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1. Leaving a Place of Poverty to Gain Wealth
2. Political Conditions
3. War
4. Social and Cultural Practices

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The Trade Facilitation and Enforcement Act 2015

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The Trade Facilitation and Enforcement Act 2015

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Allows for stiffer enforcement by the U.S. Customs and Border Protection  Agency of supply chains of goods made by child or forced labor.  The Act enables ICE to investigate the production of any good reported to be a product of child or forced labor and ban the goods from entry into the U.S.

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The National Defense Authorization Act 2013

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The National Defense Authorization Act 2013

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Requires a written certification for all grants and contracts over $500,000 that no party involved will engage in or support human trafficking.  It also gives governmental agencies the ability to terminate, without penalty, any contract or grant with any organization or individual that engages in human trafficking.

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The Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitations of Children Today (PROTECT). Established enhanced penalties for individuals engaging in sex tourism with children, both within the United States and in other countries.

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Was created to be a tool for the federal government to more effectively prosecute members of organized crime for racketeering offenses.  Federal human trafficking offenses are included as racketeering offenses.

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The Customs Facilitations and Trade Enforcement Act

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The Customs Facilitations and Trade Enforcement Act

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Prohibits the sale of goods made through the use of coercion or goods made by victims of human trafficking.

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Puts into place emergency response provisions within the State Department to respond to disaster areas and crises where people are particularly susceptible to being trafficked.  It also established measures to prevent child marriage and strengthened collaboration efforts between state and local law enforcement.

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Expanded anti trafficking prevention strategies and expanded protections available with the T Visa. It also regulated that all unaccompanied alien children be screened as potential victims of human trafficking.

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Established a pilot program for sheltering human trafficking victims who are minors and provided grant programs to assist state and local law enforcement combat trafficking. It also included provisions to combat sex tourism and regulated government contracts to ensure they are not made with individuals or organizations that promote or engage in human trafficking.

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You can call them at  1-888-373-7888 (TTY: 711) or text them at 233733.

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Polaris received $1.5 million through competitive funding through the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Grant # 90ZV0134-01-00. The project will be financed with 37.5% of federal funds and 62.5% ($2.5 million) by non-governmental sources.

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Established human trafficking as a chargeable crime under the Racketeering Influenced Corrupt Organizations (RICO) statute.  It provided a civil right of action for trafficking victims to sue their traffickers. It further protected victims and their families from deportation, and required that the Attorney General report to Congress annually on the activities of the U.S. government in the fight against trafficking.

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Trafficked in America (full documentary) | FRONTLINE

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The growing awareness of human trafficking in the United States and abroad require governmental and nongovernmental entities to rethink old policies and develop new ones for identifying and serving victims. These definitions affect how these victims are treated (as victims or as delinquents), and their eligibility for services.

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United Nations: Trafficking is the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of people through force, fraud, or deception, with the aim of exploiting them for profit. Men, women and children of all ages and from all backgrounds can become victims of this crime, which occurs in every region of the world.

United States: Human trafficking involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act.

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Force: Includes physical restraint, physical harm, sexual assault, and beatings. Monitoring and confinement is often used to control victims, especially during early stages of victimization to break down the victim's resistance.
Fraud: Includes false promises regarding employment, wages, working conditions, love, marriage, or better life. Over time, there may be unexpected changes in work conditions, compensation or debt agreements, or nature of relationship.
Coercion: Includes threats of serious harm to or physical restraint against any person, psychological manipulation, document confiscation, and shame and fear-inducing threats to share information or pictures with others or report to authorities.

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Commercial Sex Act: is any sex act on account of anything of value given to or received by any person.
Involuntary Servitude: is any scheme, plan, or pattern intended to cause a person to believe that, if the person didn't not enter into or continue in such condition, that person or another person would suffer serious harm or physical restraint; or the abuse or threatened abuse of the legal process.
Debt Bondage: includes a pledge of services by the debtor or someone under debtor's control to pay down known or unknown charges (e.g. fees for transportation, boarding, food, and other incidentals; interest, fines for missing quotas, and charges for 'bad behavior'). The length and nature of those services are not respectively limited and defined, where an individual is trapped in a cycle of debt that they can never pay down.
Peonage: is a status or condition of involuntary servitude based on real or alleged indebtedness.
Slavery: is the state of being under the ownership or control of someone where a person is forced to work for another.

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Human Trafficking: Some worldwide facts.

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24.9 million people are victims of forced labor.

16 million people are trafficked for forced labor in the private economy.

4.8 million people are trafficked for forced sexual exploitation.

1.0 million children are trafficked for commercial sexual exploitation.

71% of human trafficking victims are women and girls.

Approximately 50,000 people are trafficked into the US each year, most often from Mexico and the Philippines.

52% of the criminal human trafficking cases active in the US were sex trafficking cases involving only children.

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The Trafficking Victims Protections Act of 2000

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The Trafficking Victims Protections Act of 2000

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Established methods of prosecuting traffickers, preventing human trafficking, and protecting victims and survivors of trafficking. The act establishes human trafficking and related offenses as federal crimes. It established the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which is required to publish a Trafficking In Persons (TIP) report each year. The TIP report describes and ranks the efforts of countries to combat human trafficking. The act also established the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, which assists in the implementation of the TVPA.  It provides for restitution for victims and immigration relief through the T Visa.

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Individuals who are:

Drug/Alcohol Seeking

Running Away/ Homeless

In Foster Care

Distrustful of Authority Figures

Has Low Self-Esteem/Seeking Validation in Unhealthy Ways

Self-Harmers (Cutting)

In Need of Money or Other Basic Needs

Craving Love and Validation

Individuals that have Learning Difficulties

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New influx of cash

Missing school

Hair/Nails out of the ordinary

Hotel keys

Condoms

Strung Out

Older "friend" or "boyfriend" (including online)

Offers or online chats about making money "modeling" or "dancing"

Lingerie

Despair

Fake ID or no ID

Tattoos with trafficker's name, brand, or moniker; concepts like "love" or "loyalty".

Rotting teeth, unhealed injuries, or other signs of physical neglect

Walking into hotel/motel with no luggage

Cell phone contacts only with nicknames or physical descriptions

Multiple cell phones or cell phone from someone unexpected as a "gift"

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The first Michigan Commission on Human Trafficking was launched in March 2013. The Commission in 2014 created a comprehensive package of bills that the legislative enacted and signed into law. It also created the Michigan Human Trafficking Commission. The Commission's mission included the following:

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Identify sources for grants that will assist in examine and countering human trafficking in this state, and apply for those grants when appropriate.

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Fund research programs to determine the extent and nature of human trafficking in this state.

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Provide information and training regarding human trafficking to police officers, prosecutors, court personnel, health care providers, social services personnel, and other individuals the commission considers appropriate.

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Collect and analyze information regarding human trafficking in this state.

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Review the existing services available to assist victims of human trafficking, including crime victim assistance, health care, and legal assistance, and establish a program to make those victims better aware of the services that are available to them.

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Establish a program to improve public awareness of human trafficking.

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Review state laws and administrative rules relating to human trafficking and make recommendations to the legislature to improve those laws and rules to address human trafficking violations in this state.

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All Worthy of Love: 313-923-7477 (24 hr hotline)

Alternatives for Girls: 888-234-3919

Common Ground: ₂₄₈₋₄₅₆₋₈₁₅₀

Human Trafficking Clinic @ UofM: ₇₂₄₋₆₁₅₋₃₆₀₀

Michigan Abolitionist Project

Avalon Healing: 313-474-7233 (24 hr help)

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Upper Peninsula Human Trafficking Task Force
Call or Text: (906) 299-9243

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Helping trafficking victims and connecting them with assistance  for housing, food, medical care, and safety requires a skill set both brad and deep.

Get victims connected  with counseling services and therapy.

Providing links of organizations that provide legal aid to aid in getting counseling services and help instead of getting jail time, as well as having charges removed from their records.

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When it comes to missing people in the United States, law enforcement are less likely to put the same amount resources and money into finding people of color. Many of these individuals are human trafficked due to lack of publicity that law enforcement and the news coverage on finding them. This is America.

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Childish Gambino - This Is America (Official Video)

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As of 2012 (the on human trafficking), 40,177 cases of trafficking were reported in the 2010-2012 period-and these are only the known cases. Broken down, it is a total of 13,392 persons trafficked a year; 36 trafficked every day; an average of one person trafficked an hour. 152 nationalities have been trafficked to 124 nations. 49% of the trafficking victims are women, and 33% are children. 21% of total trafficking victims, or 8,437 victims, are young girls.

What Is Human Trafficking?

According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) , human trafficking is the act of gathering, moving, receiving, or keeping human beings by threat, force, coercion, or deception, for exploitative purposes. This includes "the exploitation of prostitution of other or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labor or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs." This definition has only been in place since 2000.

If any person-whatever the gender, whatever the age-is brought somewhere against his or her will, or without full information about what he or she is getting into, it is already human trafficking. In addition, if a person is coerced by a superior or someone in power over them to become a victim, it is also considered human trafficking. Also, while the sex trade is the most-known form of human trafficking, the current protocol extends even to illegal labor migration. This definition developed over the history of human trafficking.

The History of Human Trafficking

The African Slave Trade

Following the above definition, the earliest form of global human trafficking began with the African slave trade. Since the American and European continents were involved as buyers, and the different African groups were both items of trade and middlemen, it is the first known international flow of human trafficking.

However, prior to the first law against slavery by the British in 1807, this trade was both legal and government-tolerated. The United States followed suit in 1820, banning slavery over 40 years before the American Civil War. At the time, there were no international organizations that could make such decisions binding on many nations at once.

White Slavery

After the cessation of the African slave trade, "white slavery" came into light. A general definition of white slavery would be the "procurement-by use of force, deceit, or drugs-of a white woman or girl against her will for prostitution." The African slave trade was a fitting starting point for the case against white slavery.

As white slavery gained attention, governments began to cooperate to fight it. In 1899 and then in 1902, international conferences against white slavery were organized in Paris. In 1904, the International Agreement for the Suppression of "White Slave Traffic," the first international agreement on human trafficking, was signed. The main purpose was to ensure the repatriation of the victims. The criminalization of white slavery did not occur until the signing of the International Convention for the Suppression of the White Slave Trade in 1910.

World War I and Trafficking in Women and Children

The crisis of the First World War drew attention from the efforts against white slavery, as the war and the rebuilding of Europe played out. However, out of the First World War arose the first international organization of nations: the League of Nations. This was the first time that agreements could be made within a set organization, with more pressure to comply.

The mandates given to the various Allied Powers over nations in Africa and the Middle East brought attention to the international trafficking in all women, not simply white women; and additionally in children, both male and female. In 1921, 33 countries at a League of Nations international conference signed the International Convention for the Suppression of Traffic in Women and Children. At this time, human trafficking only covered trafficking for purposes of sexual exploitation and prostitution.

The United Nations

After the Second World War, the member-nations of the United Nations adopted the United Nations Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others in 1949, the same year as the document on human rights. It is the first legally binding international agreement on human trafficking. However, only 66 nations have ratified it so far.

In the next 51 years, other forms of exploitation, such as organ harvesting and labor trafficking, grew in scope. Eventually, in 2000, the United Nations adopted the United Nations Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. It was the first agreement that acknowledged modern-day slavery, as well as the possibility of men being victims of human trafficking. The definition was also expanded to organ harvesting, slavery, and forced labor migration.

Modern Human Trafficking

Trafficking has become such a problem, in terms of geographic spread and volume, that the under the protocols of Transnational Organized Crime in 2000. However, the history of human trafficking shows how long it took for its various forms to be recognized. At the moment, there are at the very least 510 known trafficking flows all over the world.

Even worse, it is difficult enough to break up human trafficking rings that despite the range of nations involved, 15% had no convictions from 2010 to 2012, 26% had less than 10 convictions per year, while the same percentage-less than a third-had 10 to 50 convictions per year.

In recent years, forced labor migration has been increasing, decreasing the share of trafficking for sexual exploitation. In 2007, 32% of trafficked persons were forced labor migrants. Four years later, the share was at 40%. At the same time, trafficking in women is decreasing steadily, from a 74% share in female victims in 2004 to 49% in 2011. Unfortunately, it is matched by an increase in trafficked girls, from 10% up to 21% in 2011.

This form of organized crime, no matter how widespread, is both extremely profitable, and rather low-risk. There is usually not enough time or personnel for governments to investigate each illegally transported group. Some governments have yet to criminalize any form of human trafficking, leaving 2 billion citizens virtually unprotected.

Organizations Against Human Trafficking

A great help to governments all over the world are local an international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) who actively assist governments in combating human trafficking. A number of them were created exclusively to fight human trafficking, such as Called to Rescue, Polaris, and Anti-Slavery International. Other NGOs participate and cooperate against human trafficking, such as Save the Children, ChildHope, Women's Rights Worldwide, and Amnesty International.

The fight against human trafficking may be joined by donating to NGOs, volunteering to work with local NGOs, and reporting suspicions of human trafficking rings. Furthermore, achievable for all citizens is awareness of and self-protection against human trafficking schemes through responsible travel, self-defense, and caution in any time of recruitment or deal-making.

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The History of Human Trafficking | Hankering for History

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As of 2012 (the on human trafficking), 40,177 cases of trafficking were reported in the 2010-2012 period-and these are only the known cases. Broken down, it is a total of 13,392 persons trafficked a year; 36 trafficked every day; an average of one person trafficked an hour.

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Sex Trafficking in America (full documentary) | FRONTLINE

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Be a conscientious and informed consumer. (Learn about where you clothes and food are coming from). Encourage companies to take steps to prevent human trafficking in their supply chains.

Volunteer and Support anti-trafficking efforts in your community.

Become a mentor to a young person or someone in need. Traffickers often target people who are going through a difficult time or who lack strong support systems.

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Anyone can join in the fight against human trafficking. Here are 20 ideas to consider.

1. Learn the indicators of human trafficking on the TIP Office's website or by taking a training. Human trafficking awareness training is available for individuals, businesses, first responders, law enforcement, educators, and federal employees, among others.

2. Be a conscientious and informed consumer. Find out more about who may have picked your tomatoes or made your clothes at ResponsibleSourcingTool.org , or check out the Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor . Encourage companies to take steps to prevent human trafficking in their supply chains and publish the information, including supplier or factory lists, for consumer awareness.

3. Host an awareness-raising event to watch and discuss films about human trafficking. For example, learn how modern slavery exists today; watch an investigative documentary about sex trafficking; or discover how forced labor can affect global food supply chains. Alternatively, contact your local library and ask for assistance identifying an appropriate book and ask them to host the event.

4. Use your social media platforms to raise awareness about human trafficking, using the following hashtags: #endtrafficking, #freedomfirst.

5. Become a mentor to a young person or someone in need. Traffickers often target people who are going through a difficult time or who lack strong support systems. As a mentor, you can be involved in new and positive experiences in that person's life during a formative time.

6. Journalists: The media plays an enormous role in shaping perceptions and guiding the public conversation about human trafficking. Seek out some media best practices on how to effectively and responsibly report stories on human trafficking.

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20 Ways You Can Help Fight Human Trafficking - United States Department of State

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Anyone can join in the fight against human trafficking. Here are 20 ideas to consider. Learn the indicators of human trafficking on the TIP Office's website or by taking a training. Human trafficking awareness training is available for individuals, businesses, first responders, law enforcement, educators, and federal employees, among others.

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‘Human Trafficking Padlet’ in APA 7th ed. style, on MyBib