will exceed the long-term carrying capacity of its environment ( ecological overshoot) and subsequent resource depletion, environmental degradation and reduced ecosystem health. In 2020 multinational team of scientists published a study, saying that overconsumption is the biggest threat to sustainability. According to the study, a drastic lifestyle change is necessary for solving the ecological crisis. According to one of the authors Julia Steinberger: "To protect ourselves from the worsening climate crisis, we must reduce inequality and challenge the notion that riches, and those who possess them, are inherently good." The research was published on the site of the World Economic Forum. The leader of the forum professor Klaus Schwab, calls to a "great reset of capitalism".

A 2020 study published in Scientific Reports, in which both population growth and deforestation were used as proxies for total resource consumption, warns that if consumption continues at the current rate for the next several decades, it can trigger a full or almost full extinction of humanity. The study says that "while violent events, such as global war or natural catastrophic events, are of immediate concern to everyone, a relatively slow consumption of the planetary resources may be not perceived as strongly as a mortal danger for the human civilization." To avoid it humanity should pass from a civilization dominated by the economy to a "cultural society" that "privileges the interest of the ecosystem above the individual interest of its components, but eventually in accordance with the overall communal interest."

The worldwide prevalence of obesity in males (2008)-the darker areas represent a higher percentage of obese males.

The scale of modern life's overconsumption can lead to a decline in economy and an increase in financial instability. Some argue that overconsumption enables the existence of an "overclass", while others disagree with the role of overconsumption in class inequality. Population, Development, and Poverty all coincide with overconsumption; how they interplay with each other is complex. Because of this complexity it is difficult to determine the role of consumption in terms of economic inequality.

Great Pacific Garbage Patch

In the long term, these effects can lead to increased conflict over dwindling resources and in the worst case a Malthusian catastrophe. Lester Brown of the Earth Policy Institute, has said: "It would take 1.5 Earths to sustain our present level of consumption. Environmentally, the world is in an overshoot mode."

As of 2012, the United States alone was using 30% of the world's resources and if everyone were to consume at that rate, we would need 3-5 planets to sustain this type of living. Resources are quickly becoming depleted, with about ⅓ already gone. With new consumer markets rising in the developing countries which account for a much higher percentage of the world's population, this number can only rise. According to Sierra Club's Dave Tilford, "With less than 5 percent of world population, the U.S. uses one-third of the world's paper, a quarter of the world's oil, 23 percent of the coal, 27 percent of the aluminum, and 19 percent of the copper." According to BBC, a World Bank study has found that "Americans produce 16.5 tonnes of carbon dioxide per capita every year. By comparison, only 0.1 tonnes of the greenhouse gas is generated in Ethiopia per inhabitant."

A 2021 study published in Frontiers in Conservation Science posits that aggregate consumption growth will continue into the near future and perhaps beyond, largely due to increasing affluence and population growth. The authors argue that "there is no way-ethically or otherwise (barring extreme and unprecedented increases in human mortality)-to avoid rising human numbers and the accompanying overconsumption", although they do say that the negative impacts of overconsumption can perhaps be diminished by implementing human rights policies to lower fertility rates and decelerate current consumption patterns.

A report from the Lancet Commission says the same. The experts write: "Until now, undernutrition and obesity have been seen as polar opposites of either too few or too many calories," "In reality, they are both driven by the same unhealthy, inequitable food systems, underpinned by the same political economy that is single-focused on economic growth, and ignores the negative health and equity outcomes. Climate change has the same story of profits and power,". Obesity was a medical problem for people who overconsumed food and worked too little already in ancient Rome, and its impact slowly grew through history. As to 2012, mortality from obesity was 3 times larger than from hunger, reaching 2.8 million people per year by 2017

Overuse of artificial energy, for example, in cars, hurts health and the planet. Promoting active living and reducing sedentary lifestyle, for example, by cycling, reduces greenhouse gas emissions and improve health

In 2010, the International Resource Panel published the first global scientific assessment on the impacts of consumption and production. The study found that the most critical impacts are related to ecosystem health, human health and resource depletion. From a production perspective, it found that fossil-fuel combustion processes, agriculture and fisheries have the most important impacts. Meanwhile, from a final consumption perspective, it found that household consumption related to mobility, shelter, food, and energy-using products causes the majority of life-cycle impacts of consumption.

According to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, human consumption, with current policy, by the year 2100 will be seven times bigger than in the year 2010.

The idea of overconsumption is also strongly tied to the idea of an ecological footprint. The term "ecological footprint" refers to the "resource accounting framework for measuring human demand on the biosphere." Currently, China, for instance, has a per person ecological footprint roughly half the size of the US, yet has a population that is more than four times the size of the US. It is estimated that if China developed to the level of the United States that world consumption rates would roughly double.

Humans, their prevailing growth of demands for livestock and other domestic animals, has added overshoot through domestic animal breeding, keeping, and consumption, especially with the environmentally destructive industrial livestock production. [citation needed ]Globalization and modernization have brought Western consumer cultures to countries like China and India, including meat-intensive diets which are supplanting traditional plant-based diets. Between 166 to more than 200 billion land and aquatic animals are consumed by a global population of over 7 billion annually. A 2018 study published in Science postulates that meat consumption is set to increase as the result of human population growth and rising affluence, which will increase greenhouse gas emissions and further reduce biodiversity. Meat consumption needs to be reduced in order to make agriculture sustainable by up to 90% according to a 2018 study published in Nature.

56% of respondents to a 2022 climate survey support a carbon budget system to limit the most climate-damaging consumption (62% of those under 30).

The most obvious solution to the issue of overconsumption is to simply slow the rate at which materials are becoming depleted. From a capitalistic point of view, less consumption has negative effects on economies and so instead, countries must look to curb consumption rates but also allow for new industries, such as renewable energy and recycling technologies, to flourish and deflect some of the economic burdens. Some movements think that a reduction in consumption in some cases can benefit the economy and society. They think that a fundamental shift in the global economy may be necessary to account for the current change that is taking place or that will need to take place. Movements and lifestyle choices related to stopping overconsumption include: anti-consumerism, freeganism, green economics, ecological economics, degrowth, frugality, downshifting, simple living, minimalism, the slow movement, and thrifting.

Many consider the final target of the movements as arriving to a steady-state economy in which the rate of consumption is optimal for health and environment.

Recent grassroots movements have been coming up with creative ways to decrease the number of goods we consume. The Freecycle Network is a network of people in one's community that are willing to trade goods for other goods or services. It is a new take on thrifting while still being beneficial to both parties.

Other researchers and movements such as the Zeitgeist Movement suggest a new socioeconomic model which, through a structural increase of efficiency, collaboration and locality in production as well as effective sharing, increased modularity, sustainability and optimal design of products, are expected to reduce resource-consumption. Solutions offered include consumers using market forces to influence businesses towards more sustainable manufacturing and products.

Another way to reduce consumption is to slow population growth by improving family planning services worldwide. In developing countries, more than 200 million women do not have adequate access. Women's empowerment in these countries will also result in smaller families.

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# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Overconsumption describes a situation where a consumer overuses their available goods and services to where they can't, or don't want to, replenish or reuse them. In microeconomics, this may be described as the point where the marginal cost of a consumer is greater than their marginal utility.

# data[].attributes.body
The gap between the rich and the poor refers to the difference in wealth between individuals or groups within a society. It reflects the difference in economic resources, including income, assets and opportunities for wealth accumulation, between the wealthy and the less wealthy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why is the gap between the rich and the poor getting wider? Europe versus the US

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
European and American households have seen their wealth grow by roughly similar degrees over the last 50 years, but in the US the gap between the rich and the poor has become much more pronounced.

# data[].attributes.body
Debt refers to the amount of debt owed by an individual, company or government. It's usually measured as a ratio of income (for individuals), assets or equity (for companies) or GDP (for governments). A high level of debt means that the amount of debt is so large that it may cause concern or problems. For governments, a high level of debt can limit spending on other important areas, such as infrastructure or social welfare, and can also lead to economic instability.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Fiscal and Financial Risks of a High-Debt, Slow-Growth World

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Higher long-term real interest rates, lower growth, and higher debt will put pressure on medium-term fiscal trends and financial stability.

# data[].attributes.body
If the economy relies too heavily on one or more industries, while other industries lag behind, this will lead to an imbalance in the industrial structure.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Production Factors Market Distortion and the Imbalance of China′s Industrial Structure
MIAO Jian-jun, HAN Jing-wei

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Production factors market distortion is the key factor restricting the…

# data[].attributes.body
Focusing only on immediate economic benefits, neglecting long-term development planning and sustainability, pursuing short-term high growth rates without considering environmental, social and other impacts.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Short-term interest rates are the rates at which short-term borrowings are effected between financial institutions or the rate at which short-term government paper is issued or traded in the market.

# data[].attributes.body
Entrepreneurship refers to the process of creating or starting a new business, typically with the aim of achieving profit and growth. It involves identifying business opportunities, taking risks, organising resources (such as capital, labour and technology) and developing innovative ideas or products to meet market needs.

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Yuning Zhang s8080349

Letong Zheng s8079735

Chong Wei s8080279

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Xinying Han s8079774

Jingling Mao s8080327

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Improvement in Tourism and Fashion Industry

# data[].attributes.subject
Improvement in Tourism and Fashion Industry

# data[].attributes.body
Proposal 6

According to utilitarian principles, policymakers should strive to maximize the overall well-being of society. In the context of tourism, this means optimizing the allocation of resources to enhance efficiency, thereby generating more jobs and income and alleviating poverty. Liberalism underscores the importance of individual freedom and market mechanisms in resource distribution. The fashion industry can promote sustainable consumption patterns by endorsing fair trade retailers and eco-friendly apparel, allowing consumers to freely select products that meet ethical and environmental standards. Rawlsian justice highlights that social and economic inequalities are justifiable only if they ultimately benefit the least advantaged. In the fashion sector, this can be realized by ensuring fair compensation and working conditions for workers at every stage of the supply chain, particularly in developing countries, to mitigate class disparities and advance social equity.

# data[].attributes.body
The difference between the value of output and the value of intermediate inputs used in the production process. It reflects the contribution of an industry or firm to the economy.

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Value Added - A Key to Business Success (Formula, Importance, Ways to Do) — Penpoin.

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In today’s competitive business landscape, understanding value added is key to differentiating your product or service from the crowd. This article dives deep

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Unsustainable Economic Growth in Fashion and Tourism Industry

# data[].attributes.subject
Unsustainable Economic Growth in Fashion and Tourism Industry

# data[].attributes.body
Supporting SDG 8 is intrinsically linked to utilitarian principles and the goal of sustainable economic growth. However, the fashion and tourism industries present challenges beneath rapid expansion in this regard.

In the fashion industry, its rapid growth has led to issues like overproduction and waste. Up to 100 billion garments are produced by the fashion industry every year. In addition, as much as 92 million tons of clothing ends up in landfills each year. Only 20% of textiles are collected for reuse or recycling globally (Ruiz, 2024). This not only affects future generations' access to resources but also harms the well-being of communities near disposal sites. In terms of employment, while it creates jobs, many workers in the supply chain face poor working conditions and low wages, which is contrary to the idea of inclusive economic growth.

The tourism industry is also confronted with environmental protection issues. Rather than targeting long-term development, enterprises seek short-term high profits at the expense of massive resource consumption. For instance, overtourism poses such a problem. Millions of tourists bring short-term revenue but long-term problems like overcrowding, rising housing costs and damage to infrastructure and relics (Sustainable Travel International, 2024). This threatens local economic sustainability and opposes SDG8, causing irreversible damage to the local economy.