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D1. analyse some of the effects of climate change around the world, and assess the effectiveness of initiatives that attempt to address the issue of climate change;

D2. investigate various natural and human factors that influence Earth’s climate and climate change;

D3. demonstrate an understanding of natural and human factors, including the greenhouse effect, that influence Earth’s climate and contribute to climate change.

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Climate change is defined as a shift in a location's normal weather patterns. This could be due to a change in the amount of rain that a location typically receives in a year. It could also be a change in a location's normal temperature for a month or season. Climate change refers to changes in the Earth's climate. This could be due to a change in the average temperature of the Earth. It could also be a shift in where rain and snow normally fall on Earth.

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Ecological Footprint, Earth Overshoot Day (ADD MORE)

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Ecological Footprint, Earth Overshoot Day (ADD MORE)

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Ecological Footprint Accounting quantifies the demand for and supply of natural resources. The Ecological Footprint measures how productive surface areas are used. Cropland, grazing land, fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land are typical examples of these areas.

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Greenhouse Gases

CO2 - Carbon dioxide is an acidic colourless gas with a density that is approximately 53% greater than that of dry air. A carbon atom is covalently double bonded to two oxygen atoms to form a carbon dioxide molecule. It exists naturally as a trace gas in the Earth's atmosphere.

CH4 - Methane is a colourless, odourless, flammable gas that is the most basic hydrocarbon and the primary component of natural gas. Industrial processes, fossil fuel extraction, coal mines, incomplete fossil fuel combustion, and garbage decomposition in landfills all emit methane.

N2O - Nitrous oxide (N2O), also known as "laughing gas," is a chemical compound with the formula N2O. It is a colourless, non-flammable gas with a pleasant, slightly sweet odour and taste at room temperature. Its anaesthetic and analgesic properties make it useful in surgery and dentistry.

SF6 - Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) is a non-toxic, inert, insulating, and cooling gas with a high dielectric strength and thermal stability. The excellent electrical, thermal, and chemical properties of SF6 have enabled the development of new equipment with increased capacity and improved performance.

NF3 - Nitrogen trifluoride is a colourless, non-flammable, toxic gas with a slight musty odour. It is increasingly being used in the production of flat-panel displays, photovoltaics, LEDs, and other microelectronics. Nitrogen trifluoride is also a potent and long-lasting greenhouse gas.

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Renewable energy is defined as energy derived from natural processes that is replenished at the same or faster rate than it is consumed. Renewable energy can be derived directly or indirectly from the sun or from heat generated deep within the earth. They include solar, wind, geothermal, hydropower, and ocean energy, as well as solid biomass, biogas, and liquid biofuels. However, biomass is only a renewable resource if the rate of consumption does not exceed the rate of regeneration. To take advantage of these natural resources, a broad range of energy-producing technologies and equipment have been changed over time. As a result, usable energy in the form of electricity, industrial heat, thermal energy for space and water conditioning, and transportation fuels can be generated.

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Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear fission, nuclear decay, and nuclear fusion reactions can all produce power. Currently, the vast majority of nuclear power electricity is generated by nuclear fission of uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants.

Nuclear power plants generate steam by heating water. The steam is used to spin large turbines, which produce electricity. Nuclear power plants use the heat generated by nuclear fission to heat water. Atoms are split apart to form smaller atoms in nuclear fission, releasing energy.

Nuclear power generates radioactive waste.

The generation of nuclear waste such as uranium mill tailings, used reactor fuel, and other radioactive wastes is a serious environmental issue associated with nuclear power. For thousands of years, these materials can continue to stay radioactive and hazardous to human health.

Radioactive waste is stored in such a way that there is no risk of radiation exposure to people or pollution.

Because the radioactivity of the waste decays over time, there is a strong motivation to store high-level waste for about 50 years before waste.

Low-level waste disposal is simple and can be done safely almost anywhere.

Used fuel is typically stored under water for at least five years before being moved to dry storage.

Underground storage disposal is widely accepted as the best solution for the final disposal of the majority of radioactive waste produced.

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Paleoclimatology, or the study of past climates, relies on proxy data to reconstruct past climate conditions. These proxy data are physical characteristics of the environment that have been preserved and can be used in place of direct measurements. Paleoclimatologists collect proxy data from natural climate recorders such as tree rings, ice cores, fossil pollen, ocean sediments, corals, and historical records. Scientists can expand our understanding of climate far beyond the instrumental record by analyzing records from these and other proxy sources. Tree rings can tell us about past climates. Each year, a tree produces one large light ring and one thin darker ring. They will be thickest in good growing conditions (warm and wet), and thinner in poor growing conditions (cold and dry).

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Climate change refers to a long-term change in the normal weather conditions of a region, such as temperature and rainfall. For example, glaciers covered much of the United States 20,000 years ago. Today's climate in the United States is warmer, with fewer glaciers.

Global climate change refers to long-term average changes across the entire planet. These include rising temperatures and precipitation changes, as well as the effects of global warming, such as
Increasing sea levels
Mountain glaciers are receding.
Greenland, Antarctica, and the Arctic are melting at a faster rate than usual.
Changes in the blooming times of flowers and plants.
Even before humans arrived on the scene, the Earth's climate was constantly changing. However, scientists have recently noticed unusual changes. For example, over the last 150 years, the average temperature of the Earth has risen much faster than expected.

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Fracking is the process of drilling into the earth before directing a high-pressure water mixture at the rock to release the gas within.

Water, sand, and chemicals are injected at high pressure into the rock, allowing the gas to flow out to the well's head.

The process can be carried out vertically or horizontally to the rock layer, which can create new pathways for gas release or be used to extend existing channels.

Fracking produces a large amount of methane, a dangerous greenhouse gas.

Pros of Fracking

1. Access to more gas and oil reserves

2. Self-sufficiency

3. Reduced coal production

4. Jobs creation

5. Energy security

6. Reduced water intensity compared to coal

Cons of Fracking

1. Water contamination

2. Earthquakes

3. Industrialization

4. Ecological destruction

5. High water consumption

6. Carbon emissions

7. Stunting renewables

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The more carbon dioxide people emitted into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, the more carbon dioxide the oceans absorbed. The ocean would continue to absorb increasing amounts of CO2 until global warming heated the ocean sufficiently to slow down ocean circulation. When water trapped at the ocean's surface becomes saturated, the ocean's carbon uptake slows. If the ocean begins to absorb less carbon as a result of global warming, more carbon remains in the atmosphere, where it can contribute to further warming. Scientists wanted to know how the ocean carbon cycle might change in order to make more accurate predictions about global warming.