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Varicose Veins

Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veinsnear the surface of the skin. They are most common in the legs and ankles. They usually aren't serious, but they can sometimes
lead to other problems.

What happens?

Varicose veins are caused by weakened valves and veins in your legs.
Normally, one-way valves in your veins keep blood flowing from your legs up toward your heart. When these valves do not work as they should, blood
collects in your legs, and pressure builds up. The veins become weak, large,
and twisted.

When it happens?

Varicose veins often run in families. Aging also
increases your risk.Being overweight or pregnant or having a job where you must stand for long periods of time increases
pressure on leg veins. This can lead to varicose veins.

Symptoms

Heaviness, burning, aching, tiredness, or pain in your legs.Symptoms may be
worse after you stand or sit for long periods of time.

Swelling in your feet and ankles.

Itching over the vein.

Skin changes, such as:

Color changes.

Dry, thinned skin.

Inflammation.

Scaling.

What do we have to do?

Varicose veins are common and usually aren't a sign of
a serious problem. But in some cases, varicose veins can be a sign of a
blockage in the deeper veins called deep vein thrombosis. If you have this problem, you may need treatment for
it.

Your doctor will look at your legs and feet. Varicose veins are easy to see, especially when you
stand up. Your doctor will check your legs for tender areas, swelling, skin
color changes, sores, and other signs of skin breakdown.

Treatment that you can do at home:

Avoid standing or
sitting for long periods without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing
your legs. Keep your legs raised when sitting, resting, or sleeping. When you
can, raise your legs above the level of your heart.

Do physical
activities to get your legs moving and improve muscle tone. This helps blood
move through your veins.

If you'reoverweight or obese, try to lose weight. This will improve blood flow and
ease the pressure on your veins.

Avoid wearing tight
clothes, especially those that are tight around your waist, groin (upper
thighs), and legs. Tight
clothes can make varicose veins worse.

Avoid wearing high
heels for long periods. Lower heeled shoes can help tone your calf muscles. Toned muscles help
blood move through the veins.

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PHYELONEPHRITIS:

Is involved in the Excretory System

Is an inflammation of the kidney, parenchyma, calyces and pelvis. It is commonly caused by bacterial infection that has spread up urinary tract or travelled through the bloodstream to the kidneys.

It´s frequently in women´s than in men´s

Pyelonephritis presents with this symptoms:

· Fever

·Acedlerated heart rate: is a heart rate that exceeds the normal range. (Tachycardia)

· Nauseas

· Occasional delirium

· Pain radiactiong to the back: Intensive sudden paint that is usally caused by the presence of stone in the duct leading from the kidneys to te urinary tract near the urethra.

CAUSES:

- Most cases of "community acquiered" phyelonephritis are due to bowel organisms that eneter te urinary tract.

- Start off as lower urinary tract infections, mainly cystitis and prostatitis.

- There are different risk factors, among which we can ighligt, being more common:

THE VESICOULETERAL REFLUX: is a persistent black flow of urine from the bladder to the urine from the bladder to the urinary tract with stagnation of urine in the renal pelvis.

OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY: a blockcage of the urinary tract stagnation of urine.

TYPES:

* ACUTE PYLONEPHRITIS: Is an exuadative purulent localized inflammation of the renal pelvis and kidney.

* CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS: Implies recurrent kidney infections, and can result in scarring of the renal parenchyma and impaired function, abscess especially in the setting of obstruction.

*XANTHOGRANULOMATOUS PYELONEPHRITIS: unusual form of chronic pyelonephritis characterizated by granulomatous abcess formation and severe kidney destruction.

TRATMENT:

-> Selective antibiotics to control bacterial infection, for a long period of time.

-> Analgesics to control pain, fever and discomfort

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Pulmonary fibrosis

Pulmonary fibrosis is a disease marked by scarring in the lungs. Tissue deep in the lungs becomes thick, stiff and scarred. The scarring is called fibrosis. As the lung tissue becomes scarred, it interferes with a person's ability to breathe.

What causes pulmonary fibrosis?

The cause of IPF is still unclear, but the condition appears to involve the cells that line the tiny air sacs in the lungs (alveoli). These are called alveolar epithelial cells (AECs).

The AECs appear to become damaged and begin to die. The body tries to repair the damage by releasing another type of cell known as fibroblasts. But the production of the fibroblasts goes out of control and they cause scarring and hardening (fibrosis) of the delicate tissues of the lungs.

As this scarring gets worse the lungs find it more difficult to work properly, resulting in the symptoms of IPF.

But exactly why the AECs become damaged in the first place isn't clear. A combination of genetic and environmental factors may be involved.

Read more about the possible causes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Treatment

There is currently no cure for IPF so the aim of treatment is to try to relieve symptoms and slow its progression.

Breathing oxygen through a mask and pulmonary rehabilitation – exercises and advice to help you breathe more easily – may be recommended to treat breathlessness. This is based on an assessment if you are diagnosed with IPF.

A medication called pirfenidone may be used for treating adults with IPF who have a lung capacity of 50-80% of the expected value.

Younger people with IPF who are in a relatively good state of health may be suitable candidates for a lung transplant.

Read more about the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Who is affected

IPF is a relatively rare condition, although the number of cases has risen in recent years. It is estimated that more than 5,000 cases are diagnosed every year in the UK.

The condition usually first develops in adults aged 50 or above and is thought to be more common in men.

Outlook

The outlook for IPF can be highly variable. Some people respond well to treatment and remain relatively free of symptoms for many years.

Other people's health quickly worsens leading to a fatal complication, such as heart failure.

It is impossible to predict an individual’s expected survival rate as the rate of progression can vary greatly.

In the UK, the average survival for people with IPF is three years from the time of diagnosis. However, around 20% of people with the disease survive for more than five years.

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Aitor Peña and Estibaliz Gonalez de Echavarri

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Aitor Peña and Estibaliz Gonalez de Echavarri

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Paralysis of the diaphragm

What  is?

The paralysis of the diaphragm involves a loss of movement of the diaphragm. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen. It is involved in respiration, in such a way that, during inspiration the diaphragm moves down the lungs expand and collect as many air. During expiration the diaphragm, allowing the lungs to be empty rises.

How it produced?

When diaphragmatic paralysis is only in one lung, the most common cause is the invasion of lung cancer or an injury of the thoracic or abdominal surgery in the vicinity of the nerve. When there is no tumor usually don't usually find the cause.

When diaphragmatic paralysis is in the two lungs, the most frequent causes are high injury of spinal cord, thoracic trauma, and Muscular Dystrophies

Symptoms

If diaphragmatic paralysis is in only one lung usually do not create symptoms, except those arising from lung cancer. When both sides of the diaphragm are already affected may appear an intense shortness of breath that is worse with the lie and alteration of respiratory function.

Diagnostic

The diagnostic start with a chest x-ray should. When there is paralysis affected diaphragm rises during inspiration rather than descend, or does not move.

Treatment
When only affects a diaphragm usually is not because it is usually asymptomatic, but when both diaphragms are affected, you can use assisted ventilation. If the nerve is intact can be a diaphragmatic pacemaker that attaches to stimulate the diaphragm during inspiration and is disabled during exhalation

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Name of the disease.

Tuberculosis

-Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection that mainly involves the lungs, but can go to other organs (kidney , backbone or brain).

System involved.

-Respiratory system.

What happens? What is not working well?

- In the lungs : tuberculous pneumonia and tuberculous pleurisy

Symptoms: Severe cough of three weeks or more , chest pain , coughing up blood or estupo (phlegm from the bottom of the lungs) , weakness or fatigue , weight loss , lack of appetite , chills , fever, night sweats .

How it spread : Causes by bacteria that spread through the air from one person to another when a person with TB coughs, sneezes or talks sings the TB bacteria are released into the air. People nearby may breathe and the affected. If left untreated it can be fatal
Destroys the lung tissue

Why does it happen?

-The Bacteria into contact with man. It happens in enclosed places and little
ventilated .

  Is there any remedy? Any medicines?
 Explain them.

 The infectious disease can be treated but treatment of tuberculosis is long and complex, is based on taking several antibiotics during periods never less than 6 months. More antibiotics to the action on the bacteria used more aggressively. Although no standard treatments your doctor can prescribe what it  most appropriate.

  Can we
do something in our live avoid this disease or minimize it?

We must keep ventilated and open environments, avoid contagion and  not consume contaminated food

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Asthma

Asthma is a common, chronic respiratory disease.

Asthma has two main components that make it tough to
breathe: inflammation swelling and excess mucus build-up in the airways) and
airway constriction (tightening of the muscles surrounding the airways).
Treating both components of the disease is necessary for many patients to
achieve optimal asthma control and to help prevent symptoms, including shortness
of breath, and chest tightness. Whether mild or life-threatening, these
symptoms can interfere with sleeping and disrupt daily life.

Asthma can occur at any age, although it most often
begins early in life. Young children who have frequent respiratory infections
and episodes of wheezing are at the highest risk of developing asthma that
continues beyond age six. While
researchers don’t know asthma’s exact cause, they believe it’s the result of a
combination of factors such as family genes and environment.

Asthma can be controlled

Although there is no cure for asthma, most people with
asthma can minimize their symptoms, prevent asthma flare-ups, and improve their
quality of life. With appropriate medical care, healthy environments, and
well-informed and empowered patients, asthma can be controlled and patients can
lead full, active lives. Health care providers and patients should accept
nothing less.

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The Disease that we have chosen for this activity is called ischemia. Ischemia is a disease related with the circulatory system.

WHY AND WHAT?
It happens because the heart doesn´t get enough blood to pump. This is due to one of your heart's arteries (coronary arterie). The decrease in blood flow reduces your heart's oxygen supply.
CONSEQUENSES

It can damage your heart muscle, reducing its ability to pump efficiently. It may lead to a heart attack, or make you think that you are going to have one.

SYMPTOMS

Some people who have ischemia don't experience any signs or symptoms, but when they do, they are usually this ones:

Neck pain Shoulder or arm pain A fast heartbeat Shortness of breath Nausea and vomiting

TREATMENT

Treatment for ischemia is improving blood flow to the heart muscle and may include medications. Other more effective method is making an ischemia surgery. Making heart-healthy lifestyle choices is important in treating and preventing ischemia.

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PNEUMONIA

It is a disease of the lungs and the respiratory system.

The lung contains many small bulbs, or sacs, called alveoli. These help to take out oxygen from the air. In the case of pneumonia, these bulbs become inflamed. They fill up with a fluid, and can no longer absorb as much oxygen as before so breathing gets harder.

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or parasites. It can also be caused by chemical or physical damage done to the lungs. Other illnesses, like alcohol abuse or lung cancer, can also result in pneumonia.

People with pneumonia usually have difficulty breathing. They may also cough, or have pains in the chest area. The treatment of pneumonia depends on how the illness was caused. If it was caused by bacteria, antibiotics can be used to treat it.

People of all ages can have pneumonia. The disease is dangerous. Many people die from pneumonia, especially old people, or people with a weak immune system, which is a system of biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against diseases.

There are a number of steps you can take to help prevent getting pneumonia.

Stop smoking, you're more likely to get pneumonia if you smoke. Avoid people who have infections that sometimes lead to pneumonia.

Stay away from people who have colds, the flu, or other respiratory track infections.

If you haven't had vaccines against these diseases, avoid
people who have them.

Wash your hands often. This helps prevent the spread of viruses and bacteria that may cause pneumonia.

Vaccinations                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       -Children get the pneumococcal conjugate vaccinate (PCV) routine vaccination.                                                                                                                                                                                                       -Older adults (age 65 or older), people who smoke, and people who have some long-term (chronic) conditions also need the pneumococcal vaccine. Depending on age and other things, adults can get PCV or the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Some adults need both types.                                                                                                                                                                                        -The pneumococcal vaccine may not prevent pneumonia. But it can prevent some of the serious complications of pneumonia, such as infection in the bloodstream (bacteremia) or throughout the body (septicemia), in younger adults and those older than ages 55 who have a healthy immune system.

-Other vaccines can prevent common diseases that sometimes lead to pneumonia, such as:

- Measles

- Flu

- Chickenpox