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Name? Christ the Redeemer

Location? Rio De Janeiro, Brazil

Who made it? Local engineer Heitor da Silva Costa and artist Carlos Oswald designed the statue. French sculptor Paul Landowski created the work.

When? It was completed October 12, 1931. Construction took nine years, from 1922 to 1931

Why? The Catholic Circle of Rio made a second proposal for a landmark statue on the mountain in 1920. The group organized an event called Semana do Monumento ("Monument Week") to attract donations and collect signatures to support the building of the statue. The organization was motivated by what they perceived as "Godlessness" in the society. The donations came mostly from Brazilian Catholics. The designs considered for the "Statue of the Christ" included a representation of the Christian cross, a statue of Jesus with a globe in his hands, and a pedestal symbolizing the world. The statue of Christ the Redeemer with open arms, a symbol of peace, was chosen.

How much? cost the equivalent of US$250,000 (equivalent to $3,600,000 in 2020)

STEM related? Why I picked it? A group of engineers and technicians studied Landowski's submissions and felt building the structure of reinforced concrete (designed by Albert Caquot) instead of steel was more suitable for the cross-shaped statue. The concrete making up the base was supplied from Limhamn, Sweden. The outer layers are soapstone, chosen for its enduring qualities and ease of use. I picked this statue because it is known as one of the New 7 wonders of the world, and it is one I would like to visit.

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Mont-Saint-Michel, France - Leslie Guerrero

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Mont-Saint-Michel, France - Leslie Guerrero

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Location:
Mont-Saint-Michel, rocky islet and famous sanctuary in Manche département, Normandy région, France, off the coast of Normandy. It lies 41 miles (66 km) north of Rennes and 32 miles (52 km) east of Saint-Malo.

Facts:
Mont Saint Michel was built over a period of 1300 years, The idea came from a dream, The structural built represents the feudal hierarchy.

Who made it?
The Bishop Aubert of Avranches made the structure, he was visited in his dreams by Archangel Michel. The Archangel instructed him to build a church on the rocky island situated at the mouth of the Couesnon River. The Bishop did not pay heed to his words the first time so the archangel visited again and this time the Bishop took him seriously and started construction at the site.

When?
Mont Saint Michel was built in the 8th century (708 AD) But it took a period of 13000 years to finish.

Why?
Mont Saint Michel was built because of the dream Aubert of Avaranches had and in honor of Saint Benedict he erected the first sanctuary that lead to the growth of a new monastery.

How much?
It does not say how much it cost to build Mont Saint Michel but It does mention that in 2006 a new project to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the Couesnon and the tides to help remove the accumulated silt, and to make Mont Saint-Michel an island again. The construction of the dam began in 2009 and it was at approximately a €200 million project.

What isSTEM-related about it?
Mont Saint Michel is STEM related because the structure consists of a variety of shapes and sizes relating it to math. In the architection process of the structure a lot of math and calculations were used to create the different levels in the inside of the building but also to give the effects of height from the outside.

Tell me why you picked it?
I picked Mont Saint Michel because It reminded me of a castle. It caught my attention to see a structure so big with the use of different shapes all around it.It is a beautiful structure surrounded by water, It's hard to imagine that It was also a prison at a certain period of time.

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Location:
It is a sacred Vajarayana Himalayan Buddhist site located in the cliffside of the upper Paro valley in Bhutan.

Facts:
Paro Takstang is also known as the Taktsang Palphug Monastery and the Tiger's Nest).Monastery itself is located in a dramatic setting, perched on a high cliff some 900 meters (3,000 ft) above Paro valley, 3,120 meters (10,240 ft) above the sea level.

Who made it?
Guru Padmasambhava, This is the holiest place and the most famous building in Bhutan. The complex was built in 1692, in Guru Padmasambhava (Guru Rinpoche, founder of Tibetan Buddhism) meditated for 3 years, 3 months, 3 weeks and 3 hours. According to legend, Guru came to this place where the temple was built.

When?
Paro Takstang was established in the 9th century as a meditation cave and later  build in 1692, with a Bhutanese style as a monastery.

Why?
It was constructed as a meditation site a place where Buddhism was introduced to Bhutan.

How much?
Paro Takstang cost around 135 million Ngultrum (the basic monetary unit of Bhutan, equal to 100 chetrum) 1 Buhutan currency equals 0.013 United States Dollar.

What is STEM-related about it?
Paro Takstang was built from the use of two materials, stone and wood. Using stone and wood they were able to create four temples, residential houses, and wooden bridges. This is related to STEM because science in involved in the process of stone and wood. For example, the minerals in the stone come from the same liquid and gas minerals that formed the earth, stone is natural made by small pieces of rocks. And wood is an organic material that comes from nature and a process of cutting the trunks and branches of a tree lead to wood. Wood consist of elemental compositions, 50% carbon, 6% hydrogen, 44% oxygen, and many different metal ions.

Tell me why you picked it?
I choose Paro Takstang because it reminded me of different pieces of art I have seen at restaurants, specifically Chinese buffets. It has a very antique palace view and I never would have imagined it was a monastery. What really caught my attention was where the structure Is located in the middle of a cave, the structure is very unique.

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The name: Chrysler Building

Location: The Chrysler Building is an Art Deco skyscraper in the Turtle Bay neighborhood on the East Side of Manhattan, New York City, at the intersection of 42nd Street and Lexington Avenue near Midtown Manhattan.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much?:
Chrysler Building, office building in New York City, designed by William Van Alen and often cited as the epitome of the Art Deco skyscraper.The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world. In total, 391,881 rivets and 29,961 tons of steel were used, and approximately 3,826,000 bricks were manually laid, to create the non-loadbearing walls of the skyscraper. ... The Chrysler Building is renowned and recognized for its terraced crown.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?:
It is the tallest brick building in the world and those materials have withstood the time and at one time it was the tallest building in the world overall. I picked it because of its appearance on one of my favorite shows The Mindy Project which takes place in New York. It stem relation can be found in its materials the metals and stones it took to make it and its overall history as it was built just to outdo someone else AKA The Empire State Building.

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The name: Tokyo Skytree

Location: Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting and observation tower in Sumida, Tokyo.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much?:
It became the tallest structure in Japan in 2010 and reached its full height of 634 meters in March 2011, making it the tallest tower in the world, displacing the Canton Tower, and the second tallest structure in the world after the Burj Khalifa.Tokyo Sky Tree was designed by the Japanese architectural firm Nikken Sekkei. The architect also designed the 333m Tokyo Tower in 1958.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?:
The tower has a central-pillar structure, similar to that of a five-story pagoda. Obayashi built a group of 400 m steel-reinforced concrete central pillars at the core of the tower's steel frame. This relates it to stem in the materials that its made of are precious metals from the Earth which were used to help it withstand earthquakes that frequent Japan. I picked it for its beauty and how large it truly is.

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Name: Tiwi Geothermal Complex

Location:The Tiwi Geothermal Field is located on the northeast flank of Mt. Malinao in Albay Province, Philippines, approximately 350km southeast of Manila.

What is the source of energy?
Arturo P. Alcaraz and his team came to Tiwi and lit a light bulb using steam-powered electricity coming from MountMalinao. That was the first geothermal power generated in the Philippines.

What is the output?
The Tiwi field has an installed capacity of 275 MWe and is located about 300-km southeast of Manila in the Albay Province. Exploration began in 1964, and power was first generated in 1979. By 1982 Tiwi became the world's first water-dominated geothermal system to produce more than 160 MWe.

Advantages:A reliable source as it's easier to predict the power output from a geothermal plant with a high degree of accuracy.
Disadvantages: Energy fluid needs to be pumped back into the underground reservoirs faster than it is depleted. Management is required to maintain sustainability.

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Larderello, Geothermal Plant - Leslie Guerrero

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Larderello, Geothermal Plant - Leslie Guerrero

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Location: Larderello is a frazione of the comune of Pomarance, in Tuscany in central Italy. Larderello is famous for its geothermal productivity.

What is the source of energy?
The first geothermal generator kicked into action July 4, 1904 at a dry steam field, The plant was gradually added to throughout the years and now Larderello is now formed of 34 plants operated by Italian company Enel Green Power (EGP). The capacity of the site is now 800MW and has helped Italy become the sixth-largest producer of geothermal energy in the world, as it forms nearly 2% of Italy’s energy mix.

What is the output?
Larderello now produces 10% of the world's entire supply of geothermal electricity, amounting to 4,800 GWh per year and powering about a million Italian households.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Advanatges -
Briniging environemental and econcomic benefits, It can be extracted without burning a fossil fuelsuch as coal, gas, or oil.Another advantage to geothermal steam plants is that these power plants do not require cooling water like all other thermal plants as they generate their own water from geothermal steam condesntates.
Disadvantage-
The produced steam is comprising tiny amounts of other gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide and, it is supplied directly from the production wells to stesm turbine and is exhausted right after that to the atmosphere.

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Hanul Nuclear Power Plant- Abigail Estevane 

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Hanul Nuclear Power Plant- Abigail Estevane 

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The Hanul Nuclear Power Plant is a large nuclear power station in the Gyeongsangbuk-do province of South Korea. In the early 2000s it was the third largest operational nuclear power plant in the world and the second largest in South Korea. The plant's name was changed from Uljin to Hanul in 2013.

Nuclear energy originates from the splitting of uranium atoms – a process called fission. This generates heat to produce steam, which is used by a turbine generator to generate electricity. Because nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, they do not produce greenhouse gas emissions.

The facility has six pressurized water reactors (PWRs) with a total installed capacity of 5,881 megawatts (MW). The first went online in 1988.

24 reactors provide about one-third of South Korea's electricity from 23 graphic windowing and event of plant.
South Korea is among the world's most prominent nuclear energy countries, and exports its technology widely. It is currently involved in the building of the UAE's first nuclear power plant, under a $20 billion contract.
Nuclear energy has been a strategic priority for South Korea, but the new president elected in 2017 is aiming to phase it out over some 45 years.

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Location: Grand Canyon, Eagle Point, Arizona

Info: This skywalk is a horseshoe-shaped cantilever bridge with a glass walkway. Which means that this structure extends out horizontally and is supported at only one end. The skywalk's elevation rests at 4,700 feet above sea level. It stretches about 70 feet with a width of 10 ft.  Mark Ross Johnson is the architect behind the skywalk. The total cost of the Skywalk was about $30 million dollars and has attracted over millions visitors over the years since 2015, when it opened for the public.

STEM: A structure like this requires a great deal of knowledge and skills in math. Such as determining the dimensions and how to support the structure. There are many elements to consider for example the weight limit, the skywalk is able to hold 822 people that weigh roughly 200 pounds. However for precautions the maximum occupancy at a time is 120 people. The structure needs to be made out of sturdy materials that will withstand the Arizona climate and strong wind forces.

Why: It is amazing how the skywalk seems to appear it is suspended in the air. However it is not, that in math and science went in to building the skywalk structure. I believe it is important to expand a student's perception and how building or bridges are a part of science.

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Location: San Diego County, California
California Institute of Technology

Info: The Hale telescope is a 200 in reflecting telescope, that uses curved mirrors that reflect light to form an image from outer space. The telescope was named after George Ellery Hale, a former American Astronomer known for his discovery of magnetic fields in sunspots. He was able to obtain a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, of $6 million dollars, for the construction of the Hale telescope and observatory. This telescope was completed in 1949 and is still used today. With the Hale telescope, came new technologies such as the unique glass used to provide sharper images.

STEM: Astronomy brings together different areas of science and technology in order better understand outer space. Telescopes require the knowledge of physics, chemistry, biology and computing. Figuring out how to use a mirror to focus light from the night sky to see objects faraway.

Why: The reason why I choose the Hale telescope is because it was once the largest telescope in the world. It amazes me how much the telescope has progressed over the years. How we are able to see into the endless depth of our solar system.

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The Lincoln Memorial - Stephanie Villegas

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The Lincoln Memorial - Stephanie Villegas

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Location: The Lincoln Memorial is located in Washington D.C.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much: The Lincoln Memorial was built to honor the 16th president of the United States Abraham Lincoln. The Lincoln Memorial is across the Washington Monument. Abraham Lincoln was assassinated at the end of the Civil War, and so congress wanted to incorporate a Lincoln Monument that would associate the building of the sixteenth president. The Lincoln memorial has 58 steps two of which are represented for the number of terms he served as president, and 56 for his age when he got assassinated.

Henry Bacon was the architect who designed the Lincoln Memorial. Henry Bacon felt that a memorial to a man who defended democracy should be based on a structure found in the birthplace of democracy. It took eight years to complete the memorial, it was built from 1914 to 1922. Cannon pushed through a Lincoln Memorial bill which President Taft signed on during the year 1911. The bill created the Lincoln Memorial Commission to oversee the project and set aside $2 million in funds. The final cost, however, was $3 million.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?: The construction of the Lincoln Memorial began in 1914, until 1922. The building was built with marble from the state of Colorado; Lincoln's statue was also made from blocks of marble from the state of Georgia. The Lincoln Memorial is related to STEM and science because of the types of rocks that were used. The type of stone in the exterior of the Lincoln Memorial is Marble from Colorado, the type of stone in the columns is Limestone from Indiana, and the type of stone in the Lincoln statue is marble from Georgia.

I choose to research more about the Lincoln Memorial, because of the influence of Mount Rushmore, but most importantly in the location that it is found. Its located in Washington D.C. I have never gone, but I want to visit the Memorial and other Famous National Landmarks in Washington D.C.

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Location: Mount Rushmore National Memorial is located in South Dakota.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much: Mount Rushmore National Memorial is a massive sculpture carved in Mount Rushmore in South Dakota. It has carved the four presidents of the United States. The first president George Washington, the third president Thomas Jefferson, the sixteenth president Abraham Lincoln, and Theodore Roosevelt as the twenty-sixth president.

The mountain rock was carved from granite. Gutzon Borglum was the sculptor who made the carving of Mount Rushmore, when he had passed, his son Lincoln Borglum continued his carving work. Gutzon Borglum started the construction project in 1927. The sculpture was finished in 1941. It took 14 years and nearly around 400 men and women were involved in the construction in efforts in building the National Memorial. The concept of designing and funding for the Mount Rushmore National Memorial was to promote tourism in South Dakota.

Gutzon Borglum agreed to create Mount Rushmore to commemorate America's first 150 years as a free country. He thought the four presidents were chosen to commemorate the founding, growth, preservation, and development of the United States of America. The project cost $989,992.32 around 17.4 million today while taking 14 years to finish.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?: Mount Rushmore National Memorial has a geologic activity that relates to STEM. The geologic forces of heat, pressure, deposition, uplift, and erosion have combined with millions of years to create the spectacular setting for the carving of granite in Mount Rushmore. The rocks upon which the faces are carved are the crystalline core of the Black Hills. The Black Hills also has a very interesting geological history.

I chose Mount Rushmore National Memorial, because of the fame it has as an American symbol of freedom and hope for people from all cultures and backgrounds. When being at my clinical placement, my mentor teacher was teaching a history lesson and showed the students the picture of Mount Rushmore, I remember the students were so knowledgeable about the sculpture that made me want to look into it more. My mentor teacher later connected the sculpture to the science lesson on the identification of rocks and used Mount Rushmore as an example, which connected as a STEM interaction in the classroom.

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Location: Niagara Falls is located at the border between New York and Ontario, Canada. Niagara Falls is made up of three distinct falls: the largest waterfall is located in Canada which is Horseshoe Falls. American Falls is located in New York state and is the second largest. The Bridal Veil Falls is also located in New York state and is the smallest waterfall.

What is the source of energy?: The Niagara River is one of the world's largest sources of hydroelectric power plants. Niagara River has a diversion for hydropower generators. Hydroelectric power plants are usually built around the Niagara waterfall because they take advantage of the water drops, more precisely, the power of gravity, to generate electricity. The power plants at Niagara divert some of the river's flow from above the waterfalls using canals or tunnels. The hydropower plants capture the energy of the falling water to generate electricity. A turbine converts the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy. Then a generator converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.

What is the output?: The amount of electricity that the power plants at Niagara Falls has is the capacity to output close to 4.9 million kilowatts, which is enough power and energy to power 3.8 million homes.

Advantages and disadvantages?: The advantage that Niagara Falls has with the hydroelectric power plant is that it's a renewable resource, which means that it will never run out unless the water stops flowing. It is also emission-free, which means it doesn’t release emissions into our atmospheres. It is reliable because it has a constant steady flow 24/7. The disadvantage that Niagara Falls has with hydroelectric power plants is that it impacts plants and fish. It prevents fish from reaching their breeding grounds, which can affect any animals that rely on those fish for food. There is a higher initial cost, with the building of a dam to stop running water.

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Location: Benban, Aswan Governorate, Egypt

Energy source: This solar park receives its energy from the sun. With the help of NASA they were able to find the best location to install the solar panels. It is located in the western desert, about 600 km south of Cairo. Benban is actually the 4th largest solar power plant in the world.

Output: The annual net output of the solar  panels in Benban Solar park is 3.8TWh/yr.

Advantages and disadvantages:
The life span of the solar panels are expected to only last for 25 years. Which is not even as long as the human lifespan.

Benban Solar park will help provide solar power to the people of the country of Egypt.

The Benban Solar park will help bring down Egypt's carbon footprint by eliminating about 2 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions each year.

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Location: Great Wall of China location is mainly in northern China, and there are a few sections in southern China called southern Great Wall. The vast majority of the Great Wall we see today was built in Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644); they are mostly preserved in Beijing.

Tell me something about it:Total Length: 21,196 kilometers (13,170 miles)
Course & Coverage: Start from Jiayuguan Pass in Gansu Province in west China and end at Hushan Mountain in Liaoning Province in the east, traversing 15 provinces/ regions including Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and Qinghai, leaving 43,721 heritage sites including the walls, ditches and passes.

The Great Wall developed from the disparate border fortifications and castles of individual Chinese kingdoms. For several centuries these kingdoms probably were as concerned with protection from their near neighbours as they were with the threat of barbarian invasions or raids.
In order to strengthen its northern frontier and prevent invasion from the west by the Bei Zhou, the Bei Qi kingdom (550–577) launched several big construction projects that were nearly as extensive in scope as the building projects of the Qin dynasty.

What is STEM related about it: It is architectural style and it took a lot to be built and also it is located throughout a lot of locations.

Tell me why you picked it: The reason why I picked it, was because I hope to one day visit the great wall of china and explore it myself.

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Location: Coral Gables, FL

Who made it? Phineas Paist

When? 1924

Why? The pool was a creation that was a result of the Grand Plan that George Merrick, whose father left him 3,000 acres of undeveloped land,  had for a City that would embody true hometown living.

How much? There is nothing that I could find that showed the cost of the Venetian Pool cost specifically, but I did find that it cost George Merrick about $100 million to build the city of Coral Gables.

What is STEM related about it? The Venetian Pool is related to STEM by having the water being purified using a biological filter and fine filtration in combination with sophisticated hydraulic design, where water is moved constantly and circulated thoroughly. The science and mathematics that is used to make this pool function is amazing and unreal.

Tell me why you picked it? To be totally honest, I just googled manmade structures in Florida and came across this. However, in doing my research on the Venetian Pool I am now obsessed with this city and this natural pool. I learned that it is the largest natural pool. I am excited to go back home to Florida and make a road trip to this amazing city.

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Location: Florida Keys to Key West

Who made it? Henry Flagler

When? 1912 (was originally the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad), in 1935 the railroad was extremely damaged by a hurricane. Florida decided to remake the railroad in to a vehicular highway/toll way and the project started in May 1937 and was open to traffic March 1938.

Why? The concept of an Overseas Highway began with the Miami Motor Club in 1921. The Florida land boom of the 1920s was underway and the club wanted to attract tourists to easily reached fishing areas, which could only be reached by boat or train at the time.

How much? $8 Million

What is STEM related about it? The Overseas Highway is related to STEM because it was engineered (the “E” in STEM). It was constructed through the builders having problem-solving skills, accurate calculations, and constant reconstructions of the bridge.

Tell me why you picked it? I picked this because I love all things Florida Keys (even though I’ve never been lol). I have always wanted to drive across this bridge. It was fascinating to me how a bridge can be so long and I discovered through this project that it is actually made up of 42 bridges.

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Location: Jacksonville, FL

What is the source of energy?  The farm has approximately 200,000 photovoltaic (PV) panels, which are solar panels, or other means of collecting solar energy, like concentrating solar systems which are used to harvest the suns power.

What is the output? The farm generates about 22,430 megawatt-hours of electricity a year

Advantages:

·        Solar power is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation

·        Reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels

·        Renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days produce some power

·        Virtually no maintenance as solar panels last over 30 years

·        Creates jobs by employing solar panel manufacturers, solar installers, etc. and in turn helps the economy

·        Excess power can be sold back to the power company if the grid inner tied

·        Can be installed virtually anywhere; in a field to on a building

·        Use batteries to store extra power for use at night

·        Solar can be used to heat water, power homes and buildings, even power cars

·        Safer than traditional electric current

·        Efficiency is always improving so the same size solar that is available today will become more efficient tomorrow

·        Federal grants, tax incentives, and rebate programs are available to help with initial costs

·        No trenching is needed since the solar can be close to or at the place of installation

Disadvantages:

·        High initial costs for material and installation and long ROI (however, with the reduction in the cost of solar over the last 10 years, solar is becoming more cost feasible every day)

·        Needs lots of space as efficiency is not 100% yet

·        No solar power at night so there is a need for a large battery bank

·        Depending on geographical location the size of the solar panels vary for the same power generation

·        Cloudy days do not produce as much energy

·        Lower solar production in the winter months

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Today's energy landscape is changing, and JEA is leading the way. We've been a pioneer in bringing solar energy to Jacksonville since the 1990s. JEA is embarking on a major expansion that will increase our current solar energy offerings by 350 percent. Through the creation of five new local solar farms, JEA will provide up to 300 MW of solar power.

Solar Milestones

2019: JEA added its first utility-scale battery system to the grid in 2019 at the Imeson Solar Facility. The battery energy storage system allows JEA to store power to use when the sun isn't shining.

2017: JEA expanded universal solar by contracting with eight new solar installations, increasing installed solar by 350 percent, and launched the JEA SolarSmart program that allows customers to choose to have up to 100 percent of their power come from solar. JEA was also recognized by T&D World for leadership in integrating intermittent renewable energy resources without compromising power quality and reliability.

2009: JEA began a Net Metering initiative, providing an incentive for private solar development to help the technology mature. JEA also established itself as a leader in universal solar energy by developing a 12 MW solar photovoltaic (PV) farm, the largest PV solar installation in Florida at the time.

2004: JEA Board approved a Clean Power Program Action Plan that requires JEA to achieve 7.5 percent clean power capacity by 2015 - a goal JEA exceeded.

1999: JEA pioneered distributed solar energy by installing solar panels on more than 25 locations across Jacksonville, including 22 public schools, COJ Fire Rescue, JAX Chamber of Commerce, the Jacksonville Zoo and Jacksonville International Airport.

The Changing Energy Landscape

New technologies and the growing availability of shale gas have transformed the energy market, driving the price for renewable energy below the cost of large-scale fossil fuels. At the same time, solar power has become increasingly popular with consumers, both residential and commercial. Since 2010, the solar industry has seen average growth of 68 percent, while the cost to install solar systems has plummeted 70 percent. JEA is implementing new programs to help customers take advantage of these technologies.
Learn About Our Solar Programs
Solar Facilities

Jacksonville Solar

Jacksonville Solar is a 15 MW DC solar photovoltaic (PV) facility located in west Jacksonville near Baldwin. It began generating energy in 2010. The facility is owned by PSEG Solar Source LLC and consists of approximately 200,000 photovoltaic panels on a 100 acre site. Juwi Solar, Inc., a Colorado-based developer and turn-key installer of solar power plants, provided the engineering, procurement and construction services. The solar project avoids approximately 22,430 tons of greenhouse gas emissions annually while generating about 22,430 megawatt-hours of electricity a year, an amount equal to about what 1,450 households consume. The ground-mounted, fixed photovoltaic system uses 100 percent renewable energy (sunlight) and JEA receives all electricity and renewable energy credits generated by Jacksonville Solar for a 30-year term. JEA makes all of the environmental attributes (Renewable Energy Certificates or RECs) from this facility available to sell in order to lower rates for our customers. This large project establishes JEA as a leader in solar electricity generation and offers an educational opportunity for Jacksonville residents to learn about solar energy.

Jacksonville Solar

Northwest Jacksonville Solar Partners LLC

The Northwest Jacksonville Solar Partners LLC facility, previously referred to as Montgomery Solar, commissioned in May of 2017 and is near the Jacksonville International Airport on the City's northside. This 7 MW site produced over 13,000 MWh in its first year. AlsoEnergy™ is providing a way to view live generation data.

See Live Solar Tracker

Northwest Jacksonville Solar Partners LLC

Old Plank Road Solar Facility

The Old Plank Road Solar facility is a 3 MW site on the City's westside. It was commissioned in October 2017 and produced over 5,000 MWh of electricity in its first year. Live onsite generation can be viewed with eGauge Systems software.

See Live Solar Tracker

Old Plank Road Solar Facility

Starratt Road Solar Facility

Commissioned in December 2017, the Starratt Road Solar facility is a 5 MW site located on the City's northside. This site generated approximately 9,000 MWh in its first year of operation.

Starratt Road Solar Facility

Simmons Road Solar Facility

The 2 MW Simmons Road Solar facility commissioned in January of 2018 and is located on the City's northside. The site generated about 3,500 MWh of electricity in the first year.

Simmons Road Solar Facility

Blair Road Solar Facility

The 4 MW Blair Road Solar facility is located on the City's westside. The site was commissioned in January 2018 and generated over 6,700 MWh in its first year.

Old Kings Road Solar Facility

The 1 MW Old Kings Road Solar facility commissioned in October 2018. This northside facility generated approximately 1,900 MWh in its first year.

Imeson (SunPort) Solar Facility

The Imeson Solar facility, also known as SunPort, commissioned December 2019 and is located on the City's northside. The site is comprised of a 5 MW solar PV array paired with a 2 MW, 4 MWh battery energy storage system (BESS) that levels the solar generation. This BESS is the first utility scale battery system on the JEA grid. The facility is expected to generate approximately 15,000 MWh in its first year of operation.

Sunport Solar Facility

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Today's energy landscape is changing, and JEA is leading the way. We've been a pioneer in bringing solar energy to Jacksonville since the 1990s. JEA is embarking on a major expansion that will increase our current solar energy offerings by 350 percent.

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Location:300 Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, TX 78205

Tell me something about it:The Alamo Mission, commonly called the Alamo and originally known as the Misión San Antonio de Valero, is an historic Spanish mission and fortress compound founded in the 18th century by Roman Catholic missionaries in what is now San Antonio, Texas, United States
The men at the Alamo fought and died because they had no choice. Even the notion they “fought to the last man” turns out to be untrue. Mexican accounts make clear that, as the battle was being lost, as many as half the “Texian” defenders fled the mission and were run down and killed by Mexican lancers.

What is STEM related about it: It is STEM related because of its architectural style and the way people built it. A lesson students can do is find objects to build their own alamo building and describe what materials they used.

Tell me why you picked it? I picked The Alamo because I remember when I was younger me and my family went to san antonio to go visit and we stopped by to look at The alamo and we learned some interesting facts about the history behind it.

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Location: Hyatt Regency Dallas

300 Reunion Blvd E, Dallas, TX 75207

Tell me something about it:Reunion Tower is a 561 ft observation tower in Dallas, Texas and one of the city's most recognizable landmarks. Located at 300 Reunion Boulevard in the Reunion district of downtown Dallas, the tower is part of the Hyatt Regency Hotel complex, and is the city's 15th tallest building
Reunion Tower, an iconic Dallas landmark, offers panoramic 360-degree views of the Dallas skyline. Located next to the Hyatt Regency Dallas, the Reunion Tower GeO-Deck offers an indoor/outdoor observation deck and unique entertaining spaces. Visit with family, friends, a group or your sweetheart to create unforgettable memories at 470 feet in the air!

What is STEM related about it:
The tower contains three floors with circular floor plans on top of four shafts of poured-in-place concrete. A central cylindrical shaft houses both stairs and mechanical equipment. Three rectangular shafts, featuring elevators, rise parallel to the central shaft. Each shaft's outfacing wall is made up of glass panels, providing tourists views of the city during the 68-second elevator ride to the top. Before renovations in 2008, the first level housed the observation deck, the second a revolving restaurant called Antares, and the third level a club called The Dome.The top three floors are encased in an open-air sphere, which is a geodesic dome formed with aluminum struts. Every one of the struts' 260 intersections is covered by aluminum circles with lights in the center.
It is STEM related because of its architectural style and how it was built.

Tell me why you picked it? The reason why I picked was because everytime I passed by it, it still amazes me how beautiful it is with all the lights and how bright it is and it shows great views.

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Location: Northern part of the Xingu River in the state of Pará, Brazil

Source of energy: Belo Monte is made up of 18 turbines, it’s the fourth-largest dam in the world. The source of energy is the flow of the Xingu River, which is a river that has its own season rhythms, rising, falling, spreading, mounting, and dropping again.

Output: It produces over 85% of the electrical energy in Brazil. The Belo Monte Dam is a hydroelectric dam with a capacity of 11,233 megawatts on average monthly over a year. It was estimated to operate at a level where it would generate 4,571 megawatts monthly over 12 months.

Disadvantages: The Monte Belo Dam was built on the Xingu River, it was set to be successful. However, due to climate change and deforestation, power generation is being cut down from the numbers it was expected to produce. One of the disadvantages of the dam is that during the dry seasons, the river’s flow drops which causes the plant to not produce the monthly energy average. In 2019, during the months of July to November, there was a dry season in which the plant only produced 568 MW in August, 361 in September, 276 in October, and 583 in November. To prevent damage, the dam’s operators were forced to shut down the turbines. The highest energy produced was 6,882 MW which is not close to the full operational capacity expected.

The dam causes significant socio-environmental harm to the Xingu River and the indigenous and traditional people living beside it. The Monte Belo dam required the destruction of 1500 square km of the Amazon Rainforest, causing the displacement of several animals and plants species who have the rainforest as their natural habitat.

Advantages: The advantage of the Belo Monte Dam is that once it operates at full capacity, it will provide carbon-free electricity for 35 million people. The area in which the dam was built was considered a regularly flooding area which caused the people living in the area to evacuate frequently. The dam will stop the frequent floods and prevent the people from being upset due to this problem. The continuation of the Monte Belo Dam construction has the potential of creating millions of jobs, cutting off carbon dioxide emissions, and making Brazil a global leader in energy efficiency and renewables.

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Location eastern DeKalb County in the state of Georgia

Something about it: Stone Mountain is well known for its geology, the enormous rock relief on its north face, the largest bas-relief in the world. The dome of Stone Mountain was formed during the formation of the Blue Ridge Mountains around 300–350 million years ago and it was also part of the Appalachian Mountains. It formed as a result of the upwelling of magma from within the Earth's crust. This magma solidified to form granite within the crust five to ten miles below the surface. Throughout the years, the association of Stone Mountain carved  images of Confederate icons Robert E. Lee, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson, and Jefferson Davis on the mountain to construct a plaza at its base.

STEM: It is the largest piece of exposed granite in the world. Stone Mountain was once owned by the Venable Brothers and mined for its granite for global use.

Tell me why you picked it? I picked Stone Mountain, because I hiked it one time and it was a rough 2.2 miles with steep yet beautiful views. I can’t believe how beautiful it looks year round and how many hikers visit yearly. The top of the mountain is more than five miles in circumference at its base, which allows for hikers to view different parts of Georgia such as nearby cities like Atlanta. It’s a fantastic place to visit.

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The LARGEST Virgin Mary Mosaic in the world: Marlene Martinez

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The LARGEST Virgin Mary Mosaic in the world: Marlene Martinez

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Location Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center in San Antonio, TX

Something about it: The 4-story mosaic was created by artist Jesse Trevino, a Vietnam vet and prolific artist whose work depicts religious icons and Mexican American history. This candle is frequently seen through Catholic culture and it was made to support The Guadalupe Cultural Arts Center which was founded by a group of Chicano artists determined to play a critical role in shaping the artistic and cultural experiences of San Antonio’s residents and visitors. This candle was completed in December 2004 and the cost of this large mosaic was not stated.

STEM: This is related to STEM because this large candle contains hundreds of mosaic tiles that had to be mathematically cut in order to fit perfectly on the candle. The mosaic tiles were also placed by certain color coordination and placed by hand to create the massive structure of the Virgin Mary.

Tell me why you picked it? I picked this candle because my family and I are Catholics and when I was on the internet, I saw that this huge candle existed. When I saw the image I thought it was amazing and decided to drive to San Antonio to visit the building and art structure.

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Location: La Sagrada Familia is located in Barcelona, Spain.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much: The expiatory temple of the Sagrada Familia, the construction of which commenced in 1882, is today one of the emblems of Barcelona, known around the world and visited by millions of people.In 1881, thanks to donations, the Spiritual Association of the Devotees of Saint Joseph bought a 12,800 m2 plot to build the temple.
But the first stone was not placed until 19 March 1882, on Saint Joseph’s day. Initially, the project was commissioned to another architect, Francesc de Paula Villar, but Gaudí assumed the position at the end of 1883. His new project was much more ambitious than that proposed by his predecessor. It included the construction of a temple with 5 naves, a transept, an apse, an exterior ambulatory, 3 façades and 18 towers. It was the most complex and unique project that Gaudí had carried out throughout his professional career, to which he dedicated 43 years of his life.
Following Gaudí’s death, his disciple Domènec Sugrañes took over construction until 1938. Despite his willingness, during the Spanish Civil War there was a fire in the crypt, which also affected the provisional schools and the workshop where Antoni Gaudí had left all of the plans and models for others to conclude his work. With an estimated annual income of U.S. $90 million from ticket sales and an annual construction budget of roughly $60 million, the payments will not affect the rhythm of construction. Work is scheduled to finally finish in 2026, on the centennial of Gaudí’s death.

What is STEM related about it? Back when construction began in the late 1800s, there were no computers or digital animation to rely on for the project. In the past, builders had to rely on paper sketches to correctly put together this massive structure. However, thanks to the invention of computers in the mid-20th century, the progress sped up rapidly. When La Sagrada Familia is completed, it will be the tallest religious building in all of Europe. The central tower in the middle will reach 170 meters tall.

Tell me why you picked it? The reason I picked this was because I saw a picture of it and the name and wanted to learn about it and its meaning. It is one beautiful monument with many features and aspects to it and I really wanted to see what was behind the making of this. In pictures this structure looks complete and beautiful, but it's not even done yet! It is amazing how they are making money to finish building it from the people that have gone to visit it.

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Location:
The Manhattan Bridge is located in New York, NY.

Tell me something about it, who made it, when, why, how much:

The Manhattan bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses the east river in New York City. It was constructed in 1901 and the construction ended in the year of 1909. This bridge also carries a rich history. The Manhattan bridge was designed by Leon Moisseiff but it was built by the Phoenix Bridge Company. The cost of the bridge was thirty one million dollars.

What is STEM related about it:

The Manhattan bridge has a height of 336ft and has a total length of 6,855 ft. It is stem related because of its architectural style. The Manhattan bridge's most notable addition was a triumphal arch. It was based on imperial Roman architecture at the entrance of the bridge. The bridge was designed by Leon Moisseiff who was an engineer in the United States in the 1920’s and 1930’s.

Tell me why you picked it:
The reason why I picked this bridge is because I find it interesting. I am also going to visit New York very soon and I would like to visit this bridge. I also picked this bridge because it is well known and because it has offered travelers passage over the East River which is amazing.

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The Parish of San Miguel Arcangel, Mexico (Laura Mejia) 

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The Parish of San Miguel Arcangel, Mexico (Laura Mejia) 

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Location:
The parish of San Miguel Arcángel is located in San Miguel de Allende, Guanajuato Mexico.

Tell me something about it, who made it, when, why, how much:
The parish of San Miguel Arcangel was constructed in the year of 1881by Zeferino Gutierrez. This parish is unique in Mexico and it has two beautiful tall towers that can be seen from most parts of town. The parish of San Miguel Arcangel, Allende was built because of Zeferino’s inspiration. His inspiration came from the great Gothic European cathedrals that he had seen in postcards.

What is STEM related about it:
The parish of San Miguel Arcangel is very large and tall. It has a light pink color texture and the result is a beautiful building of pink pilasters, balustrades, windows, spires and it looks like a castle. Zeferino Gutierrez was a self taught architect who used a stick to draw his designs for the workmen in the red clay soil. He explained them with details on how exactly he wanted the towers to look like.

Tell me why you picked it:

The reason why I picked this parish is because I like the way it looks and because it is unique. I think the structure is amazing and beautiful. I also picked it because I went to visit this parish several times. Many people go visit this parish because it is one of the most photographed churches in Mexico.

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Location:
The grand coulee dam is located in the U.S state of Washington.

What is the source of energy?
The grand coulee dam was built to produce hydroelectric power. It was also built to provide irrigation water. It is the largest hydropower producer in the United States. It generates more than 21 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity each year. It was constructed between 1933 and 1942. Therefore, it took eight years to build. It was built by Mason-Walsh-Atkinson Kier Company.

What is the output?

Grand Coulee Dam is a concrete gravity dam on the Columbia river. It is one of the largest structures ever built by mankind. It is a mass of concrete standing 550 feet high and 5,223 feet long. The Grand Coulee was built because of insufficient rainfall, therefore, the solution was to build a concrete dam across the columbia river to raise the water level and divert it south into the Grand Coulee.

Advantages:
Some of the advantages that the Grand Coulee Dam has is that it has power supplied to eleven western states. The Grand Coulee was good for storing water to be used to irrigate the Columbia Basin in central Washington.

Disadvantages:
One of the disadvantages about the Grand Coulee dam was that it blocked upstream passage of salmon. The Grand Coulee was built without any fish ladders.

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Location: The Zimapán hydroelectric facility is located 245 kilometers north of Mexico City on the border of the states of Queretaro and Hidalgo, at the junction of the San Juan and Tula rivers.

What is the source of energy? Hydroelectric power is the world’s third-leading source of electricity production, with about 16% of the electrical energy share. This energy source provides renewable electrical power. It results from the conversion of hydraulic energy into electricity. The energy generated by the flow of water is transformed into mechanical energy by a hydraulic turbine, which is then transformed into electrical power by a synchronous generator.

What is the output? This construction allows the municipality of Zimapán to produce renewable energy, with a low greenhouse gas emission level, and low operating costs.

Advantages and disadvantages? The advantage is that at this 22-kilometre long site, the dam measures 203 meters high, with 28 kilometers of tunnel, a surge chamber, underground plant, and access roads. The goal of this dam is to provide electricity, and the installed capacity of 282 megawatts allows it to produce 1,292 gigawatts/hr on an annual basis.  A disadvantage would simply be that the building of large dams can result in ecological damage and prompt earthquakes.

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Castillo de Chapultepec./ Chapultepec castle

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Castillo de Chapultepec./ Chapultepec castle

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Location: Chapultepec Castle is located on top of Chapultepec Hill in Mexico City's Chapultepec park.
The name Chapultepec is the Nahuatl word chapoltepēc which means "hill of the grasshopper"

The site of the hill was a sacred place for Aztecs, and the buildings atop it have served several purposes during its history, including that of Military Academy, Imperial residence, Presidential residence, observatory, and since the 1940s, the National Museum of History.

Chapultepec Castle, along with Iturbide Palace, also in Mexico City, are the only royal palaces in North America.
It was built during the Viceroyalty as a summer house for the highest colonial administrator, the viceroy. It was given various uses, from the gunpowder warehouse to the military academy in 1841.

Castle is a historic site and local landmark. The fortress was the home of legendary Mexican leaders including Emperor Maximilian and Porfirio Diaz and played an important role in the Mexican-American War.

STEM:
The castle has several designers and architects because it took more than 100 years to be finished. Francisco Bambitelli, Lieutenant Colonel of the Spanish Army and engineer, drew up the blueprint and began the construction in 1785, but the castle was seized and sold by the Spanish Royal Crown later on. Since then, It has been remodeled several times for different purposes.

I chose this building because of its history. It has housed important people and served as a fort for important battles that represent Mexican patriotism.
Viviana Rosales

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Cinderella Castle: Orlando, Florida Jacqueline Vega

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Cinderella Castle: Orlando, Florida Jacqueline Vega

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The name: Cinderella Castle

Location: Orlando, Florida

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much’

Cinderella Castle was completed in July 1971, after about 18 months of construction. Originally, a suite was planned for the Disney family and executives, but since Walt Disney died nearly five years before the park opened, it remained unfinished, and eventually was turned successively into a telephone call center, a dressing room, and is currently a hotel room.
The castle is 183 feet (56 m) tall, as measured from water-level. Despite its appearance, no bricks were used in its construction; the inner structure consists of six hundred tons of steel-braced frame construction, with a 10-inch-thick (250 mm) reinforced concrete wall encircling the structure to the full height of the outermost stone-like walls. All of the steel and concrete works are supported on a concrete drilled caisson foundation.
Much less fiberglass is used than is popularly believed. Rather, most of the exterior is a thick, very hard fiber-reinforced gypsum plaster that is supported by light-gauge metal studs. It can easily withstand the 125 mph (200 km/h) wind speeds in Central Florida.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?

They support STEM because when building the structure they have to create something to look like something else. They have to figure out what materials can be molded correctly and since the structure is in Florida it has to be strong enough to withstand the harsh winds of a hurricane. To be able to find the correct materials they have to know about engineering and mathematics.

The reason I chose this structure was because it is the first princess story I heard as a child and I thought if this engaged me into the activity it would engage little girls  who love Disney as well. It will get them thinking about math and maybe make more connections with other structures they see in their daily life.

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Charles Bridge crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic Jacqueline Vega

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Charles Bridge crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic Jacqueline Vega

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The name Charles Bridge

Location crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much’

Its construction started in 1357 under the auspices of King Charles IV, and finished in the early 15th century. The bridge replaced the old Judith Bridge built 1158–1172 that had been badly damaged by a flood in 1342. This new bridge was originally called Stone Bridge (Kamenný most) or Prague Bridge (Pražský most), but has been referred to as "Charles Bridge" since 1870. It used to be the only means of crossing the Vltava river until 1841. Where all types of transportation vehicles would move about but it wasn't until 1965. There are  30 statues of saints that decorate the beautiful bridge. All of them  have been replaced with replicas to protect them from floods.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?

It supports STEM  because when they create a stone bridge they have to measure that everything fits together correctly they have to use math and engineering to make sure it happens. We can see that the architects did not take in consideration big floods when creating the bridge. The Czech republic had do to do four reconstructions because of floods. The reason I picked this structure is because it is a beautiful bridge built  with stones and  amazing statues.

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Name: THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL COMPLEX Jacqueline Vega

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Name: THE GEYSERS GEOTHERMAL COMPLEX Jacqueline Vega

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Location: California's Mayacamas Mountains, approximately 115km north of San Francisco

What is the source of energy?

The source of energy is the heat of the earth's core. It used to be fueled by a reservoir that was naturally there but lately the nearby water treatment plants have been fueling the reservoir with water.

What is the output? They create dry steam that runs the turbines that create electricity.

Advantages:

It creates cleaner energy. The energy it produces still has some harmful gases but this process does not create as much as others. They are considered green because they stay under the legal limit of harmful emissions.

Disadvantages:
For the past several decades, small earthquakes (less than 2.0) have been regularly recorded in the area. Studies have shown that injecting water into the Geysers field produces earthquakes from magnitude 0.5 to 3.0, although a 4.6 occurred in 1973 and magnitude four events increased thereafter.

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Moai: Easter Island Statues- Valeria Soto

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Moai: Easter Island Statues- Valeria Soto

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The Easter Island Statues are located in the eastern Polynesia. The human figures were carved by the Rapa Nui people on the island between the years 1250 and 1500. All the Moai have overly large heads and the faces represent ancestors. The tallas Moai, called Paro was almost 33 ft. Ahu Tongariki is the heaviest, weighing 84.6 tons. They were carved from volcanic ash. The people would outlined, then start chipping away till they were left with the image.

They were created because people think it was symbol of authority and power, however, it is wrong, it was used for repositories of sacred spirits.

This relate to STEM because people that were creating these, used volcanic ash to create and it took them long time to create, due to the fact, they created so many. I chose this because I seen pictures of them in the internet. I never thought people would create these type of things to have something where it is going to protected them and used for spirits.

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Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan- Valeria Soto

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Pyramid of the Sun, Teotihuacan- Valeria Soto

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The Pyramid of the Sun is in the city of Teotihucán, Mexico and it was built about 100 CE. The pyramid is 216 feet above ground level. The material that were used hewed tezontle  and red coarse volcanic rock. The architect Leopoldo Batres decided to ad fifth terrace, and had original facing stone removed. When archaeologists were working under the pyramid, they found shards of clay pots, pieces of obsidian, animal bones, three greenstone human figurines and greenstone mask.
This relate to STEM because they were using a type of rock to create the pyramid and found variety of things when creating it. The reason I chose this pyramid, because it is well known by hundreds of people and visit when they can to try to go up the stairs.

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Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station, Mexico-Valeria Soto

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Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station, Mexico-Valeria Soto

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The Cerro Prieto Geothermal Power Station is located in Baja California and it is the third largest geothermal power plant stations. It is installed capacity of 75MW and consists of five individual units. Cerro Prieto is one of successful generating electric power from a geothermal resource.
The advantages of the geothermal it is more environmentally friendly and provides a reliable source of energy. The disadvantages is they need to find a location where they are able to have energy accessible. Also, there are gases stored under the Earth's surface that are released during digging. Geothermal can cost so much to ahem the resource and the capacity.

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Location: Aguascalientes, Mexico.
The massive crucifixion is the work of Miguel Romo. It has been the site of religious pilgrimages and devotions since its inauguration in 2006.

The Broken Christ of the Island is one of the five largest sculptures in Mexico. It is built in the heart of the Presidente Calles Dam , in the municipality of San José de Gracia , Aguascalientes , in Mexico . It measures 25 meters and is mounted on a 3-meter base of ready-mixed concrete and reinforced steel, giving a total height of 28 meters.

The statue has been “broken,” missing a leg and arm since its construction. It’s designed to represent the troubled history surrounding the flooding of the region and the exodus of its population.

Access is only by water: visitors get on a boat with all security measures until they reach the island; then you have to climb a staircase to reach the sanctuary.

STEM: The statue is related to Engineering. It was built using heavy machinery and it was also designed by sculptors that apply scientific principles and mathematics into their massive creations. Romo is also the author of the Cristo de la Paz Statute being built in Tabasco, mex.

I picked this monument because I've been there. It is massive and beautiful. I also enjoyed the boat ride there, since is situated on a small island.
Viviana Rosales

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Location: Taean, South Korea

Source of energy: This is a large coal-fired power station owned by Korean Western Power Co, part of Korea Electric Power Corporation. Second largest coal plant in the world. It is estimated to have been the coal-fired power plant which emitted the fourth most carbon dioxide in 2018, at 31 million tons (relative emissions are estimated at 1.5 kg per kWh). In 2021 the government asked the company to voluntary cut coal-fired generation, which they did.

Output: A coal-fired power station is a thermal power station which burns coal to generate electricity.
Worldwide there are about 8,500 coal-fired power stations totaling over 2,000 gigawatts capacity.

The coal is usually pulverized and then burned in a pulverized coal-fired boiler. The furnace heat converts boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines that turn generators. Thus chemical energy stored in coal is converted successively into thermal energy, mechanical energy, and, finally, electrical energy.

Advantages: They generate about a third of the world's electricity
Disadvantages: coal-fired power stations cause many illnesses and early deaths, mainly from air pollution.
A coal-fired power station is a type of fossil fuel power station.
Coal-fired power stations emit over 10 Gt of carbon dioxide each year, about one-fifth of world greenhouse gas emissions, so are the single largest cause of climate change.

Viviana Rosales

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Location: Neuschwanstein Castle is located in Bavaria, Germany.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much: Construction began for Neuschwanstein Castle in 1868 and was never completed. Louis II spent much of his childhood at Hohenschwangau Castle, a neo-Gothic, medieval-inspired castle elaborately decorated with scenes from legend and poetry. After his accession to the throne in 1864, Louis set out to build a “New Hohenschwangau Castle”—as Neuschwanstein was called until after his death—which he intended to be an even better reproduction of a medieval-style castle in line with his fairy-tale vision of monarchy. The foundation stone for Neuschwanstein was laid in September 1869. Although Louis expected the entire project to be completed within three years, only the gateway building was inhabitable by 1873. The topping-out ceremony was held on January 29, 1880, but even then the castle was still under construction. The technical fittings were completed some four and a half years later, and the castle remained incomplete in 1886, when Louis died by drowning himself. He had lived there, off and on, only some six months in total.
Several weeks after his passing, the unfinished castle was opened to the public as a museum. Simplified versions of the castle’s bower and square tower were not completed until 1892, and only about a dozen rooms were ever finished. The construction costs of Neuschwanstein in the King's lifetime amounted to 6.2 million marks (equivalent to 43 million 2017 €),  almost twice the initial cost estimate of 3.2 million marks.

What is STEM related about it? It is 426.5 feet long (130m), sitting atop a sheer 656 foot high hill (200m).  It's main tower is 213 feet tall (65m).  Two hundred workers used 465 tons of Salzburg marble, 4550 tons of sandstone, 400000 bricks, 600 tons of cement, 50 tons of hard coal, and 3600 cubic meters of sand to make it.

Tell me why you picked it? I chose this structure because when I first saw a picture of it, it looked beautiful and I wanted to learn about it and its background. It's amazing to see how much time and effort it took to build this, even though it may not have been completed.

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The Great Pyramid of Giza (Andrea Aguilar)

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The Great Pyramid of Giza (Andrea Aguilar)

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Location: Cairo Egypt

The Great Pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest pyramid in the Giza pyramid complex. It is the oldest of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World and the only one to remain largely intact.

Egyptologists conclude that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty Egyptian pharaoh Khufu and estimate it was built in the 26th century BC during around 27 years.

Historically the Great Pyramid had been attributed to Khufu based on authors of classical antiquity, first and leading Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus. However, several other people were credited with constructing the pyramid during the middle ages, such as Josef, Nimrod, or king Saurid. The Great Pyramid is about 4600 years old by two principal approaches: indirectly, through its attribution to Khufu and his chronological age, based on archaeological and textual evidence, and directly, via radiocarbon dating of organic material found in the pyramid and included in its mortar.

Height146.6 m (481 ft) or 280 cubits (originally)

138.5 m (454 ft) (contemporary)

Base230.33 m (756 ft) or 440 cubits

Volume2.6 million m3 (92 million cu ft)

Slope51°50'40" or Seked of 5+1/2 palms

STEM:

The Great Pyramid consists of an estimated 2.3 million blocks. Approximately 5.5 million tonnes of limestone, 8,000 tonnes of granite, and 500,000 mortar were used.

Most of the blocks were quarried at Giza just south of the pyramid, the Central Field.

The white limestone used for the casing originated from Tura and was transported by boat down the Nile.

The granite stones in the pyramid were transported from Aswan, more than 560mi away. The largest, weighing 25 to 80 tonnes, form the roofs of the "King's chamber" and the "relieving chambers." Ancient Egyptians cut stone into rough blocks by hammering grooves into natural stone faces, inserting wooden wedges, then soaking these with water. The wedges expanded as the water was absorbed, breaking off workable chunks. The blocks were cut and carried by boat either up or down the Nile River to the pyramid.

I picked this structure because it is one of the wonders that I would love to visit in my lifetime.

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Location: The Grand Inga Dam, is located in western Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) on the Congo River.

What is the source of energy? It is the world’s largest proposed hydropower scheme.The DR Congo's hydropower resources are estimated at about 100,000 MW, of which 40,000 MW are concentrated at the Inga site.

What is the output? Grand Inga could produce up to 40,000 megawatts of electricity, over twice the power generation capacity of the Three Gorges in China, and more than a third of the total electricity produced in Africa.

Advantages: Planners and policymakers envision the dam at the heart of a continent-wide network. This network will build on regional power pools that link many countries, allowing them to buy, sell and move electricity through an international grid. The Grand Inga Dam would provide electricity to the Southern African Power Pool, established in 1995 by the Southern African Development Community, a regional grouping of 15 countries spanning from the DRC to South Africa.

Disadvantages:The Grand Inga Dam has caused, and is expected to further cause, a number of harmful impacts. The construction of Inga I and Inga II led to the physical displacement of many people, who have still not been adequately compensated for damages. The proposed design of Inga III would result in even more people being displaced, including those already affected by Inga I and II. The project also threatens an increase in greenhouse gas emissions; a loss of biodiversity; and deforestation. In addition, no environmental impact assessment or mitigation and environmental management plans have been adopted to this date. There is a huge lack of transparency in the process.

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Location: New York, New York

The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable-stayed/suspension bridge in New York City, spanning the East River between the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn. Opened on May 24, 1883, the Brooklyn Bridge was the first fixed crossing of the East River.  At its opening, the Brooklyn Bridge was considered the longest suspension bridge with a main span of 1,595.5 feet (486.3 m) and a deck 127 ft (38.7 m) above high water. The bridge has two other names called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge or the East River Bridge; until formally renamed the Brooklyn Bridge in 1915. The Brooklyn Bridge was constructed to connect between Brooklyn and New York cities suggested as early as 1800.
At the time, the only way to travel between the two cities was by several ferry lines.

Engineers presented various designs, such as chain or link bridges. However, these were never built because of the difficulties of constructing a high enough fixed-span bridge across the extremely busy East River. Other proposals such as tunnels were made, but it was too expensive.
German immigrant John Augustus Roebling conceived the current Brooklyn Bridge in 1852.
Roebling hired Tammany Hall leader William M. Tweed to be involved in the bridge's construction. Later they created a company,

New York Bridge Company, where Tammany Hall approved Roebling's plans and designated him as chief engineer of the project. The bridge had cost US$15.5 million in 1883 dollars US$416,625,000 in 2020 to build, of which Brooklyn paid two-thirds.

STEM:
The Brooklyn Bridge is part of STEM because of how bridges are built and their purpose. The Brooklyn Bridge's 486-meter (1,595-foot) main span was the longest in the world until the completion of the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge in Scotland in 1890. The towers are built of limestone, granite, and cement. Its deck, supported by four cables, carries automobile and pedestrian traffic.

I picked The Brooklyn Bridge because on one of my trips to New York, I was able to walk across the bridge, and it was a great experience to be walking on the bridge and enjoying the view. Even though it was freezing, I enjoyed the experience.

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Location:  Togtoh County, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.

Source of energy: Largest Coal-Fired power station in the world. The power plant exploits coal from the Junggar Coalfield and meets its water requirements by pumping it from the Yellow River.

The output: Its annual net output is 33.317 TWh (TWh), which is one trillion Wh.
The coal-based power station consists of eight 600MW generating units commissioned between 2003 and 2006, and two additional 300MW units brought into production in 2011. All of the generated power is delivered to Beijing

Advantages and disadvantages:
The disadvantages are the amount of carbon dioxide the plant releases into the atmosphere. The plant is estimated to have been one of the ten most carbon polluting coal-fired power plants in the world in 2018, at 29.46 million tons of carbon dioxide, and relative emissions are estimated at 1.45 kg per kWh.
The plant's advantage is that it supplies its energy to Beijing a population of 21.54 million.

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Location: The Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge is located in the beautiful city of Dallas Texas it is a major component of the city's urban revitalization plans that would connect Dallas' two riverbanks for easy passage between the downtown area and to the rapidly rejuvenate the neighborhoods of West Dallas.  The bridge is named for Margaret Hunt Hill, an heiress and philanthropist.

When, Why, and How much: In 2002 the Dallas City Council commissioned Santiago Calatrava to design to design the bridge.

The six lanes carry traffic across the Trinity River corridor, the Margaret Hunt Hill Bridge is 368 meters (1206 feet) long, 36.7 meters (120 feet) wide and spans 184 meters (603 feet).  The parabolic pylon (gleaming white steel arch) rises 136 meters (446 feet) above the banks of the Trinity River, not only serving as a new icon to the Dallas skyline, but it also acts as the central support for the new bridge's deck via cable-stays enabling the use of a light, efficient deck system.  Laced through that soaring arch are 58 cables, with diameters ranging from 165 to 127 millimeters (6.5 to 5 inches) and length ranging from 196 to 119 meters (642 to 390 feet).  These extended in web-like sweeps to either side of the bridge.  The cost to build this signature bridge was $182 million dollars and was open to the public on March 29, 2012.

How is it STEM related Because math and science was used to display this array of cables to effectively distributing the forces over the pylon and the symmetry of permanent loads helps maintain a slender, balanced arch pylon.
I chose this bridge because I think it is one of the most beautiful bridges in the world

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The name: Musée du Louvre

Location:

Louvre, in full Louvre Museum or French Musée du Louvre, official name Great Louvre or French Grand Louvre, national museum and art gallery of France, housed in part of a large palace in Paris that was built on the right-bank site of the 12th-century fortress of Philip Augustus.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much:

The Musée du Louvre, or officially Grand Louvre in English the Louvre Museum or simply the Louvre  is one of the world's largest museums, the most visited art museum in the world and a historic monument. It is a central landmark of Paris and located on the Right Bank of the Seine in the 1st arrondissement (district). Nearly 35,000 objects from prehistory to the 19th century are exhibited over an area of 60,600 square metres (652,300 square feet).

What is STEM related to? Tell me why you picked it?

After more than two centuries as a royal palace, the Louvre is opened as a public museum in Paris by the French revolutionary government. Today, the Louvre's collection is one of the richest in the world, with artwork and artifacts representative of 11,000 years of human civilization and culture. I would like to visit this place one day.

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The name:  Petra

Location:

Petra is a famous archaeological site in Jordan's southwestern desert.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much:

Petra is a historic and archaeological city in the Jordanian governorate of Ma'an that is known for its rock cut architecture and water conduits system. Established sometime around the 6th century BC as the capital city of the Nabataeans, it is a symbol of Jordan as well as its most visited tourism attraction. It lies on the slope of Mount Hor in a basin among the mountains which form the eastern flank of Arabah (Wadi Araba), the large valley running from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. Petra was built by the Nabateans in what is now southern Jordan, while the civilization was amassing great wealth trading with its Greek and Persian contemporaries around 150 BC.

What is STEM related to? Tell me why you picked it?

The Nabataeans, before they were conquered and absorbed into the Roman Empire, controlled a vast tract of the Middle East from modern-day Israel and Jordan into the northern Arabian peninsula. The remains of their innovative networks of water capture, storage, transport, and irrigation systems are found to this day throughout this area.

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Name: Xiluodu

Location:

Xiluodu Town, Yongshan County, Yunnan/Leibo County Sichuan, China

What is the source of energy?

The Xiluodu Dam is the second-largest hydroelectric facility in China, and worldwide, it's the third-largest hydroelectric facility in terms of electricity generation. This dam can generate 13,860 megawatts of electricity.

What is the output?

The power house comprises 18 Francis turbine-generators and an air-cooled generator with 855.6MVA output.

Advantages and disadvantages?

Disadvnatges: The project is said to have relocated about 7,300 people and is expected to displace about 50,000 people in the long-term.

Advantages: As well as alleviating the control of flooding on the Yangtze River, the Xiluodu Dam project also generates power. In addition, it helps with flood prevention, sediment control and navigation improvement.

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Location: Dongcheng District, Beijing, China

Interesting facts:
The Forbidden City was the former Chinese imperial palace and winter residence of the Emperor of China from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It was home to 24 emperors: 14 of the Ming Dynasty and 10 of the Qing Dynasty. It was the political center of the Chinese government for over 500 years. It was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987. The Forbidden City consists of 980 buildings with 8,886 rooms. It is one of the largest palaces and most well-preserved ancient wooden structures in the world. In 1644, the Forbidden City was captured by rebel forces led by Li Zicheng and the Ming Dynasty collapsed. The history of the Forbidden City continues as the Qing Dynasty takes control, rebuilding of burnt palaces takes place, and is controlled by Anglo-French forces in the Second Opium War.

When, why, how much:
The Forbidden City was constructed from 1406 to 1420 by architect Kuai Xiang. The construction began when the Yongle Emperor of the Ming Dynasty decided to move the capital from Nanjing to Beijing. His purpose was to consolidate his imperial power and protect his own security.

STEM:
The materials used were whole logs of precious phoebe zhennan wood found in the jungles of southwestern china and large blocks of marble from quarries near Beijing. The floors were paved with “golden bricks”. The construction of the Forbidden City is related to STEM in the way that the architecture follows the ideal cosmic order in Confucian ideology that held Chinese social structure together and they style reflects a sense of hierarchy. The beams and columns are made of wood, this can be related to science since wood can be burned and many parts of the Forbidden City were set on fire during conflicts with other emperors and war.

Why I chose it:
I have seen the structure of the Forbidden City in many movies so my curiosity was spiked when I saw the picture of the palace on the list of most famous man-made structures. I never knew the history of this structure or the significance it had on Chinese culture, but now I know that it has a long, interesting history that people can visit.

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Location: Siem Reap, Cambodia

Interesting Facts: Angkor Wat is the city of temples, it’s the largest religious structure in the form of a temple complex in the world. It measures 401 ¾ acres. The temple is admired for the grandeur and harmony of its architecture, extensive reliefs, and statues of Buddhas and Devas that adorn its walls. It took approximately 30 years to build the temple complex using a system of sleds and elephants.

When, Why, How much: The temple was built in the early 12th century in present-day Angkor by King Suryavarman II as the state temple for the empire. It was originally constructed dedicated to the Hindu god Vishnu and after the death of the King around the end of the 12th century, it was converted to a Buddhist temple. Angkor Wat played a major role in converting Cambodia into a Buddhist nation. A modern-day Angkor Wat would cost about $39 million to build.

STEM: The STEM relation to Angkor Wat is that in order to build a temple with a strong foundation, they used a tough material called laterite. Laterite is a soil layer that is rich in iron oxide, its primary use is for construction purposes such as the production of walls. The temple is an example of Khmer architecture and serves as a witness to high social order and ranking within the Khmer Empire. STEM is involved in the layout of the structure since it includes math and science to build it. Angkor Wat is protected by a 15 ft high wall and wide moat. The temple and walls were built out of sandstone.

Why I chose it: For my wallpapers on my computer, I have an auto-generating setting where different pictures show up when I turn on my computer. One of the pictures that showed up was labeled as “the city of temples” which I later discovered was Angkor Wat. The temple has four towers that surround a central spider that rises to a height of 213 feet, making the pictures look really interesting because of how big the structure is.

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Interesting Facts:
The Golden Gate Bridge stands at the entrance to California's San Francisco Bay as a symbol of American ingenuity and resolve, having been constructed during the era of the Great Depression. Today, this beloved international icon and true engineering marvel carries about 40 million vehicles a year and serves not only as a vital transportation link but also as a major travel destination for millions of visitors from around the world.
The Golden Gate Bridge is 1.7 miles long and 90 feet wide. Its 4,200-foot main span between the two towers was the longest for a suspension bridge until 1981, while its 746-foot towers made it the tallest bridge of any type until 1993.

The Original Idea
It all started in 1916. Or actually, it started around four decades earlier, in 1872, when railroad entrepreneur Charles Crocker called for a bridge to span the Golden Gate Strait, the 3-mile (5-kilometer) long stretch of water that connects the San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. But it wasn't until the early 20th century that the project gained traction as the area's population grew and traffic congestion at the ferry docks was becoming a serious issue.

In August 1919, City officials formally requested that Michael M. O'Shaughnessy explore the possibility of building a bridge that crossed the Golden Gate Strait. O’Shaughnessy began to consult a number of engineers across the United States about feasibility and cost of building a bridge across the strait. Most speculated that a bridge would cost over $100 million and that one could not be built. But it was Joseph Baermann Strauss that came forward and said such a bridge was not only feasible, but could be built for $25 to $30 million.
The last of the construction bonds was retired in 1971, with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest being paid entirely from Bridge tolls. With the exception of the Sausalito Lateral approach road (Alexander Avenue today) which was built as a federal WPA project, there was no state or federal funds involved in building the Golden Gate Bridge.

Construction began on January 5, 1933. This was followed by the official ground breaking ceremony held on February 26, 1933, at nearby Crissy Field (now part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area). The start of construction was met with great delight. A celebration at nearby Crissy Field went on for hours with at least 100,000 people in attendance. The San Francisco newspaper wrote the next day, “Two hundred and fifty carrier pigeons, provided by the San Francisco Racing Pigeon Club to carry the message of groundbreaking to every corner of California, were so frightened by the surging human mass that small boys had to crawl into their compartments in the bridge replica to shoo them out with sticks.”

Why was it built:
The Golden Gate Bridge was built to connect San Francisco to its neighbors to the north.
Connection to STEM:
The Golden Gate Bridge provides an opportunity to examine the impact of real constraints such as environmental loads (wind, earthquakes) and human-induced loads (traffic), geography, geology, aesthetics, politics and study how they influence the design of the Bridge.

Engineers had to balance the advantages and disadvantages of tower height and cable size in the final design of the Golden Gate Bridge. Making them considerably taller to reduce the tension (pulling) force in the cables would have been a more difficult and expensive design alternative. The bridge deck must be stiff enough so that it doesn’t twist too much when high winds blow through the Golden Gate. The original design of the bridge deck needed to be changed because it performed poorly in large winds. A bracing system was added to the bottom of the deck to stiffen it so that it wouldn’t twist so much in the wind. Fog often covers the bridge in a blanket of salty corrosive moisture that can rust the steel, causing damage to the bridge’s structural members and rivets. Engineers originally used special lead-based paint to protect the bridge from corrosion.

Environmental constraints required the Golden Gate Bridge District to switch to zinc-based paints. The bridge needs to support gravitational loads as well as environmental loads such as wind pressure and earthquake shaking.
The gravitational loads acting on the bridge include its own weight as well as the weight of the cars and people that cross the bridge. The bridge deck trusses, towers, cables, suspenders, foundations, and anchorages all act together to support these loads. The wind blows through the Golden Gate pushing sideways on the towers and the deck. Faster winds cause larger forces to act on the bridge. Bridge designers needed to consider the fastest winds that could blow when they calculated the strength and size of the members on the bridge. The Bay Area experiences very large earthquakes, such as the M7.8 1906 San Francisco earthquake. Special devices called seismic isolators have been installed on the bridge to minimize damage during future earthquakes.

Why I chose the Golden Gate Bridge:
I chose this structure because of the Build a Bridge activity we did in class. It was fun to try and build a bridge out of spaghetti and marshmallows, and it got me thinking about actual bridges. When looking online to find a structure a picture of the Golden Gate Bridge popped up and I knew that was what I wanted to write about.

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LOCATION:
The Trevi Fountain (Italian: Fontana di Trevi) is a fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salviand completed by Giuseppe Pannini and several others. Standing 26.3 meters (86 ft) high and 49.15 meters (161.3 ft) wide, it is the largest Baroque fountain in the city and one of the most famous fountains in the world.

WHO/WHEN BUILD IT?
In 1730 Pope Clemens XII held a contest to design a new fountain. Many important architects participated, but in the end Nicola Salvi won the rights to design the fountain, though some theories say he may not have been the first choice. Alessandro Galilei, a architect from the same family as the famous astronomer Galileo, originally won the commission for the project but the commission was ultimately given to Salvi after a public outcry. The reason for the public’s objections? Galilei was a Florentine, while Salvi was a native Roman. However Salvi never saw his fountain completed. The first water came out of the fountain in 1743 but it wasn’t until 1762 that a different Pope, Clemens XIII, officially completed and inaugurated the new Trevi Fountain, 11 years after Salvi’s death. Still, the final product is largely his.

WHY WAS IT BUILT?
The fountain’s first basic structure was built in Ancient Roman times in 19 BC, at the end of the aqueduct, at the meeting place of three separate roads. This is where the name Trevi Fountain came from, derived from the Latin word trivium, meaning three streets. It was built as a water source for the City, constructed in the same material as the Colosseum, travertine stone.

HOW MUCH DID IT COST TO BUILD IT?
Building a fountain as large and ornate as the Trevi Fountain was no mean feat - and it was a costly plan, too. It is said that the fountain cost around 170,000 scudi, the ancient Roman currency of the day. There is no real way of working out what the equivalent is in today’s euros or dollars, because the way we use money has changed so much. However, we can be sure that it was a lot of money. So where did it come from? History seems to suggest that the original pot of money for the creation of the Trevi Fountain came from taxing wine throughout the city.

In 2015, Rome’s iconic Trevi Fountain revealed its emerald waters to the public, after spending 17 months under reconstruction, which costed around 2.2 million euros ($2.4 million).The project was sponsored by Rome-based fashion house, Fendi, who announced their involvement in the restoration in January 2013. The restoration was part of i “Fendi for Fountains” project, which hoped to preserve parts of Rome’s culture.

STEM:
Beginning in ancient times, fountain designers relied on gravity, channeling water from a higher source in a closed system to provide pressure. The aqueducts of ancient Rome carried water down from the mountains to elevated cisterns to be distributed through pipes for both drinking and ornamental purposes.
Is related to STEM by focusing on gravity (channeling water from a higher source )

WHY I PICKED IT?
The main reason I chose the Trevi Fountain was because of The Lizzie McGuire Movie. When I was younger this was one of my favorite movies. There was a scene in the movie when she threw a coin into the fountain, it was one of my favorite part of the movie. Luckily a few years ago I had the opportunity to visit The Trevi Fountain. It was very surreal to see something that had been built many years ago. The details and the size of the fountain was very mesmerizing.

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The Taj Mahal is a  mausoleum complex in Agra, western Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The Taj Mahal was built by the Mughal emperor Shah Jahān (reigned 1628–58) to immortalize his wife Mumtaz Mahal (“Chosen One of the Palace”), who died in childbirth in 1631, having been the emperor’s inseparable companion since their marriage in 1612. India’s most famous and widely recognized building, it is situated in the eastern part of the city on the southern (right) bank of the Yamuna (Jumna) River.
Building of the Taj Mahal began about 1632. The mausoleum itself was completed by about 1638–39. The adjunct buildings were finished by 1643, and decoration work continued until at least 1647. In total, construction of the 42-acre (17-hectare) complex spanned 22 years.

Cost:
Construction of the Taj Mahal cost more than 32 crore rupees, according to Tajmahal.org.uk, which in today's currency is more than $200 million dollars for the building and its surroundings. More than 20,000 workers contributed, and construction took place over a 22-year period from 1631 to 1653.
The funds for the construction of the Taj Mahal were provided by the Royal Treasury of the Emperor and the Treasury of the Government of the Province of Agra (subah Akbarabad) and the accounts were scrupulously kept by Lala Rudra Das.
Current issues:
Over the centuries the Taj Mahal has been subject to neglect and decay. A major restoration was carried out at the beginning of the 20th century under the direction of Lord Curzon, then the British viceroy of India. More recently, air pollution caused by emissions from foundries and other nearby factories and exhaust from motor vehicles has damaged the mausoleum, notably its marble façade. A number of measures have been taken to reduce the threat to the monument, among them the closing of some foundries and the installation of pollution-control equipment at others, the creation of a parkland buffer zone around the complex, and the banning of nearby vehicular traffic. A restoration and research program for the Taj Mahal was initiated in 1998. Progress in improving environmental conditions around the monument has been slow, however.

STEM:
The Taj Mahal is STEM related due to is symmetrical shape. When working with students, they use geometry and art. There are activities that involve graphing as well. The Taj Mahal is a perfect symmetrical planned building, with an emphasis of bilateral symmetry along a central axis on which the main features are placed. The building material used is brick-in-lime mortar veneered with red sandstone and marble and inlay work of precious/semi precious stones. The mosque and the guest house in the Taj Mahal complex are built of red sandstone in contrast to the marble tomb in the centre. Both the buildings have a large platform over the terrace at their front. Both the mosque and the guest house are the identical structures. They have an oblong massive prayer hall consist of three vaulted bays arranged in a row with central dominant portal. The frame of the portal arches and the spandrels are veneered in white marble. The spandrels are filled with flowery arabesques of stone intarsia and the arches bordered with rope molding.

Why I chose the Taj Mahal:
I chose this historical place because of it's beauty. I found it fascinating that is perfectly balanced. By this I mean that everything in it matches. It is a magnificent structure and amazes me that it was built over 400 years ago.

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LOCATION:
Stonehenge, prehistoric stone circle monument, cemetery, and archaeological site located on Salisbury Plain, about 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury, Wiltshire, England.

WHO BUILD IT?
It is not clear who built Stonehenge. The site on Salisbury Plain in England has been used for ceremonial purposes and modified by many different groups of people at different times. Archaeological evidence suggests that the first modification of the site was made by early Mesolithic hunter-gatherers. DNA analysis of bodies buried near Stonehenge suggests that some of its builders may have come from places outside of England, such as Wales or the Mediterranean. There are probably hundreds of myths and legends about Stonehenge. Various people have attributed the building of this great megalith to the Danes, Romans, Saxons, Greeks, Atlanteans, Egyptians, Phoenicians Celts, King Aurelius Ambrosious, Merlin, and even Aliens. One of the most popular beliefs was that Stonehenge was built by the Druids. These high priests of the Celts, constructed it for sacrificial ceremonies. It was John Aubrey, who first linked Stonehenge to the Druids. Additionally, Dr. William Stukeley, another Stonehenge antiquary, also claimed the Druids were Stonehenge's builders. Stukeley studied Stonehenge a century later than Aubrey and became so involved in the study of the Druid religion that he himself became one. Through his work he was very instrumental in popularizing the theory that Stonehenge was built by Druids.

WHEN WAS IT BUILT?
The monument called Stonehenge was built in six stages between 3000 and 1520 BCE. The site was used for ceremonial purposes beginning about 8000–7000 BCE. Stonehenge is perhaps the world’s most famous prehistoric monument. It was built in several stages: the first monument was an early henge monument, built about 5,000 years ago, and the unique stone circle was erected in the late Neolithic period about 2500 BC. In the early Bronze Age many burial mounds were built nearby.

WHY WAS IT BUILT?
Although we increasingly understand a great deal about who built Stonehenge and how they did it, we know very little about the reasons why it was built. One theory suggests that Stonehenge was used as a Late Neolithic burial site and a monument to the dead – or at least it was for 500 years during the first two phases of its construction from ~3,000 BC until the monuments were erected in ~2,500 BC.Charred remains were unearthed in holes around the site, known as the Aubrey Holes, that once held small standing stones. Analysis of the bones suggests they were buried during this 500-year period. After 2,500 BC, the people who used Stonehenge stopped burying human remains in the stone circle itself and began burying them in ditches around the periphery, suggesting a shift in the cultural significance of Stonehenge. In 1963 American astronomer Gerald Hawkins proposed that Stonehenge had been constructed as a “computer” to predict lunar and solar eclipses; other scientists also attributed astronomical capabilities to the monument. Most of these speculations, too, have been rejected by experts.

STEM RELATED:
For decades, archaeologists and historians have debated why Stonehenge was built, but there’s no denying that there is a relationship between the seasons and this prehistoric site. Every year, on both the winter and summer solstices, thousands of people gather at Stonehenge to watch the sunrise. On the days of the solstices, the path of the Sun lines up with the stones, suggesting that the ancient people who built this monument may have had some sort of ritual relating to the changing of the seasons.

It is related to STEM because Stonehenge was built as an engineering marvel that helped the ancient people differentiate between the four seasons throughout the year.

WHY DID I PICKED IT?
The main reason I picked Stonehenge was because it has always been a monument I want to visit with my dad. As a child, I recall how my dad would always read books and watch documentaries about Stonehenge.

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The Krafla geothermal power plant; Iceland

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The Krafla geothermal power plant; Iceland

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Location:
The Krafla Geothermal Power Plant is located in NE Iceland near the Krafla volcano and lake  Mývatn.

Source of energy:
It gets its energy from 17 high-pressure production wells with 110 kg/second of 7.7 bar and, due to new technologies, 5 low-pressure production wells with 36 kg/s of 2.2 bar. There are also 7 other wells not in use.
One of the additional wells (IDDP-1), which was drilled in the Krafla geothermal reservoir in 1999, is known for being the world's hottest geothermal well, since its borehole reaches magma at its lowest point, with a temperature of 430 °C. The right to use the well is owned by Mannvit.

What is the Output:
With 33 boreholes, it is considered to be Iceland's largest power station and it is able to produce 500 GWh of electricity annually, with an installed capacity of 60 megawatts.
Definition of GWh:
Gigawatt hours, abbreviated as GWh, is a unit of energy representing one billion (1 000 000 000) watt-hours and is equivalent to one million kilowatt-hours. Gigawatt hours are often used as a measure of the output of large electric power stations.
Definition of megawatts:
A unit of power equal to one million watts, especially as a measure of the output of a power station.

Advantages:
Geothermal energy is a type of renewable energy taken from the Earth's core. It comes from the heat generated during the original formation of the planet and the radioactive decay of materials. This thermal energy is stored in rocks and fluids in the centre of the earth.
Due to the geological location of Iceland (over a rift in continental plates), the high concentration of volcanos in the area is often an advantage in the generation of geothermal energy, heating, and making electricity. During winter, pavements near these areas (such as Reykjavík and Akureyri) are heated up. It also meets the heating and hot water requirements of approximately 87% of all buildings in Iceland. Geothermal energy also provides tourist attractions such as the Blue Lagoon, which is entirely powered by it.

Disadvantages:
Production is limited to areas near tectonic plate boundaries. In addition, some locations may cool down after decades of use.

Although it is cheaper than fossil fuels once a plant has been built, the drilling and exploration of these sites are expensive. This is in part due to the amount of wear experienced by drills and other tools in such aggressive environments.

Geothermal plants can release hydrogen sulfide, a gas that smells like rotten eggs. Finally, some geothermal fluids contain low levels of toxic materials which need to be disposed of.

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LOCATION:
Labelled as the largest, cleanest and most efficient coal-fired power station in the UK. Drax is located in Selby, Yorkshire, UK, and owned by the operating subsidiary of Drax Group, Drax Power. It has a 2.6 GW capacity for biomass and 1.29 GW capacity for coal. Its name comes from the nearby village of Drax. It is situated on the River Ouse between Selby and Goole.

WHAT IS THE ENERGY SOURCE?
Coal is transported to the station by 1,000t coal trains, with shuttle conveyors distributing the coal between the bunkers. The coal is stored here before it goes to the pulverising mills. These crush the coal into a fine powder using ten large metal balls. Each boiler has two forced draught fans that draw warm air from the top of the boiler house through large air heaters. The ‘primary’ air used to blow the coal from the mill to the boiler is supplied by a fan. Each of the six turbines consists of five separate turbines, namely one high pressure (HP), one intermediate-pressure (IP) and three low-pressure (LP).To produce steam Drax has six boilers, each weighing 4,000t. They convert energy from coal into steam at a rate of 563kg/s (4,468,243lb/h). Pure boiler feed water is turned to steam inside 480km of steel tubing by the heat of the boiler or furnace.

WHAT IS THE OUTPUT?
In 2021, all coal supplies to Drax Power Station and commercial electricity generation from coal ended in accordance with the plan for the end of coal announced in 2020. The rotary coal loader feeding the plant from the stockyard. In its original form, the station had a maximum potential consumption of 36,000 tonnes of coal a day. In 2011, it consumed 9.1 million tonnes of coal. This coal came from a mixture of both domestic and international sources, with domestic coal coming from mines in Yorkshire, the Midlands and Scotland, and foreign supplies coming from Australia, Colombia, Poland, Russia and South Africa. As of 2020, all coal was sourced internationally. Labelled as the largest, cleanest and most efficient coal-fired power station in the UK, the 4,000MW Drax plant supplies 7% of the country’s electricity needs.

ADVANTAGES:
The fuel helping keep costs down, providing reliable, flexible power in times of need. Drax Power Station produces 17% of the UK’s renewable electricity, but it has a long history as a coal-fired generator. And while today around 70% of Drax’s output is from renewable biomass, there are still instances when coal is used – for example, at times of high demand, such as in the winter months. Beyond just meeting demand for power, maintaining some operational coal capacity until it can be replaced with more biomass or gas, also allows Drax to offer flexibility and grid stability through ancillary services such as inertia, reactive power and frequency management. Ensuring these remaining coal units run as efficiently as possible is key to Drax being able to economically provide support services to the grid. And for this, alongside more conventional coals it uses something termed as advantaged fuels.

DISADVANTAGES:

An especially dangerous form of air pollution" and linked it to a number of health problems including cancers, heart disease and stroke. The smaller the particle, the deeper it can penetrate into the lungs and particles of PM2.5 [a diameter less than 2.5 micrometers] and below can even enter the bloodstream and travel to other organs, causing inflammation, DNA and tissue damage and restriction of blood vessels.

FUN FACTS:
-The power station is connected directly to the national electricity transmission grid, for which it provides a host of system support services.

-Drax has two distinctive cooling towers on the skyline around Goole. Many observers think that the towers are pumping out smoke when it is actually water vapour which does not harm the environment.

-Drax Power station provides 6% of the country’s electricity needs

-The use of biomass pellets reduces our carbon emissions by 80% compared to coal.

-The biomass domes are each taller than Blackpool Pleasure Beach’s roller coaster ‘The Big One’ – which store up to 80,000 tonnes of biomass.

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Location: Comanche Peak Nuclear Power Plant is a two-unit nuclear-fueled Peak Nuclear Power Plant is located in Glenrose, Somervell County, Texas.

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Source of energy: The Comanche nuclear power plant is a thermal power station that generates electricity using heat from nuclear reactions. Nuclear reactions take place within a nuclear reactor. Nuclear power plant has a machine which remove heat from the nuclear reactor to operate a steam turbine and generator electricity.  This power plant relies on Squaw Creek Reservoir for cooling water.
The output: Comanche peaks nuclear plant 1and 2 combined together has an output of 2,400 Mega Watt.

Advantages: Space that is needed for operating a nuclear power plant is less compared to other conventional power plants for production of same amount of energy A nuclear power plant consumes a very small quantity of fuel. The fuel transportation cost is less and large fuel storage facilities are not required. Nuclear power plants will conserve fossil fuels such as coal, oil, gas for other energy need.

Disadvantages: The radioactive wastes must be disposed of carefully to prevent any mishaps that may have an effect on the health of operators and the population nearby cities.  There are several other issues that involve nuclear power plant, the major problem faced is the disposal of highly radioactive waste in form of solid, liquid and gas without any injury to the atmosphere. The preservation of radioactive waste for long periods of time creates many difficulties. The cost to maintain a cost of the nuclear power plant is so high that only trained people are required to handle nuclear power plants.

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The name: Fountain Place. Named for the 172 fountains located in the plaza.

Location: Dallas, Texas, United States.

Tell me something about it:
The project originally called for twin building, but many scandals in the '80s as well as the collapse of Texas oil, the twin tower could not get build. But now there is a similar (not identical as originally planned) sister building next to it. This is the 5th tallest building in Dallas, and the 15th tallest in the state.
Who made it: Famous Chinese American architect I. M. Pei designed this building. He has designed many amazing structures worldwide.
When: Construction began in 1984 and completed in 1986
Why: Built to be a bank headquarters, but after the original bank merged with Wells Fargo in 1988 the named changed to Fountain Place. This is interesting because it was the first building to not take the name of the occupying bank.

How much: Cost $200 million

What is STEM related about it?
Architects and engineers are mathematicians and scientists. This building is a part of everyday life for many people. The people who constructed, designed, and built this building are important to teach students about. Science and math are everywhere, and everyone uses them in their life.

Tell me why you picked it?
I picked this building for similar reasons as my other choice. I love my city, and this is a very recognizable building that makes our skyline unique.

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Melinda McClellan- Bank of America Plaza

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Melinda McClellan- Bank of America Plaza

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The name: Bank of America Plaza, not to be confused with the Bank of America Tower in Ft. Worth. I had the names confused. Both are great architectural structures though.

Location: The iconic metropolis, Dallas, Texas, United States. Main Street District.

Tell me something about it: Bank of America Plaza is the tallest skyscraper in Dallas, and the 3rd largest in the state. 40th tallest in the country.

Who made it:
JPJ Architects. A company that has designed many buildings nationwide.

When:
Building started in 1983 and finished in 1985.

Why:
Originally built to be a bank headquarters for Citizens and Southern National Bank.

How much: This 72 story building cost $146 million.

What is STEM related about it? Tell me why you picked it?
The STEM relation is the architecture. Architects and engineers worked very hard on this, and they are real life scientists and mathematicians that students may not immediately think of when they hear those words. This building is something I see very frequently in my everyday life, and the people involved in its construction have had the lives of thousands of people in their hands, as their work if incorrect would cause their death and injury.

I picked this because I love Dallas, and this is one of the most iconic buildings in Dallas.

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Name: The Itaipu Dam. Itaipu translates to "the sounding stone," whatever that means.

Location: The Itaipu Dam is located on the Paraná River, which is a border between Brazil and Paraguay.

What is the source of energy? The source of energy comes from water. A dam is a hydroelectric power plant, that has produced the second most electricity of all dams as of 2020.

What is the output? The output is electrical energy. It works by water going into the dam from the river. The water moves through the pipes inside, and this flow will move turbines that in turn spin a generator that produces electricity. This is something I never knew. I never knew how dams worked, and I feel like this is comparable to a windmill.

Advantages and disadvantages?
The advantages are many because dams produce a lot of power, it is green power, dams can create jobs for locals, and also ensure their water supply and protection from floods. The disadvantages are however in abundance as well. Dams can break and be very costly and dangerous. The construction of dams can displace people, cause problems for aquatic life, take a long time and a lot of money to create, produce methane, the creation can include deforestation of the area, and can cause more problems for the ecosystem like increased amount of algae.

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Jessica Guardiola - Seattle Space Needle

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Jessica Guardiola - Seattle Space Needle

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Location

The Seattle Space needle is an iconic, 605-ft.-tall spire at the Seattle Center, with an observation deck & a rotating restaurant. Located in Seattle, Washington.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much’
The original architects behind the Space Needle are Edward Carlson, John Graham Jr., and Victor Steinbrueck.
Construction started on April 17, 1961, it was completed on December 8, 1961 and finally opened on April 21, 1962. It cost $4.5 million to build.

What is STEM related about it?
The architecture and function of the space needle required engineers and technicians. Also, the odd shape of it required people well trained in physics to determine if the shape will not cause problems later as a result of weight, gravity, balance, etc.

Tell me why you picked it?
I picked the Space Needle because of the shape. I think the shape of the building is very unique and I think it ties in with science and math pretty well. I think explaining buildings to students and the math and science behind these building would be very interesting and the space needle would definitely be on my list.

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Location

Big Ben is located in London, England. The clock stands at the north end of the Palace of Westminster.

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much’

The tower was designed by Augustus Pugin in a neo-Gothic style. When completed in 1859, its clock was the largest and most accurate four-faced striking and chiming clock in the world. The original cost of the project to the taxpayers and creditors was estimated to be roughly £29 million, but this was then more than doubled, to £69 million.

What is STEM related about it?
Big Ben is very large clock and it is considered to be very accurate. It lights up at night and when parliament is in session. This is stem related because it is a mechanical tower that requires frequent maintenance from skilled mechanics and engineers.

Tell me why you picked it?
I picked Big Ben because I think it is very interesting and unique. It is a clock tower that stands tall and chimes loud. I also picked it because I would love to visit it one day and I think the design is beautiful.

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Jessica Guardiola - Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park

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Jessica Guardiola - Huanghe Hydropower Hainan Solar Park

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Location:
Huanghe Hydropower's Golmud Solar park is a 200 megawatt photovoltaic power station located in Golmud, Qinghai Province, China. Construction began in August 2009.

Source of Energy
A power generation method that converts energy from the sun into electricity. It uses solar panels that are often arranged on a building or concentrated in solar farms to facilitate a reaction that converts sun's light radiation into electricity.

Output
The complex is connected to an ultra-high voltage power line that State Grid Corp. of China is building to connect the far northwestern parts of the country to the more densely populated eastern provinces. The line will extend 1,587 kilometers across Qinghai, Gansu, Shaanxi and Henan provinces.

Advantages

The advantages of solar power are Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.Solar energy will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world's oil reserves will last for 30 to 40 years. Solar energy causes no pollution.

Disadvantages
Some disadvantages are that they take up a lot of space. Also, the output levels can be affected by weather conditions. It may impact the local environment in negative ways. Lastly, Solar farms are expensive to build.

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The name:
The African Renaissance Monument

Location:
The African Renaissance Monument is a 52 m tall copper statue located on top of one of the twin hills known as Collines des Mamelles, outside Dakar, Senegal.

Tell me something about it:
Built overlooking the Atlantic Ocean in the Ouakam suburb, the statue was designed by the Senegalese architect Pierre Goudiaby after an idea presented by president Abdoulaye Wade and built by Mansudae Overseas Projects, a company from North Korea.

The Monument to the African Renaissance is meant to draw tourists and pride to Senegal’s capital, Dakar. But the huge bronze statue is drawing criticism from some in Senegal’s mostly Muslim population.

The African Renaissance Monument also referred to as Monument to the African Renaissance and Monument De La Renaissance Africaine, is a bronze statue perched on a hill in Dakar, Senegal.

The representation of a man, woman, and child emerging from a volcano was inaugurated at a ceremony on April 3, 2010, featuring hundreds of drummers and dancers.

What is STEM-related about it?
The materials and the structure of the statue.
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (such as aluminum, manganese, nickel or zinc) and sometimes non-metals or metalloids such as arsenic, phosphorus or silicon.

These additions produce a range of alloys that may be harder than copper alone, or have other useful properties, such as strength, ductility, or machinability.

Tell me why you picked it?

This is one place I would love to go. And it's one of the most beautiful statues I have seen.

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The name:
John Hope Humiliation Tower

Location:

John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park is a National Literary Landmark. John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park: International Site of Consciousness 302-322 N. Elgin Ave., Tulsa, OK 74120

Visiting this outdoor attraction and National Literary Landmark is like entering a zone of respite in the buzz of downtown traffic and bustle.

Tell me something about it:

The Literary Landmarks Association was founded in 1986 by former Friends of the Library USA (FOLUSA) president Frederick G. Ruffner to encourage the dedication of historic literary sites. On May 31, 2018, the John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park was dedicated as a Literary Landmark in honor of the late Dr. John Hope Franklin.

John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park continues the American tradition of erecting memorials based on tragic events by giving voice to the untold story of the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot and the important role African Americans played in building Oklahoma. John Hope Franklin Reconciliation Park is open for docent-led tours.

What is STEM-related about it?
It's STEM-related because the statue was created by an engineer.

Engineering and Mathematics) are linked with generating high levels of productivity, creating better jobs (and more of them) as well as securing healthy economies.

Tell me why you picked it?

I picked it because the destroying of Black Wall Street was a very disparaging event for my African American Race. And I just started really keeping up with all the stories and history behind it.

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Location‌:  ‌

The Dalles Dam is a concrete-gravity run-of-the-river dam spanning the Columbia River, two miles (3 km) east of the city of The Dalles, Oregon, United States. It joins Wasco County, Oregon with Klickitat County, Washington, 300 miles (309 km) upriver from the mouth of the Columbia near Astoria

What‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌source‌ ‌of‌ ‌energy?‌ ‌ ‌
The Dalles Dam, located near the mouth of the Columbia River on the Washington-Oregon border, is one of the country’s 10 largest hydroelectric power plants.

What‌ ‌is‌ ‌the‌ ‌output?‌ ‌ ‌

more than 9.2 billion kilowatt-hours

Advantages‌ ‌and‌ ‌disadvantages?‌

Advantages
1. Dams provide us with a source of clean energy.
Hydroelectricity is responsible for 19% of the world’s energy supply, offering over 3000 terawatts each year. We can produce power from dams because of the kinetic energy of the water movements as it causes turbines to spin. That’s what allows us to generate electricity that is clean and renewable. Once the dam gets entirely constructed, we no longer have a dependence on fossil fuels to be responsible for the energy we need to maintain a modern lifestyle.

The United States is one of the largest producers of hydroelectricity in the world today, even with the reduction of operational facilities. Americans generate over 103,000 megawatts of renewable electricity with this resource, with only Canada currently creating more power in this way.

2. Dams help us to retain our water supply.
When we take an opportunity to dam a river, then the water will pool to form a reservoir behind the structure. This outcome allows the population centers in that region to collect fresh water during periods of heavy precipitation for use during a dry spell or drought. We also use this engineering marvel to control floodwaters or to supply a fixed amount of fluid to the surrounding areas for agricultural irrigation.

Disadvantages
1. Dams can displace a significant number of people.
An estimated 500 million people have been displaced by dams in the last two centuries because of the reservoirs that form behind each structure. As the surrounding dry areas get flooded, we no longer have the option to use land that was previously accessible for a variety of purposes. That means local agricultural activities go through a disruption process, even though the eventual increase in available water supports more irrigation.

2. Reservoirs behind a dam can lead to higher greenhouse gas emissions.
When vegetation gets engulfed in water, then the plants will eventually die. When this outcome occurs, the dead organic material releases methane that ultimately makes its way into the atmosphere. The increase in the production of greenhouse gases is significant because methane is up to 20 times more potent as a reflector than carbon dioxide.

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Noenna Holmes-International Space Station, In outer space 

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Noenna Holmes-International Space Station, In outer space 

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The first piece of the International Space Station was launched into space in November of 1998. Two weeks later the piece of the station named Endeavor was added to Zarya the control piece. Over the next two years more and more pieces were added until the first people went to stay there on November 2, 2002. Completion of the Station didn't finish until 2011.
The space station has the volume of a five-bedroom house or two Boeing 747 jetliners. It is able to support a crew of six people, plus visitors. On Earth, the space station would weigh almost a million pounds. Measured from the edges of its solar arrays, the station covers the area of a football field including the end zones. It includes laboratory modules from the United States, Russia, Japan and Europe.

The ISS is more than 20 years old and costs NASA about $4 billion a year to operate.  Moreover, the ISS cost a total of $150 billion to develop and build, with NASA picking up most of that bill while Russia, Europe, Japan and Canada each contributed

How is it STEM Related?
the ISS National Lab has developed the National Design Challenge (NDC), a pilot program for a STEM education initiative. NDC is designed to give educators and students access to the research potential of the International Space Station (ISS) U.S. National Laboratory (NL).

The NDC will be implemented in middle and high schools in Denver and the surrounding area. Schools will compete to design and implement their own authentic research experiment in an ArduLab that will be sent to the space station. While on orbit, the data from these research experiments will be available for all participants to see and use in their classrooms. Students will be able to compare their ground-based and flight-based experiment data via an ISS downlink.

Why did I choose it?
I chose this because of its location. This is not on Earth but continues to be an important part of the survival of the Earth and our resources. I also think living in space is interesting because of the no gravity up there.

https://youtu.be/OyaXBrttBFQ

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 Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM, La Palma, Canary Islands)

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Noenna Holmes-The gran telescopio canarias, The canary Islands of Spain 

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Noenna Holmes-The gran telescopio canarias, The canary Islands of Spain 

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It is located in one of the top astronomical sites in the Northern Hemisphere: the Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos (ORM, La Palma, Canary Islands).

The name- The Gran Telescopio Canarias

Location- The canary Islands of Spain

Tell me something about it, who made it , when, why, how much
$180-million, 147-foot-tall behemoth that took nine years to build.  In 1994 a company by the name of GRANTECAN S.A. was founded to design and construct the Telescope, with the help of the local government of the canary islands, the Spanish Gov., agreements through the Mexican Government and the united states with the university of Florida the telescope was built. The Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC), is currently the largest and one of the most advanced optical and infra-red telescopes in the world. Its primary mirror consists of 36 individual hexagonal segments that together act as a single mirror. GTC is the largest telescope thanks to its huge light collecting surface of 75.7 square meters (73 m² effective area).

What is STEM related about it?
Being the largest telescope in the world and thanks to its location at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, the telescope will allow the study of key questions in astrophysics such as the nature of black holes, the formation history of stars and galaxies in the early universe, the physics of distant planets around other stars, and the nature of dark matter and dark energy in the universe

Tell me why you picked it?
I picked this because of it uniqueness in astrophysics. This is the largest telescope in the world and it answers questions about how the galaxies formed and how dark matter and dark energy came to be. This interests me because no other telescope is bigger or has the functionality of this one.

https://youtu.be/9YgACusQaTE

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Hellisheiði Power Station, Hengill, Iceland

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Noenna Holmes- Hellisheiði Power Station, Iceland

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Noenna Holmes- Hellisheiði Power Station, Iceland

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This Geothermal Power Plant in Hengill Iceland provides electricity and hot water for space heating in the industrial and domestic sectors in Iceland. The Geothermal Energy Exhibition exists to show how the geothermal forces beneath the earth in Iceland work, and how they are utilized; it also explains the purpose and functions of the adjacent power plant. Both of these Plants exist because of the Mid-Atlantic Rift. This rift runs through Iceland, separating the North American and Eurasian tectonic plates. As they pull apart, magma is brought up from the mantle, making Iceland prone to earthquakes and eruptions, and a hot-bed of geothermal activity.

What is the source of energy?
To access the potential energy under the surface, wells reach thousands of meters into the ground. They penetrate reservoirs of pressurized water. Heated by the Earth’s energy, this water can be more than 300°C in temperature. When released the water boils up from the well, turning partly to steam on its way. At Hellisheidi, the steam is separated from the water to power some of the plant’s seven turbines. Depressurized the water creates more steam, used to power other turbines.

What is the output?
Production capacity is 303 MW electricity and 133 MW thermal energy.

Advantages and disadvantages?

Advantage -clean, sustainable power dramatically different from the murky, fossilized industry they are used to.
Geothermal energy is used in Iceland to provide hot water to the towns, and for electricity (although it is a common
misconception that this is the main source of electricity, which is actually hydro-power). Over 70 percent of Iceland’s primary energy consumption is from renewable sources.
Non-renewable sources are mainly only used for transport.

Disadvantages- some of Iceland’s renewable energy resources have been misused to generate private profits for companies outside of the country. While, the benefits for the local population are, at best, questionable and large areas of unique nature have been lost forever.

https://youtu.be/CGyUXNDGR10

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The construction of the Arc de Triomphe in Paris was ordered in 1806 by Napoleon, the French Emperor. The purpose of the Arch was to perpetuate the memory of the victories of the French army. The first stone was laid on August 15 of 1806, and the monument finished 30 years later, in 1836. This monument had many architects- Jean Chalgrin, Jean-Arnaud Raymond, Guillaume-Abel Blouet, Jean-Nicolas Huyot, Louis-Robert Goust. The names of 128 battles of the first French Republic and Napoleon’s Empire are written on the white walls under the vault together with the names of the generals who took part in them.

How is it STEM related: This structure is STEM related because measurements and calculations were required to make this arc stand alone. So much had to be taken into consideration to build this beautiful monument, especially symmetry, so that each side was exactly the same and fit together to make one arc.

Why I chose this: I chose this monument because I really like the reason for it being built. It was to honor all the battles that the French Army had won. It was an act of remembrance and appreciation.

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Machu Picchu is believed to have been built by Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, the ninth ruler of the Inca, in the mid-1400s. An empire builder, Pachacuti initiated a series of conquests that would eventually see the Inca grow into a South American realm that stretched from Ecuador to Chile. Many archaeologists believe that Machu Picchu was constructed as a royal estate of sorts. It would have been used by the emperor and his family as a temporary respite, the site supporting a small number of year-round caretakers.

How is it STEM related: The creation of Machu Picchu is related to STEM because the granite stones have been proven to have been cut precisely in order for all the pieces to fit together perfectly. That takes measurement and calculations. And because of those precise calculations, that is probably why it is still standing today.

Why I picked it: When looking for a structure that was manmade, this one really stood out. It was made so beautifully and so high in the mountains. I was truly amazed by this architecture.

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Location: San Luis Obispo County, California

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Source of energy: This power plant uses water from the ocean, in order to operate. This process actually kills a lot of marine life.
The output: Diablo Canyon produces 18,000 GWh, of electricity, annually. This is 10% of the state's energy portfolio.
Advantages: This power plant operates at a lower nuclear fuel temperature. Because this powerplant has fewer pipes, and fewer welds, it has a lower risk of rupturing.
Disadvantages: The power plant is very expensive. This power plant has been around since 1985, making it very old. It is not efficient to replace what needs to be fixed. Which is why the power plant is planned to shut down in 2025.

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Bianca Salinas
Location

Hoover Dam and Lake Mead, spanning the Arizona-Nevada state line, are located in the Black Canyon of the Colorado River about 35 miles southeast of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is a concrete thick-arch structure, 726.4 feet high and 1,244 feet long. The dam contains 3.25 million cubic yards of concrete; total concrete in the dam and appurtenant works is 4.4 million cubic yards.

What is the source of energy?

Hydropower at Hoover Dam

Hoover Dam generates, on average, about 4 billion kilowatt-hours of hydroelectric power each year for use in Nevada, Arizona, and California - enough to serve 1.3 million people. From 1939 to 1949, Hoover Powerplant was the world's largest hydroelectric installation; today, it is still one of the country's largest.

What is the output?

There 17 main turbines in the Hoover Powerplant -- nine on the Arizona wing and eight on the Nevada wing. The original turbines were replaced through an uprating program between 1986 and 1993. The plant has a nameplate capacity of about 2,080 megawatts. This includes the two station-service units (small generating units that provide power for plant operations), which are rated at 2.4 megawatts each. With the main units having a combined rated capacity of 2,991,000 horsepower, and two station-service units rated at 3,500 horsepower each, the plant has a rated capacity of 2,998,000 horsepower.

Advantages and disadvantages?

Advantages

It prevents flooding, provides HydroElectric Power and provides a road over the Colorado river.

Provides hydroelectricity

Way over the Colorado River/improved navigation

Disadvantages

Causes fish populations to shrink which damages the food chain drastically, is expensive to build as well as extremely expensive to maintain and can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water

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Bianca Salinas
Location

On the Giza plateau near the modern city of Cairo and was built over a twenty-year period during the reign of the king Khufu (2589-2566 BCE, also known as Cheops) of the 4th Dynasty.

Tell me something about it

The Great Pyramid was the tallest structure made by human hands in the world; a record it held for over 3,000 years and one unlikely to be broken.

Who made it and when?

The pyramid was first excavated using modern techniques and scientific analysis in 1880 CE by Sir William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942 CE), the British archaeologist who set the standard for archaeological operations in Egypt generally and at Giza specifically.

Why?

Egypt's pharaohs expected to become gods in the afterlife. To prepare for the next world they erected temples to the gods and massive pyramid tombs for themselves filled with all the things each ruler would need to guide and sustain himself in the next world.

How much?

If the pyramid was created today…the cost per ton of limestone by the average weight of the Giza blocks (about 2.5 tons) to get our material costs of $1.14 billion. With labor estimates of approximately $102 million from HomeAdvisor, we estimate the costs to build the Great Pyramid today to be a whopping $1.2 billion.

How is it STEM related?

The scale and precision of the pyramids demonstrate the Egyptians’ extraordinary skills in mathematics, astronomy, logistics and advanced engineering.

Tell me why you picked it?

I picked The Great Pyramid of Giza because it was built around 4,500 years ago. Back when the people didn’t have the machinery like we would use today to build our new structures so to think how they created this 481 ft structure with pulleys and humans.

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Bianca Salinas
Location

Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower is a skyscraper in the Nishi-Shinjuku high-rise district in Tokyo, Japan. It is located between Shinjuku Station and the Shinjuku Central Business District. Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower is the second-tallest educational building in the world and the seventeenth tallest building in Tokyo.

Tell me something about it

Contains 3 different schools: Tokyo Mode Gakuen (fashion), HAL Tokyo (IT and digital contents) and Shuto Iko (medical treatments and care). The building’s innovative shape and cutting edge facade embodies our unique “Cocoon” concept. Embraced within this incubating form, students are inspired to create, grow and transform.

Who made it

Paul Noritaka Tange is the current Chairman and Principal Architect of the multi-awarded Tokyo-based Japanese architectural firm, Tange Associates. Founded by his father, Kenzo Tangea 1987 Pritzker Laureate Tange Associates is known for combining traditional Japanese artistry with modern perspectives

When?

Built on the former site of the now demolished Asahi Mutual Life Insurance Company headquarters, construction of the Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower began in May 2006 and was completed in October 2008. It is the second-tallest educational building in the world and is the 17th-tallest building in Tokyo.

Why?

Literally a vertical campus, the tower accommodates approximately 10,000 students across the three vocational schools sharing the building. These include: the fashion school Tokyo Mode Gakuen; HAL Tokyo, an information and technology school; and Shuto Iko, a medical welfare school. Mode Gakuen operates all three.

How much?

Students are said to be educated inside the 50-level tower and metaphorically transformed into something bigger and more beautiful. Height: 492 meters. Cost to build: $1.2 billion.

How is it STEM related?

The tower has been designed keeping in mind the environment. This includes an integrated system within the construct that produces about 40% of electricity and thermal energy consumed by the building, greatly increasing operational efficiency and reducing costs. It also reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming.

The elliptical shape allows uniform distribution of sunlight, thereby limiting heat radiation around, while ensuring that aerodynamically disperses the strong currents of wind that hit the top of the city.

Tell me why you picked it?

I picked Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower not only because I wish to travel to Japan one day but because it is the second-tallest educational building in the world and is the 17th-tallest building in Tokyo. Also, it reduces greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming. The building is so fascinating

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Location: Sumida, Tokyo.

About: Tokyo Skytree is a broadcasting and observation tower in Sumida, Tokyo. Tokyo Sky Tree was designed by the Japanese architectural firm Nikken Sekkei. Construction began on July 14, 2008, and was completed in February 2012.  At an impressive 634 meters tall, the Tokyo Sky Tree's purpose is to act as a digital broadcaster, and although Dubai claims the title of the tallest man-made structure, the Burj Khalifa at 829 meters, Tokyo's new landmark holds the record for the tallest freestanding construction.  The cost to build this tower was 65 billion JPY which is 573,571,570.00 dollars.

STEM:
The more you raise a building, its foundations are subject generally proportionally greater traction and thrust down.
In the case of the Sky Tree Tower, its structure is particularly subjected to a greater force. Its foundations must be designed to withstand such forces, making nodular forms on the walls of the batteries to increase the frictional resistance. The nodes are battery based on the pins of the nails of the shoes. Also, to be connected continuously, in radial directions, these walls serve a similar function to the roots of a giant tree monolithically integrated on earth. The steel beams are connected rigidly to fully charge the external force applied continuously on the ground. Noting the entire structural system can be said to be “a giant tree growing from the ground.”

Why did you pick this building?
The reason I picked this building was because it resembles safety for the city it stands on. In other words, it contains safety features to resist against earthquakes, which amazes me due to its height. If you build a tall tower made out of LEGO'S on a table, and you move the table, the tower will collapse due to its height. However, the Tokyo Skytree was built to prevent it from endangering its surroundings.

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The Empire State Building (Reina Herrera)   

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The Empire State Building (Reina Herrera)   

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Location: The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States.

About: It was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the state of New York. The Empire State Building was officially built to host corporate business offices. Less officially, the Empire State Building was also built to be the tallest building in the world. The competition to beat at the time of its construction (it was completed in 1931) included the New York City skyscrapers Bank of Manhattan Building and Chrysler Building. At the time, the Empire State Building cost just under $41 million to build, including the cost of buying and demolishing the Waldorf-Astoria hotel that used to sit at the site. In today’s dollars, that’s more than $673 million. Because of the Great Depression, construction costs ended up being much lower than initially planned.

STEM:
The exterior of the Empire State Building is composed of 200,000 cubic feet of Indiana limestone and granite, 10 million bricks and 730 tons of aluminum and stainless steel. All these things are considered non-renewable resources. Therefore, since these things are becoming limited compared to the days it was built, it would affect architects from building another Empire State Building in the future.

Why did you pick this building:
The reason I chose this building was because I visited it back in 2018, and I always wondered why this building was so big. Therefore, when I was asked to pick a large man-made structure, this building automatically came to mind.

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Location: Solar photovoltaic power plant in San Luis Obispo County, California

Source of Energy: Solar power is the conversion of energy from sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), indirectly using concentrated solar power, or a combination. Photovoltaics is the conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and solar tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaic cells convert light into an electric current using the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is the generation of voltage and electric current in a material upon exposure to light.

Output:
Located on the northwestern corner of the Carrisa Plains, the 550 megawatt Topaz Solar Farm produces sufficient electricity to power 160,000 average California homes.
The annual output is 1,100GWh.

Advantages and Disadvantages:
The advantages would be that solar power is pollution-free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation. Also, reduced dependence on foreign oil and fossil fuels. Nevertheless, renewable clean power that is available every day of the year, even cloudy days, produce some power. However, the disadvantages would be high initial costs for material and installation and long ROI. Also, solar panels are not being massed produced due to a lack of material and technology to lower the cost enough to be more affordable. In other words, this will mostly be effective in the summer, otherwise there will be lowered solar production in the winter or on cloudy days.

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Location: New York, New York

About:  It was 1865 when Frenchman Édouard de Laboulaye proposed the idea of presenting a monumental gift from the people of France to the people of the United States. An ardent supporter of America, Laboulaye wished to commemorate the centennial of the Declaration of Independence as well as celebrate the close relationship between France and America. He was equally moved by the recent abolition of slavery in the U.S., which furthered America’s ideals of liberty and freedom. The sculptor is Sculptor Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi. The statue of liberty was built in September 1875. The Statue of Liberty cost approximately $250,000 to build (in 1880 dollars) and was paid for by the French people - not the French government - through a creative fundraising effort that we recognize today as crowdfunding.

STEM-related: The Statue of Liberty is known today for its iconic blue-green tint. However, it has not always been this recognizable color. When the statue was first unveiled to the American people in 1886, it was a shiny copper color, just like a penny! This is because the surface of the Statue of Liberty is covered with thin copper sheets, the same element that pennies are made of. It took about twenty years of exposure to weather to turn the Statue of Liberty from its shiny new penny color, to the green it is today. This color change can be explained by science. What happened to the Statue of Liberty can be explained by a chemical reaction. The thin copper sheets on the outside of the statue react with the oxygen in the air and produce green oxide. In the Statue of Liberty’s case, this copper oxide continues to react to make copper carbonates, copper sulfide, and copper sulfate. These three main compounds produce a blue-green color. The chemical reaction, which creates this color, is just a patina on the metal that is created to protect the metal from corrosion and degradation.

Why I chose it: I chose it because I've always seen it in pictures and it looks beautiful. I have never seen it, but I would love to someday. The fact that it was a gift from France is very touching.

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Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates

About: At over 828 meters (2,716.5 feet) and more than 160 stories, Burj Khalifa is the tallest building in the world. The architects are Adrian Smith, George Efstathiou, and Matthew Strabala. Construction started in 2004 and was finished in 2010. The decision to build Burj Khalifa was reportedly based on the government's decision to diversify from an oil-based economy to one that is service and tourism-based. The total to build this skyscraper was $1.5 Billion.

STEM-related: Sustainability was extremely important during construction – the exterior cladding is silver coated to improve insulation, and solar panels were installed to heat up to 140,000 liters of water per day. A cool fun fact, the gardens are watered using condensation from the air conditioning system.

Why I chose it: I chose this skyscraper because I visited it back in 2017 and was blown away. The technology inside was impressive along with the views. It was amazing!

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Location: Sweetwater, Texas

Source of Energy: Wind turbines work on a simple principle: instead of using electricity to make wind like a fan wind turbines use the wind to make electricity. The wind turns the propeller-like blades of a turbine around a rotor, which spins a generator, which creates electricity.

Output: The wind farm uses 627 turbines with an installed capacity of 781.5 MW to generate enough power for over 260,000 homes. The annual net output is 2,174 GW⋅h

Advantages and Disadvantages: The advantages of wind energy is a renewable and clean source of energy, low operating costs, and efficient use of land space. The disadvantages would be its unpredictability; wind energy cannot be produced consistently. Energy will only be produced when the wind blows. Another disadvantage would be a threat to wildlife. Although wind energy does not cause environmental problems through greenhouse gas emissions, however, turbines can have an impact on wildlife. For example, birds, bats, and other flying creatures have slim chances of surviving when taking a direct hit from a rotating wind turbine blade.