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The 1st industrial revolution is between 1/2 XIII - ...

It started in the UK because there were colonies (cotton, that substituted the wool), it was an island, it was a constitutional monarchy, and it were COAL (mineral coal, that it was more calorific power) and there had a revolutionary machine, the steam engine from James Watt.

The social classes of the society change. The privileges despaired, and the Bourgeoisie was on the top of the pyramid and the other was the worker class.

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1789-1799

The French Revolution was a political revolution.
The bourgeoisie was the Enlightenment, people with none privileges, to promote the revolution. They start to be rich with work.

In 1780 there was an economy crisis in French and the king want that the clergy and the nobility pay for it. In 14th of July 1789 the poblation of Paris enter the Bastil. In 1790 the king was decapitated and three years later they introduced the first declaration of the Rights of man and of the citizen.

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The general ideas of the Restoration crisis in Spain

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The general ideas of the Restoration crisis in Spain

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In 1898/1902-1931

There are 2 political parties,"torn de parties". The conservative parties and the liberal parties. They manipulated the elections.

In 1898 the population saw that the elections were manipulated.

In the dictatorship of M. Primo de Rivera was supported by the King Alfonso XIII. They were inspirited by Mussolini and V. Manuel III.

In 1898, Spain lost Cuba, Puertorico and Filipinas and then sell the GUAM islands to Germany.

In 1868-1878 there was the 1st war in Cuba with Spain, and it ends with a pact.

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XIX Century

There are trade unions.

1. UGT: "Unió General de Treballadors" there are Socialists and there are a majority union in the north of Spain and in Madrid.

2. CNT: "Confedaració nacional del treball" there are Anarchists and there are a majority union in Andalusia and Catalonia.

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XIX Century

Spain, France and Germany, want to occupy Africa and Asian territory.

Spain, think to occupy the North of Africa with France.

Protectorate Franco-Español.

Morocco didn't exist at that moment.

Ceuta and Melilla were divided between Spain and France.

In 1956 abandoned the territory.

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(1921)

1850 - 1925

Mohamed ib Abd el-Krim, leader of the tropes that lead the Rify people that fight in the war.

In 1921 there was a disaster Annual for the Spanish. 2 weeks, 10,000 dead for the war and the incompetence of the charge of the Spanish army.

Picasso file: The investigation of the responsible for the "massacre".

In 1923, the army, literate for Primo de Rivera and Alfonso XIII, did a state crack. Because the Picasso file didn't leave in the light.

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1893

The Liceu is the most important theater in Spain.

A terrorist throw 2 orsini bombs to the main floor from the chicken coop. Died more than twenty people.

In Barcelona there was an important anarchist nest calling "Rosa de foc".

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1905

CU-CUT, was a very important and famous newspaper in Catalonia.

But it was destruct for the jurisdiction law.

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1909

In 1907 - 1927, Spain was in war with Rid, a zone in Morocco.

I Spain, the people were obligate to go to the war, and the men died for the conditions and not for the war.

For this reason, there was a revolt in the port. Anticlericalism, against the church.

They take advantage of the revolt to kill Francesc Ferrer in the Castle of Monjuic.

In 1956, Morocco isn't Franco-Español.

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1917

Russian is an absolute monarchy.

Lenin is the leader of the Russian Revolution.

Russia change to USSR, Soviet Republic Unions.

This effect to all Europe, is possible to create a communist country.

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XX Century

The Carlism is an absolutism Catholicism old regime, a right ideology.

The Carlism don't believe of the liberalism, the constitution and the powers (the bible).

It is a traditionalism, it's supported by the nobility and the town.

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XX Century

The Republicanism want that the monarchy despair, and they want the republic.

Supported by the medium, medium low class.

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There are six opposition forces to the system.

1. Carlism

2. Republicanism

3. Lerrouxism: was ideated by Alejandro Lerroux, they don't want the church, and they riot it, and they don't want the Catholics.

4. Socialism: they want political parties, trade unions and revolution state. But they want, with anarchism, to destroy social classes to create a freedom and equality society, and they don't want private properties. And they want a revolution.

5. Anarchism: They want trade unions, but they don't want an authority, political parties and a state.

6. Catalanism: They are nationalism, they don't want an empire. They are a Nation-State in the XIX century, led for Enric Prat de la Riba and Josep Puig i Cadafalch.

Catalonia claim more political power.

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1914 - 1925

All the political power in Madrid.

Exist the provinces, but they don't have political power, however, they have province council with a budget for each one.

Catalanism get the Commonwealth, and any province can collaborate to any other.

All the provinces collaborate between them with the budget to improve x things.

Presidents:

1914 - 1917: Enric Prat de la Riba

1917 - 1923: Josep Puig i Cadafalch

1923 - 1925: Alfons Sala: destroy the Commonwealth.

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Pompeu Fabra, did the first modern dictionary in Catalan, with orthographic rules.

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1919

There was a strike, and thanks to that, is universalized the 8 work hours.

Salvador Seguí was killed for shots in the streets of Barcelona.

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1923 - 1931

Primo the Rivera and Alfonso XIII direct the direct army (1923 - 1925) and the direct civil (1925 - 1931).

Mussolini invented the Fascism with no constitutions, no political parties, no trade unions and the strikes and the demonstrations are prohibited.

Against Catalanism.

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Catalan state, political parties, Catalanist and independentism.

The flag copy the star and the triangle from Cuba.

Organize armies from France to cross the border to occupy Catalonia and do it independent.

Macià can't do it, and they judge him in France.

Francesc Macià was the 1st president of the generality of Catalonia.

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1931 - 1939 - 1936 (without the war)

1936 - 1939 the civil war in Spain

1st democratic system in, absolutely, all the history of Spain.

Constitution of the 1931

Integral state (autonomous regional governments) - generality of Catalonia.

Universal suffrage 1933 - 1st time that the women can vote.

Non-confessional state

Individual rights

Separate the church and the state

Modernization of the Army

Modernization of the education

Agriculture reform

Territorial reform - autonomous government didn't like the church, army,...

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1936 - 1939

The general Sanjurjo did a state hit in 1932 without success, Sanjurjada.

July 18, 1936

A part of the army is going to do a state hit led by the generals: Mola, Sanjurjo, Godet and Franco.

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July 25, 1938 - November 16, 1938

115 days

They want to extend the war.

The Francoists receive help from Hitler and Mussolini.

And the Republicans receive help from the URSS (volunteers to fight).

In the Batalla de l'Ebre there were more than 30,000 dead people and 70,000 injured people.

There were two important "quintes" (generations).

"La quinta del biberó" (the fifth of the bottle)

"La quinta del xumet" (the fifth of the dummy)

There were many bombings in the village around of the Ebre.

The republicans were less prepared.

The day of Sant Jaume, there were bombings and died many persons.

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1939 - 1975

The dictatorship of Franco was a military dictatorship.

In contempt to the democracy, an imitation of a state.

It starts the NO-DO, news of the regime that show Franco like a tireless worker. The NO-DO appeared in the beginning of the films, and that films were edited with way that they want. There are parts that didn't appear, like the kisses or thing like that.

It submission at the dictator Francisco Franco.

It negation the basic liberties: meeting, expression, association...

It was a judicial system controlled by the dictatorship. And military values: discipline, authority...

And the submission of the women.

The Catholicism defense all the Franquism.

It was aggressive and excluding Spanish nationalism, Catalan culture, Basque culture and Galician culture.

The Franco regime considers that the enemies were the liberal (politic, economic), masons, separatists, homosexuals, anarchists, communists, socialists...

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1939 - 1975

Axis power, Rome - Berlin axis

Spain didn't enter in the ONU in 1946, and in the same year, Spain condemns itself as Franco's military regime.

Franco intensifies its relationship with the Vatican and the United States.

Characteristics:

Repression, labour purges, unemployment.

Arrest and imprisonment in concentration camps.

In the 1940s, 50,000 dead, 270,719 imprisoned.

People went to France because there wasn't work, and on the way, they were bombed. They were walking from many places in Spain.

For all these people who had gone to France and had been captured there and taken to Nazi execution camps, the Stolpersteine ​​were made, which were plaques with their names on them.

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It just depends on what you have inside the state.

"Caudillo de España, por la gracia de dios"

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1939 - 1945

In the beginning, Spain was neutral.

Then, was non-belligerent, collaborate but didn't fight.

And finally, when the things went wrong, was neutral again.

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1939 - 1959

Fascism, collaborationism, autarky and isolationism.

There was a meeting between Mussolini and Franco, in Hendaya, in 1940, to discuss if Franco enter II World War or not. They wanted to recover Gibraltar and North Africa, which were French possessions.

Serrano Suñer was Franco's brother-in-law, who was more Nazi than Franco himself. He organized the Hendaya meeting, where Mussolini got along better with Suñer than with Franco.

1951 - 1959

End of the isolationism and it approaches to EUA.

1959 - 1975

The years of developmentism.

Tardofranquisme (late Francoism).

Economic development.

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Francisco Franco, died the 20th of November 1975.

Franco wanted his death extended by a few days so that he would die on the same day as Miguel Primo de Rivera's son, Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera. J. Antonio PdR died the 20th of November 1936.

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Prohibition of the democratic freedom

Prohibition of the expression

Grouping prohibited

You must be catholic

The films, books, newspaper, ... were censured

There was only one political parties, La Falange Española Tradicionalista.

Trade Union (ONU), vertical union, controlled by the regime.

Franco was the head of all, head of state, "caudillo". Maximum political power, maximum military power, maximum religious power.

The army supported the regime, the high bourgeoisie.

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Joan Peiró was a unionist of the CNT, he was Minister of Industry during the Republic. He was from Badalona, ​​but lived in Mataró.

After the civil war, he went to France, where the Germans captured him and took him to Spain, Valencia, and killed him in Paterna in 1942.

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Lluís Companys was the president of the generality during the republic and civil war. He went into exile in France, was captured, taken to Spain and executed in Montjuic.

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The indoctrination is the ideology of Catholicism.

They use physical and psychological violence.

The coeducation didn't exist, and they teach different knowledge.

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The divorce was prohibited.

The adultery was a crime for the women. If the men discovered, and he had an evidence, she was judged.

The women between 17 and 35 years that were alone or widow without children, goes to the Social Services. It was like a normal military service but for the women.

It gives an award to the family with more children and the woman that take a better care of their children.

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Pilar Primo de Rivera was the daughter of Miguel Primo de Rivera.

She survived the civil war.

She was the manager of the Feminine Section.

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The society says that the homosexuals were lazy and miscreant.

To be homosexual was a crime, and when the police detail people, they were isolated.

They were always in their houses.

An option was to go out to Spain.

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"El Valle de los Caídos" was the François name. The geographic name is "El Valle de Cuelgamuertos".

This space was created to homage to the François.

It is a big monument for the people, deads François soldiers.

Pedro Muguruza was the architect that designed the monument.

To built it, it takes 20 years.

For the labour, they ask the political prisoners to go and work in the monument or stay in the prison. If they say yes, they had 2 days less in the prison.

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Common graves were where the people that can't pay a nicho or an incineration, or dead alone.

In the civil war, the people that dead in the war or in execution.

There were Republicans and François.

There are 33,000 bodies in "El Valle de los Caídos". Now people are searching information of them.

There are 2,500–100,000 graves.

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There were high prices, low salaries, missing of products and contraband of basic food.

The food were controlled by the rationing cards. This rationing generate the black market.

The people of the black market were called ESTRAPERLO, this people were people that came to the field.

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The people go out of the field to Catalonia, Basque Country, Valencia, where there were fabrics.

There were problems to search homes. The people that came to the field life outside the city and towns, (like the Llantia, Cerdanyola, ...)

The Falange remains on the sidelines of the Regime.

The Tacnòcretes or Opus Dei were people that had a lot of children and a lot of money, they know about economy.

In 1959, they started to reestablish the plan of the economy.

The price of the market went down.

In the 60s, appeared the first technologies: TV, motorbikes, ...

There were emigration of workers because they didn't have job. They went to France, Germany, Belgium and send money to their families.

The industry went up and they sell foreign industries. With that, it went up the tourism.

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400,000 Spanish people exiled.

France put the exiled people in concentration camps.

The maternity of Elna was a building that accept pregnant women to give birth with a minimum conditions.

The Republicans collaborated to fight against the Nazis.

He packed with the Nazi Germany that the Spanish people that were in France weren't their responsibilities. With an exception for the people that are from the politic, that they were transport to Spain to be executed.

There were people that were called "Talps" that were people that were hidden for a long time because they were searched.

Then there were army groups that did actions against the civil guard and the army. They were called "Maquis", that live in the mountains.

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Maquis were army groups that did actions against the civil guard and the army, that live in the mountains.

The most important action was an attempt to enter to Catalonia for Vall d'Aran to do a territory occupation in 1944.

In the 50s, there were fewer people with them.

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Serrano Suñer was the brother-in-law of Francisco Franco.

He was more Nazi than Franco.

He was the organizer of the meeting in Hendaya.

Mussolini has a better relation with Suñer than with Franco.

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The independence of Guinea equatorial was the 12 of October 1968. This decolonization was part of the "process of decolonization of Africa" by Spain, supported by the United Nations.

The decolonization of the Sahara was in 1965.

When these territories were decolonized, those living there did not know if they were Spanish or from Guinea or the Sahara.

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1969 – 1975

Before Franco dies, in June 1973 the power of the government goes to Carrero Blanco.

When Carrero Blanco dead, the new president was Carlos Arias Navarro.

The Arabian countries, with the support with Palestine, didn't send oil to Spain.

It were more movements anti-Franco, labour movement, students, augment. The churches collaborated and hosted clandestine meetings because the police could not enter the churches. These meetings were assemblies of Catalonia (Freedom, Amnesty and Statute of Autonomy), 1971 and democratic juntas, 1974, where anyone could enter.

In Portugal were a dictator that help Franco during the civil war, Antonio Salazar.

The 22 of November 1975, Juan Carlos de Bobón y Borbón was proclaimed the king of Spain.

Franco wants that when he was dead nothing changes.

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ETA was a group of people from the Basque Country that were terrorists.

One of their terrorist attack, was the Hiper Cor, a bomb in a supermarket.

There was a process that was called "El procés de Burgos" in December 1970. This process was a trial against the militants of the ETA. There were 16 militants captured and 6 of them were condemned to death penalty, but finally to life sentence.

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Juan Carlos de Borbón y Borbón was the successor of Franco.

The 22 of July 1969, it was the presentation of Juan Carlo like the successor of Franco.

And the 22 of November 1975, he was proclaimed the king of Spain. He swears the principles of the transition movement in the Corte de Procuradores, nowadays, Congrés dels Diputats.

He was reformist.

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Carrero Blanco December 1973.

In December 1973, ETA put a bomb in the sewage system, and they blew it up when Carrero Blanco pass with his car in the street.

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Carlos Arias Navarro was the new president after the dead of Carrero Blanco. From December 1973 to July 1976.

He was a stagnant.

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Adolfo Suárez was the president from 2 of July 1976 to 1981.

He was reformist.

His political party was UCD, Union de Centro Democrático.

He resigns the 29 of January 1981.

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The 2 of March 1974, it was the last execution by death penalty, with the garroting.

The person that was executed was Salvador Puig i Antich, an anarchist. He was convicted of causing the death of a member of the Civil Guard during a demonstration. The family continues to claim that the guard died from bullets fired by fellow Civil Guard members and anarchists.

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1975, dead of Franco.

1982 / 1986, end of the Transition.

In 1982 were the general elections, won the "partido socialista obrero Español" (PSOE) and in 1986 Spain enter to the CEE, "Comunitat Europea Economica", now the UE, "Unió Europea".

The Transition was a transition from the dictatorship to a democratic constitutional monarchy.

The November 1976, the law of politic reform was accepted.

The attorney accepted with the condition that the king can't be touch and nobody can't demand anything from the past.

The General Gutierrez Mollado was the vice president.

During this period of time they did a lot of Referendums, votes where the answer is yes or no.

The poblation can vote: men, women, more than 21 years old, votes as they were agreed or not to begin the transition.

General Spanish elections, the 15 of June 1977. The April of the same year, was the legalization of PCE, Partido Comunista Español. The political parties that appeared like a republic can't participate in the election.

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There were a lot of political parties:

UCD

PSOE - Felipe Gonzalez - (the winner of the election of 1982)

AP - Manuel Fraga - Alianza Polular, now PP, very conservative, but not fascist

PCE - Santiago Carrillo

In Catalonia were a lot of parties nationalists and of lefts.

Suárez pact with Tarradelles to return to Spain with the condition that he can't be questioning the king.

Josep Tarradellas return to the generality of Catalonia.

Spanish constitution in the 06 of December 1978, it did a referendum again, and it turns out yes.

Approval of the autonomy statute, 25 of October 1979.

Autonomic elections of Catalonia, 20 of March 1980.

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1979, operation galaxy, the meeting on 11 November 1978 at the Galaxia café was a continuation of the plans that Tejero had hatched one year before, in the Valencian town where he planned a coup against the government of Adolfo Suárez, creating a power vacuum. Its aim was to stop the political reform processes carried out by the Suárez government that were taking place in Spain at that time.

Jordi Pujol won the elections and was president of the Generalitat with the political party Convergència Democràtica de Catalunya from 1980 to 2003.

Adolfo Suárez won an election in 1977.

1979, it were general elections and Adolfo Suárez had it hard.

When Adolfo Suárez resign, people say that Suárez knows something about the coup attempt of 23-F.

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The 23 of February 1981, there was a vote for the new president, Calvo Sotelo, in the Disputants Congress. During this vote, Antonio Tejero and more civil guards and police enter to the room and stop the vote.

The deputies and the entire Government of Spain were kidnapped inside. The city of Valencia was occupied militarily. Two thousand men and fifty tanks were deployed in the streets of the city. At one in the morning on February 24, King Juan Carlos I, dressed in the uniform of Captain General of the Army, addressed the nation on television to stand against the coup plotters and order that the units of Valencia return.

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1982, general elections, won Felipe González with the political party PSOE, absolute majority.

They did a lot of changes in the army and there were a lot of modernization in Spain.

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Exhumation of  Franco and J.A. Primo de Rivera

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Exhumation of  Franco and J.A. Primo de Rivera

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The exhumation of Franco was in 2019.

The exhumation of J.A. Primo de Rivera was in 2023.

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March 1905

The Moroccan Crisis of March 1905, also known as the Tangier Crisis, was a significant diplomatic incident that began with Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany's visit to Tangier on March 31, 1905. This visit, where he declared his support for Moroccan independence, directly challenged France's growing influence in the region and sparked a diplomatic standoff between Germany and France.

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1914 - 1918

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08/10/1912

The Balkan Wars, a conflict that lasted from 1912 to 1913, was a series of two wars on the Balkan Peninsula involving the Balkan states and the Ottoman Empire. The First Balkan War (1912-1913) began when the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro) declared war on the Ottoman Empire, seeking to expel Ottoman rule. The Second Balkan War (1913) arose due to territorial disputes between the allies of the First War, especially between Bulgaria and its allies, culminating in the defeat of Bulgaria.

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28/06/1914

The heir of the Austro-Hungarian Empire was Francesc Ferran.

Francesc Ferran visits the city of Sarajevo and is assassinated. They accuse Cervià and declare war on him because of the military alliances formed.

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Germany invades Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)

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Germany invades Belgium (Schlieffen Plan)

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August 1914

German military plan. The plan was to advance along the western front (France) from Belgium, used as a gateway.

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1914

The First Battle of the Marne, a pivotal battle of World War I, was an Allied offensive fought September 6-12, 1914, in France near the Marne River. The battle culminated in a German retreat, saving Paris from occupation and marking the beginning of trench warfare.

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February 1915

The invasion of Gallipoli in 1915 was a major World War I campaign where Allied forces, including Australia, New Zealand, and Great Britain, attempted to capture the Gallipoli Peninsula from the Ottoman Empire. The campaign, which began on April 25, 1915, aimed to force the Dardanelles Strait and take Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), relieving pressure on Russia

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1915

The genocide against the Armenian people, also called the Armenian Holocaust, or Great Crime, was the forced deportation and attempted extermination of Armenian culture.

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21/02/1916 - 18/12/1916

The Battle of Verdun, a pivotal engagement of World War I, took place in France. It was a prolonged and brutal battle, known for its immense casualties and strategic importance. The Germans aimed to bleed the French army, while the French fiercely defended their symbolic stronghold

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06/04/1917

The United States entered World War I, when Congress officially declared war on Germany. This decision followed a series of events, including German unrestricted submarine warfare and the Zimmerman Telegram, that shifted American public opinion toward intervention. Initially, the U.S. maintained a policy of neutrality under President Woodrow Wilson. However, the sinking of the Lusitania and other American merchant ships by German U-boats, along with the exposure of the Zimmerman Telegram, a coded message from Germany to Mexico proposing an alliance, pushed the U.S. into the war on the side of the Allied powers.

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March 1917

The Russian Revolution, a pivotal event in the 20th century, began with widespread strikes and protests in Petrograd (St. Petersburg). These demonstrations, initially focused on food shortages and the war effort, escalated into a full-blown revolution that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of a provisional government.

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02/11/1917

The Balfour Declaration was a 1917 public statement by the British government expressing support for the establishment of a "national home for the Jewish people" in Palestine. This declaration, penned by Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour and addressed to Lionel Walter Rothschild, aimed to secure Jewish support for Britain during World War I. While the declaration was intended to be a positive step for the Jewish people, it also sparked controversy and is considered a key factor in the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

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1918 - 1933

The Weimar Republic was the political regime in Germany between 1918 and 1933, the period after World War I and before the rise to power of the Nazi Party. This government was a democratic system established after the German Revolution and developed in an environment of great political, economic and social instability.

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08/01/1918

Wilson's Fourteen Points, a statement of principles by President Woodrow Wilson in 1918, outlined a vision for a post-World War I peace based on open diplomacy, free trade, freedom of the seas, and disarmament. The points also addressed specific territorial issues and called for the creation of a League of Nations to ensure collective security

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03/03/1918

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, signed on March 3, 1918, was a peace agreement between the Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire). It officially ended Russia's participation in World War I. The treaty resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia, including parts of Poland, the Baltic states, and Ukraine

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17/07/1918

Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, along with his wife Alexandra Feodorovna and their five children, was executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries in Yekaterinburg. The execution was carried out by a firing squad, and the entire family, including members of their imperial entourage, were also killed. The bodies were later mutilated and buried to prevent identification

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11/11/1918

World War One ended at 11am on 11 November, 1918. This became known as Armistice Day - the day Germany signed an armistice (an agreement for peace) which caused the fighting to stop. People in Britain, France and the countries that supported them celebrated.

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1918 - 1939

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28/06/1919

The Treaty of Versailles, signed on June 28, 1919, officially ended World War I and imposed harsh terms on Germany. It required Germany to cede territory, disarm, pay reparations, and accept responsibility for the war. The treaty also established the League of Nations, an organization aimed at preventing future wars

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1920 - 1929

Happy twenties - a consumer society, many people live in big cities, in America.

It becomes popular to apply for loans from banks. The Ford Model T car began to be for working class, they could afford it. And not only for the upper class. The chain creation is created and there is more production and more personnel.

It is an era of radio, movies and jazz music. It was a time of partying, socializing more and music was accessible to everyone. People did not consider working far from home because they did not have a car at the beginning. In the car, they could commute and go to work further away.

It was a dry period, there wasn't much alcohol, there was a black market for alcohol and it carried rare mixtures.

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1920 - 1929

Flappers were a group of young women in the 1920s who challenged the social and cultural norms of the time, adopting a more liberal and provocative lifestyle. They were characterized by short hair (bob cut), short dresses, wearing makeup, smoking and drinking in public, and a more relaxed attitude towards sexuality.

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10/01/1920

The League of Nations was an organization for international cooperation. It was established on January 10, 1920, at the initiative of the victorious Allied powers at the end of World War I and was formally disbanded on April 19, 1946.

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1922 / 1923

German hyperinflation, specifically in 1922/23, was a dramatic economic crisis in the Weimar Republic. It was characterized by an extremely rapid and uncontrolled increase in prices and a corresponding decrease in the value of the German currency, the Reichsmark. This led to a situation where prices rose so fast that money became almost worthless, requiring a wheelbarrow full of money to buy a loaf of bread.

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October, 1922

The "March on Rome" refers to the organized mass demonstration in October 1922 where Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party marched on the capital, Rome. This event resulted in Mussolini's appointment as Prime Minister, effectively marking the start of Fascist rule in Italy.

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08/11/1923

Adolf Hitler perpetrated the failed coup d'état against the Weimar Republic when he broke into a Munich beer hall. This act would be the trigger for Nazism in Germany 10 years later.

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1923 - 1925

The Occupation of the Ruhr, from 1923 to 1925, was a significant event in post-World War I Germany where French and Belgian troops occupied the Ruhr industrial region. This action was a response to Germany's failure to meet reparations payments outlined in the Treaty of Versailles. The occupation led to passive resistance by German workers, crippling the region's economy and contributing to hyperinflation. The situation was eventually resolved with the Dawes Plan, which provided Germany with a more manageable reparations schedule and led to the withdrawal of occupying forces in 1925.

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The Ottoman Empire disintegrates and the Republic of Turkey emerges

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The Ottoman Empire disintegrates and the Republic of Turkey emerges

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29/10/1923

The Ottoman Empire, after a long period of decline and a disastrous involvement in World War I, ultimately disintegrated and was partitioned. The empire, which had been a dominant force in the region for centuries, was dismantled by treaties and the rise of nationalist movements, leading to the establishment of new nations, including Turkey.

The Republic of Turkey officially emerged on October 29, 1923, following the overthrow of the Ottoman Empire and the establishment of a new republic under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who later became the first president of the Republic. The Republic was declared on that date, marking the end of the Ottoman Sultanate and the beginning of modern Turkey

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1924

The Dawes Plan was an international agreement established in 1924 to help Germany pay the war reparations imposed by the Treaty of Versailles. It was primarily sponsored by the United States and led by banker Charles G. Dawes. The plan's main objective was to facilitate the payment of German reparations and ultimately stabilize the European economy.

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1925

The Locarno Pact, signed in 1925, was a series of treaties between Germany, France, Belgium, Great Britain, and Italy that aimed to secure the borders of Western Europe and promote peace. It involved agreements on mutual guarantees, arbitration, and sanctions against violations of the peace

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1925

Mein Kampf is the first book written by Adolf Hitler, combining autobiographical elements with an exposition of his own ideas and a manifesto of the political ideology of National Socialism. The work describes the process by which Hitler became an anti-Semite and outlines his future plans for Germany.