# data[].attributes.body
What are Hazardous Materials?
Hazardous materials are substances that could harm human health or the environment. They are group of products for storage, handling, and use are regulated under the Hazardous Materials standard. They include primarily associated with physical hazard and may also pose health hazard.

About 32 million workers work with and are potentially exposed to one or more chemical hazards. There are approximately 650,000 existing chemical products, and hundreds of new ones being introduced annually. Chemical exposure may cause or contribute to many serious health effects such as heart ailments, central nervous system damage, kidney and lung damage, sterility, cancer, burns, and rashes. Some chemicals may also be safety hazards and have the potential to cause fires and explosions. All workplaces where employees are exposed to hazardous chemicals must have a written plan. The plan does not have to be lengthy or complicated.

Types of Hazardous Materials
Class 1: Explosives.
Class 2: Gases.
Class 3: Flammable Liquids.
Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances.

Exposure to Hazardous Materials (examples).
Compressed gases

• Liquefied gases – anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide
• Non-liquefied gases – oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and argon
• Dissolved gases - acetylene

Flammable liquids
• Category 1 – ethyl ether, isopentane, propylene oxide
• Category 2 – acetone, benzene, ethyl alcohol, gasoline isopropyl alcohol, toluene
• Category 3 – naphtha, turpentine, xylene
• Category 4 – ethylene glycol, glycerine

Cryogenics and refrigerated liquids
– oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium LNG, Liquid methane, carbon monoxide

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs)
– propane, propylene, butane, and butylene

Explosives and blasting agents

Example of Exposures

1. Spray finishing operations

2. Dipping and coating operations

3. Processing of highly hazardous chemicals

4. Clean-up and management of hazardous waste operations and emergency response

Ways on how exposures can occur

Inhalation (breathing)

Skin (or eye) contact.

Swallowing (ingestion or eating)

Injection.

Absorption

Ingestion

Types of Physical Hazards

Oxidizer

Flammable

Explosion

Corrosive to metal

High-pressure systems

Types of Health Hazards

Acute/chronic toxicity

Skin corrosion or irritation

Aspiration hazard

Serious eye damage or eye irritation

Respiratory or skin sensitization

Germ cell mutagenicity

Carcinogenicity

Reproductive toxicity

Specific target organ toxicity

7 types of personal protective equipment (PPE) to guarantee your safety

Safety for the head. Wearing a helmet offers protection and can prevent head injuries.

Protect your eyes.

Hearing protection.

Maintain a good respiration.

Protect your hands with the right gloves.

Protection for the feet.

Wear the correct work clothing.

Reducing exposure to hazardous substances

Suggestions on reducing exposure to hazardous substances in the workplace include:

where possible, perform the task without using hazardous substances

where possible, substitute hazardous substances with less hazardous alternatives (for example, use a detergent in place of a chlorinated solvent for cleaning)

isolate hazardous substances in separate storage areas

purge or ventilate storage areas separately from the rest of the workplace

thoroughly train employees in handling and safety procedures

provide personal protection equipment such as respirators, gloves and goggles

regularly monitor the workplace with appropriate equipment to track the degree of hazardous substance in the air or environment

regularly consult with employees to maintain and improve existing safety and handling practices.

Controlling Physical Hazards

- Compressed gas cylinders • Shall be in a safe condition
- Safety can • Not more than 5 gallons capacity
- Cabinets: • Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids, nor more than 120 gallons of Category 4 flammable liquids.
-  Ventilation: • Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C), shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute per square foot of solid floor area
-  Explosion-proof apparatus: • Apparatus enclosed in a case that is capable of withstanding an explosion of a specified gas or vapor that may occur within it and of preventing the ignition of a specified gas or vapor surrounding
- Grounding: • Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C), shall not be dispensed into containers unless the nozzle and container are electrically interconnected.

Controlling Health Hazards
Steps for Transitioning to Safer Chemicals.
1.Engage
2.Inventory & Prioritize
3.Identify
4.Assess & Compare
5.Select
6. Test
7. Evaluate

# data[].attributes.body
1.MOHAMMAD NUR RAFFIQ BIN MOHD RAHIM
D022110111
2.AZRIL AIMAN BIN AZHAR
D022110145
3. MUHAMMAD NAQIUDDIN NORHIZEN
D022110110
4.MUHAMMAD IR'FANUR RAHMAN BIN MOHD SUPIAN
D022110120
5. ANDIKA ADRI BIN ABD HAMID
D022110137
6. MUHAMMAD ASYRAAF ZULHAFIZ BIN ZULKEFLI
D022110114
7.AMIR HAMZAH BIN NORDIN
D022110132

# data[].attributes.body
1. Nur Athirah Binti Elias- D022110083
2.Salman Bin Che Shukran-D022110118
3.Wafiuddin bin Wahib - D022110138
4. Nur Syarah Aliah binti Johari Kamal - D022110091
5. Wee Shi Shuang - D022110122
6. Sarah Raihana Binti Sahril Rizal - D022110113
7. Muhammad Syahir Afiq bin Safizan - D022110108
8.Nur Aqilah Maisarah bt Azlan- D022110119
9. Nur Anissya Binti Rashid - D022110144
10. Nurul Nafisah Binti Nasihin - D022110085

# data[].attributes.body
What is the meaning of hazardous material?

Hazardous materials are substances that could harm human    health or the environment. Hazardous means dangerous, so these materials must be handled the right way. Hazard communication, or HAZCOM is teaching people how to work with hazardous materials and waste.

Hazardous materials

Hazardous materials are substances that could harm human health or the environment. Hazardous means dangerous, so these materials must be handled the right way.

Hazard communication, or HAZCOM is teaching people how to work with hazardous materials and waste.

There are many different kinds of hazardous materials, including:

Chemicals, like some that are used for cleaning

Drugs, like chemotherapy to treat cancer

Radioactive material that is used for x-rays or radiation treatments

Human or animal tissue, blood, or other substances from the body that may carry harmful germs

Gases that are used to make people sleep during surgery

Hazardous materials can harm you if they:

Touch your skin

Splash into your eyes

Get into your airways or lungs when you breathe

Cause fires or explosions

Your hospital or workplace has policies about how to deal with these materials. You will receive special training if you work with these materials.

Watch out for Hazardous Materials

Know where hazardous materials are used and stored. Some common areas are where:

X-rays and other imaging tests are done

Radiation treatments are performed

Medicines are handled, prepared, or given to people -- especially cancer treatment drugs

Chemicals or supplies are delivered, packed for shipping, or thrown away

Always treat any container that does not have a label like it is hazardous. Treat any spilled substance the same way.

If you do not know if something you use or find is harmful, be sure to ask.

Labels and Signs

Look for signs before you enter a person's room, a lab or x-ray area, a storage closet, or any area you do not know well.

You may see warning labels on boxes, containers, bottles, or tanks. Look for words like:

Acid

Alkali

Carcinogenic

Caution

Corrosive

Danger

Explosive

Flammable

Irritant

Radioactive

Unstable

Warning

A label called the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) will tell you if a material is hazardous. This label tells you:

Names of the hazardous chemicals or substances in the container.

Facts about the substance, such as the odor or when it will boil or melt.

How it could harm you.

What your symptoms could be if you are exposed to the material.

How to safely handle the material and what personal protective equipment (PPE) to wear when you handle it.

What steps to take before more skilled or trained professionals come to help.

If the material could cause a fire or explosion, and what to do if this happens.

What to do if a spill or leak occurs.

What to do if there is danger from the material mixing with other substances.

How to safely store the material, including what temperature to keep it at, if moisture is safe, and whether it should be in a room with good airflow.

Work Safely

If you find a spill, treat it like it is hazardous until you know what it is. This means:

Put on PPE, such as a respirator or mask and gloves that will protect you from chemicals.

Use disinfectant wipes to clean up the spill and put the wipes in double plastic bags.

Contact waste management to clean the area and to throw away the supplies you used to clean up the spill.

Always treat any unlabeled container as if it contains hazardous materials. This means:

Put the container in a bag and take it to waste management to be thrown away.

DO NOT pour the material down the drain.

DO NOT put the material in the normal trash.

DO NOT let it get into the air.

If you work with hazardous materials:

Read the MSDS for all materials you use.

Know what type of PPE to wear.

Learn about exposure risks, such as whether the material can cause cancer.

Know how to use the material and how to store it or throw it away when you are done.

Other tips include:

Never enter an area where radiation therapy is taking place.

Always use the safest container to move materials from one area to another.

Check bottles, containers, or tanks for leaks.

There are 9 classifications with these wastes listed below:

Class 1: Explosives.

Class 2: Gases.

Class 3: Flammable Liquids.

Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances.

Class 5: Oxidizing Substances and Organic Peroxides.

Class 6: Toxic and Infectious Substances.

Class 7: Radioactive.

Class 8: Corrosive Substances

# data[].attributes.body
1. Zickrey Bin Mohamad Fazhil (D022110125)

2. Suganesha Pranavan (D022110023)

3. TanRuiHeng (D022110247)

4. Sharvessh Gopinath(D022110190)

5. Zahid Syauqi Bin Asri(D022110143)

6. Wong Yit Jun (D022110248)

7. Tok Yi Fan (D022110244)

8. Sofea Batrisya Binti Hashim (D022110182)

# data[].attributes.body
1. HANIF BIN MOHAMAD ZAKIR (D022110232)
2. Chua Chen Yi (D022110246)
3. KAVIYARASAN A/L RAJAN (D022110243)
4.Muhammad Azfariezuwan Bin Ja'afar(D022110253)
5.DANISH HAIKAL BIN OSMAN (D022110236)
6. Eric Lim Jun Hong (D022110239)
7. Eg Chun Hong (D022110235)
8.CATHERINE TEH CHER MAYNE (D022110242)
9. DASHNE A/P SASHI KUMAR (D022110258)

# data[].attributes.body
• Group of products for which the storage, handling, and use are regulated under the Hazardous Materials standard
• Primarily associated with physical hazard
• May also pose health hazard

# data[].attributes.body
Type of Physical Hazards
• Oxidizer
• Flammable
• Explosion
• Corrosive to metal
• High-pressure systems

Type of Health Hazards
• Acute/chronic toxicity
• Skin corrosion or irritation
• Aspiration hazard
• Serious eye damage or eye irritation
• Respiratory or skin sensitization
• Germ cell mutagenicity
• Carcinogenicity
•Reproductive toxicity
• Specific target organ toxicity

Hazardous (classified) locations:
Class I – flammable gases or vapors
– Division 1
– Division 2
Class II – combustible dust
– Division 1
– Division 2
Class III – ignitable fibers or flyings

Methods for eliminating health hazards
• Compressed gas cylinders shall be in a safe condition to the extent that this can be determined by visual inspection.
• Not more than 5 gallons capacity • Spring-closing lid
• Designed to relieve internal pressure when subjected to fire.
• Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids, nor more than 120 gallons of Category 4 flammable liquids.
• Suitable fire control devices shall be available at locations where flammable liquids are stored.

# data[].attributes.body
Engineering controls reduce risk through physical means. Examples of engineering controls for physical hazards include:

Providing safety equipment to employees that reduces their exposure to the physical safety hazard

Reduce noises and vibrations present in the workplace

Place barriers between employees and physical hazards such as radiation or microwaves

Provide proper ventilation and air conditioning for employees

Insulate any surfaces that could be prone to extremes in temperature

Administrative controls reduce risk by changing work processes and activities to make them more safe. Some examples of administrative controls for physical safety hazards include:

Handling smaller quantities of dangerous and reactive chemicals

Spending less time in areas of exposure

Working away from noise when possible

Providing employees with rest breaks away from physical hazards

Training employees to recognize and avoid physical hazards

# data[].attributes.body
1. Muhammad Alfian Syah bin Anual Sadat
D022110040
2.Nur Adha Batrisyia Binti Muhammad Zaid
D022110029
3. Muhammad Naim bin Abdul Rasid
D022110033
4. Muhamad Izzat Ikhwan bin Maznan
D022110042
5. Muhammad Izzat Izzuddin Bin Md Zaihan
D022110065
6. Muhammad Haziq Bin Che Rosbi
D022110018
7.Muhammad Lokman Hakim BiN Rezuan
D022110048
9. Nur Fajrina Binti Abu Naim
D022110026
10. Nur hazirah farhana anuar
D022110037
11. Muhammad Aiman bin Mohd Kamal
D022110057
12. Muhammad Naim bin Abdul Rasid
D022110033

# data[].attributes.body
Definition :-
Hazardous materials are substances that could harm human health or the environment. Hazardous means dangerous, so these materials must be handled the right way.

Compressed gases:
• Liquefied gases – anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide
• Non-liquefied gases – oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and argon
• Dissolved gases - acetylene
Cryogenic and refrigerated liquids:  – oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium LNG, Liquid methane, carbon monoxide

Flammable liquids:
• Category 1 – ethyl ether, isopentane, propylene oxide.
• Category 2 – acetone, benzene, ethyl alcohol, gasoline isopropyl alcohol, toluene.
• Category 3 – naphtha, turpentine, xylene.
• Category 4 – ethylene glycol, glycerine

Spray finishing:
• Flammable/combustible materials
• Health hazards
• Example: Isocyanates – Powerful irritant to eyes and gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts – Inflammation to skin

Liquefied petroleum gases (LPG):
• Signal word: Danger
• Hazard statements:
– Extremely flammable gas.
– Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated.
– May cause frostbite.
– May form explosive mixtures in air.
– May displace oxygen and cause rapid suffocation.

Anhydrous ammonia:
• Signal word: Danger
• Hazard statements:
– Flammable Gas
– Contains gas under pressure
– May explode if heated
– Toxic if inhaled
– Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
– Corrosive to respiratory tract

There are many different kinds of hazardous materials, including:

Chemicals, like some that are used for cleaning

Drugs, like chemotherapy to treat cancer

Radioactive material that is used for x-rays or radiation treatments

Human or animal tissue, blood, or other substances from the body that may carry harmful germs

Gases that are used to make people sleep during surgery

Hazardous materials can harm you if they:

=Touch your skin
=Splash into your eyes
=Get into your airways or lungs when you breathe
=Cause fires or explosions

# data[].attributes.body
Types of Hazardous Materials
Class 1: Explosives
Class 2: Gases
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
Class 4: Flammable Solids
Class 5: Oxidizing Substances, Organic Peroxides
Class 6: Toxic Substances and Infectious Substances
Class 7: Radioactive Material
Class 8: Corrosive
Class 9: Miscellaneous Hazardous Materials

*Categorizing  hazardous materials is important in case of an emergency. If there is a spill or a leak, having your materials properly categorized ensures that first responders and emergency personnel can identify the hazardous materials and know exactly what they are dealing with. Proper categorization of hazardous materials helps keep everyone safe, so it is extremely important.

# data[].attributes.body
What Are Hazardous Materials?
Hazardous material is defined as any substance or material that when involved in an accident and released in sufficient quantities poses a risk to people’s health, safety, and property.

Liquefied Petroleum Gasses
Liquefied petroleum gasses is a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon like propane and butane. The advantage of LPG is it is non-toxic and non-corrosive in nature while particulate emissions are also less. Other than that, the disadvantage are  causes frostbite, displace oxygen and rapid suffocation.

MATERIAL RADIATION
Radioactive material is any material containing unstable atoms that emit ionizing radiation as it decays. Radioactive materials give off a form of energy called ionizing radiation. When a person comes in contact with radiation, the energy may be absorbed by the body.

The following radioactive elements are found naturally in the environment.
For example, uranium, radium, alpha radiation, radon and polonium.

# data[].attributes.body
1. MUHAMMAD FITRI  AKMAL BIN MOHAMMAD AZHAR   (D022110225)
2.PUNG KIAN ENN   (D022110233)
3.MUHAMMAD NOR FITRI BASIRON   (D022110234)
4. SITI NUR INSYIRRAH 'AISYAH BINTI MOHD JAZLY   (D022110217)
5. RAJALAXMI A/P KUMARAN   (D022110245)
6.NG JIE YING   (D022110249)
7. NUR KHAIRUL ANAM BIN KAMARUDDIN   (D022110227)
8. NUR HANA ERICA BINTI ABDUL MUIZZ DANIELS   (D022110256)

# data[].attributes.body
Hazardous Materials
- group of products which the storage, handling and use are regulated under Hazardous Materials Standard
- primarily associated with physical hazard
- may pose health hazard

# data[].attributes.body
ADAM DANIAL BIN DEZMIN NORIS (D022110174)
AMIRUL NAIM BIN MOHD HADZRI(D022110158)
BURHANUDDIN AL HILMI BIN MOHD(D022110209)
SALLEH
CHE KU SHAZWAN BIN CHE KU
MOHD ZAFRI(D022110200)
DURRATUL AIN BINTI OSMAN(D022110199)
ELFYVIERA JUNSIN(D022110177)
KHOR JIA YONG (D022110197)
LIEW CHAP SUM (D022110175)
MOHAMAD ALI AFIQ BIN MAMU(D022110156)
MUHAMAD AIMAN BIN MUSTAFFA(D022110211)

# data[].attributes.body
What is Hazardous materials?
According to OSHA, hazardous as any substance or chemical which is hazardous to people’s health or is physically hazardous. This includes chemicals such as carcinogens, irritants, corrosives, toxic agents, sensitizers, agents that damage the lungs, skin, eyes, or mucous membranes; chemicals that can combust, explode, are flammable, oxidizers, pyrophorics, unstable-reactive or water-reactive. Lastly, they include chemicals that produce or release dusts, gases, fumes, vapors, mists or smoke during normal handling, use, or storage.

There are five main classes of physical hazard namely Explosive, Flammable, Oxidising, Gases under Pressure and Corrosive to metals. These are then sub-divided into different categories depending on the degree of danger and these are assigned specific hazard statements to identity them.

Explosive
May explode if exposed to fire, heat, shock, friction.Avoid ignition sources (sparks, flames, heat)Keep your distanceWear protective clothing

Flammable
Flammable if exposed to ignition sources, sparks, heat. Some substances with this symbol may give off flammable gases in contact with water.Avoid ignition sources (sparks, flames, heat)Keep your distanceWear protective clothing |
Oxidising
Can burn even without air, or can intensify fire in combustible materials.Avoid ignition sources (sparks, flames, heat)Keep your distanceWear protective clothing
Gas under Pressure
Contains gas under pressure. Gas released may be very cold. Gas container may explode if heated.Do not heat containersAvoid contact with skin and eyes
Corrosive
May corrode metals.Keep away from metals

10 Types of PPE That Should Be on Your Essential List for a Safe Industrial Workplace
1. Hard Hats
2. Leggings, Foot Guards, and Safety Shoes
3. Earplugs and Earmuffs
4. Gloves
5. Eye Protection
6. Surgical Face Masks
7. Respirators
8. Face Shields
9. Proximity Sensors
10. Body Shields

There are four main classes of health hazard namely corrosive, toxic, harmful and irritant. These are then sub-divided into different categories depending on the degree of danger and assigned specific hazard statements.
·Corrosive
Corrosive material which may cause skin burns and permanent eye damage.
->Avoid contact with skin and eyes
->Do not breathe vapours or sprays
->Wear protective clothing
·Toxic
Toxic material which may cause life threatening effects even in small amounts and with short exposure.
->Do not swallow the material, allow it to come into contact with skin or breathe it
·Harmful
May cause serious and prolonged health effects on short or long term exposure.
->Do not swallow the material, allow it to come into contact with skin or breathe it
·Irritation
May cause irritation (redness, rash) or less serious toxicity.
->Keep away from skin and eyes
->Avoid release to the environment

# data[].attributes.body
What is Hazardous materials?
Hazardous materials is the materials or substance that when is  involved in an accident and released in sufficient quantities poses a risk to people's health, safety, and property.

Types of Hazardous materials
Class 1: Explosives.
Class 2: Gases.
Class 3: Flammable Liquids.
Class 4: Flammable Solids or Substances.

Example of hazardous materials
->Compressed gaseous

Liquified gaseous :- Anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide

Non-liquified gaseous :- Oxygen, nitrogen, helium, argon

Dissolved gaseous :- Acetylene

->Flammable liquids

Category 1 :- Ethyl ether, isopentane, propylene oxide

Category 2 :- Acetone, benzene, ethyl alcohol, gasoline, isopropyl alcohol, toluene

Category 3 :- Naphtha, turpentine, xylene

Category 4 :- Ethylene glycol, glycerin

->Cryogenic and refrigerated liquids

Oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium LNG, liquid methane, carbon monoxide

->Liquified petroleum gaseous (LPGs)

Propane, propylene, butane, butylene

->Explosives and blasting agent

Example of exposure
> Process of highly hazardous materials
> Dipping and coating process
>Working in a confined place
>Clean up and management of hazardous materials

Routes of entry to the body
- Inhalation (common)
-Ingestion
-Absorption
-Injection

Types of health hazards:
>chronic toxicity
>Skin corrosion or irritation
>Mutation
>Serious eye damage or eye irritation
>Respiratory or skin sensitization
>Reproductive toxicity
> organ toxicity

Hazard of hazardous materials
->Compressed gaseous

Oxygen displacement

Fires

Explosion

Toxic gas exposures

Physical hazard caused by high pressure system

->Cryogenic and refrigerated liquids

Extreme cold

Extreme pressure

Asphyxiation

Fire or explosion

->Flammable liquids

Fire

Explosion

*Criteria for flammable liquids
>Category 1 :-

Flashpoint <73.4°F (23°C)

Initial boiling point ≤95°F (35°C)

>Category 2 :-

Flashpoint <73.4°F (23°C)

Initial boiling point >95°F (35°C)

>Category 3

Flashpoint ≥73.4°F (23°C) and ≤140°F (60°C)

>Category 4
Flashpoint >140°F (60°C) and ≤199.4°F (93°C)

*Flashpoint is the lowest temperature at which its vapor ignite if given ignition source.

->Spray finishing

Flammable/combustible materials

Health hazards

Examples :- Isocyanates

# data[].attributes.body
MUHAMMAD ARIF HAIKAL BIN MOHD SYUKOR
(D022110163)
MUHAMMAD YADZLIMAN AZRAF BIN JUMAAT
(D022110169)
NUR ELLY SYAFFIRA HANIS YUSAINIR
(D022110187)
MUHAMMAD AFIQ ADLI BIN MOHD NAZRUL
(D022110205)
MUHAMAD AMIR MUQRI BIN ABDUL MALIK
(D022110196)
MUHAMMAD HAZIZAN BIN ZAHRUL NAZLINIZAM
(D022110159)
MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN AB RAHMAN
(D022110160)
PUTERA HAZIM BIN AHMAD AMMEDZA
(D022110185)
NANTHA KUMAR A/L RAMU
(D022110176)
MUHAMMAD FARISH HAIKAL BIN ZULKIFLI
(D022110148)

# data[].attributes.body
1.Lim Fang Quan (D022110073)
2.Muhd alfirdaus bin rejab (D022110047)
Definition of industrial hazard
Hazard is a term associated with a substance that is likelihood to cause an injury in a given environment or situation. Industrial hazard may be defined as any condition produced by industries that may cause injury or death to personnel or loss of product or property. Safety in simple terms means freedom from the occurrence of risk or injury or loss. Industrial safety refers to the protection of workers from the danger of industrial Accidents.The global market for ECBN hazard monitoring, decontamination and personal protective equipment was valued at $148.3 billion in 2012 and is expected to increase to $193.7 billion in 2014 and then to $387.9 billion in 2019, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 14.9% over the five-year period from 2014 to 2019.This report provides:An overview of the global market for the surveillance and monitoring of explosive, chemical, biological, and nuclear hazards.

HIERACHY OF CONTROL

Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective control solutions.

One representation of this hierarchy is as follows:

The idea behind this hierarchy is that the control methods at the top of graphic are potentially more effective and protective than those at the bottom. Following this hierarchy normally leads to the implementation of inherently safer systems, where the risk of illness or injury has been substantially reduced.

NIOSH leads a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PtD) to prevent or reduce occupational injuries, illnesses, and fatalities through the inclusion of prevention considerations in all designs that impact workers. Hierarchy of controls is a PtD strategy. To learn more, visit the PtD website.

Elimination and Substitution

Elimination and substitution, while most effective at reducing hazards, also tend to be the most difficult to implement in an existing process. If the process is still at the design or development stage, elimination and substitution of hazards may be inexpensive and simple to implement. For an existing process, major changes in equipment and procedures may be required to eliminate or substitute for a hazard.

Engineering Controls

Engineering controls are favored over administrative and personal protective equipment (PPE) for controlling existing worker exposures in the workplace because they are designed to remove the hazard at the source, before it comes in contact with the worker. Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions to provide this high level of protection. The initial cost of engineering controls can be higher than the cost of administrative controls or PPE, but over the longer term, operating costs are frequently lower, and in some instances, can provide a cost savings in other areas of the process.

For descriptions of engineering control technologies researched by NIOSH, and information on the control details and their effectiveness, visit our Engineering Controls Database. The engineering controls contained in the database are beneficial for users who need control solutions to reduce or eliminate worker exposures.

Administrative Controls and PPE

Administrative controls and PPE are frequently used with existing processes where hazards are not particularly well controlled. Administrative controls and PPE programs may be relatively inexpensive to establish but, over the long term, can be very costly to sustain. These methods for protecting workers have also proven to be less effective than other measures, requiring significant effort by the affected workers.

Overview

Controlling exposures to occupational hazards is the fundamental method of protecting workers. Traditionally, a hierarchy of controls has been used as a means of determining how to implement feasible and effective control solutions.

One representation of this hierarchy is as follows:

Elimination and Substitution

Elimination and substitution, while most effective at reducing hazards, also tend to be the most difficult to implement in an existing process. If the process is still at the design or development stage, elimination and substitution of hazards may be inexpensive and simple to implement. For an existing process, major changes in equipment and procedures may be required to eliminate or substitute for a hazard.

Engineering Controls

Engineering controls are favored over administrative and personal protective equipment (PPE) for controlling existing worker exposures in the workplace because they are designed to remove the hazard at the source, before it comes in contact with the worker. Well-designed engineering controls can be highly effective in protecting workers and will typically be independent of worker interactions to provide this high level of protection. The initial cost of engineering controls can be higher than the cost of administrative controls or PPE, but over the longer term, operating costs are frequently lower, and in some instances, can provide a cost savings in other areas of the process.

For descriptions of engineering control technologies researched by NIOSH, and information on the control details and their effectiveness, visit our Engineering Controls Database. The engineering controls contained in the database are beneficial for users who need control solutions to reduce or eliminate worker exposures.

Administrative Controls and PPE

Administrative controls and PPE are frequently used with existing processes where hazards are not particularly well controlled. Administrative controls and PPE programs may be relatively inexpensive to establish but, over the long term, can be very costly to sustain. These methods for protecting workers have also proven to be less effective than other measures, requiring significant effort by the affected workers.

# data[].attributes.body
Exposure

1. Operations involving storage, handling, and/or use :
- compressed gases (liquified/non-liquified/dissolved)
- flammable liquids (there are 4 categories)
- cryogenics and refrigerated liquids
- liquified petroleum gases (LPGs)
- explosives and blasting agents
2. Spray finishing operations
3. Dipping and coating operations
4. Processing of highly hazardous chemicals
5. Clean-up and management of hazardous waste operations and emergency response

Routes of Entry
- inhalation
- ingestion
- absorption
- injection

# data[].attributes.body
What are hazardous materials?

A hazardous material is defined as any substance or material could adversely affect the safety of the public, handlers or carriers during transportation. Next, hazardous materials is a group of products for which the storage, handling, and use are regulated under the Hazardous Materials standard. Primarily associated with physical hazard and may also pose health hazard.

Examples of worksite exposure:

– Compressed gases

~flammable gases
~non flammable compressed
~poisonous

examples

• Liquefied gases – anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, propane, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxid

• Non-liquefied gases – oxygen, nitrogen, helium, and argon

• Dissolved gases – acetylene

– Flammable liquids

~Flammable (flash point below 141°)
~Combustible (flash point 141°-200°)

Category

• Category 1 – ethyl ether, isopentane, propylene oxide
• Category 2 – acetone, benzene, ethyl alcohol, gasoline isopropyl alcohol, toluene
• Category 3 – naphtha, turpentine, xylene
• Category 4 – ethylene glycol, glycerine

– Cryogenics and refrigerated liquids

~Cryogenic liquids are used for their low temperature properties or to allow larger quantities to be stored or transported. They are extremely cold, with boiling points below -150°C (-238°F).

Examples

.oxygen, nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, helium LNG, Liquid methane, carbon monoxide.

- Liquefied petroleum gases (LPGs)

~Any material having a vapor pressure not exceeding that allowed for commercial propane composed predominantly of the following hydrocarbons, either by themselves or as mixtures

Examples

. propane, propylene, butane, and butylene

-Explosives and blasting agents

~The principal distinction between explosives and blasting agents is their sensitivity to initiation. Explosives are cap-sensitive, whereas blasting agents are not and therefore require a primer. Water gels and slurries may be either explosives or blasting agents.

Examples

.Possessing, detonating, or otherwise maximum hazard; such as dynamite, nitroglycerin, picric acid, lead azide, fulminate of mercury, black powder, blasting caps, and detonating primers.

Precautions for hazard exposures

• Spray finishing operations
• Dipping and coating operations
• Processing of highly hazardous chemicals
• Clean-up and management of hazardous waste operations and emergency response

Types of physical hazards

• Oxidizer
• Flammable
• Explosion
• Corrosive to metal
• High-pressure systems

Types of health hazards

• Acute/chronic toxicity

• Skin corrosion or irritation
• Aspiration hazard
• Serious eye damage or eye irritation
• Respiratory or skin sensitization
• Germ cell mutagenicity
• Carcinogenicity
• Reproductive toxicity
• Specific target organ toxicity

Controlling Physical Hazards

Compressed gases:

• Compressed gas cylinders shall be in a safe condition to the extent that this can be determined by visual inspection.

Safety can:

• Not more than 5 gallons capacity
• Spring-closing lid

Cabinets:

• Not more than 60 gallons of Category 1, 2, or 3 flammable liquids, nor more than 120 gallons of Category 4 flammable liquids.
• Suitable fire control devices shall be available at locations where flammable liquids are stored.

Ventilation:

• Category 1 or 2 flammable liquids, or Category 3 flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C), shall be ventilated at a rate of not less than 1 cubic foot per minute per square foot of solid floor area.

Intrinsically safe:

• An apparatus/equipment in which all the circuits in which any spark or thermal effect is incapable of causing ignition of a mixture of flammable or combustible material in air.

Controlling Health Hazards

Steps for Transitioning to Safer Chemicals

1.Engage
2.Inventory & Prioritize
3.Identify
4.Assess & Compare
5.Select
6.Test
7.Evaluate

# data[].attributes.body
1.Elimination
2.Engineering Controls
3.Administrative Controls
4.PPE

# data[].attributes.body
(1) Compressed gases

(2) Safety can

(3) Cabinets

(4) Ventilation

(5) Explosion proof apparatus

(6) Grounding

(7) Intrinsically safe

Controlling Health Hazards

(1) Steps for Transitioning to Safer Chemicals

1. Engage
2. Inventory & Prioritize
3. Identify
4. Assess & Compare
5. Select
6. Test
7. Evaluate

(2) Process Safety Management (PSM) of highly hazardous   chemicals:
~Regulations designed to prevent the release of toxic,  reactive, flammable and/or explosive chemicals

(3) Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER):
~Applies to employers and their employees who are exposed to hazardous substances and who are engaged in several operations including clean-up, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous waste.

# data[].attributes.body
Many steps can be taken in the effort of controlling physical hazards. From least to most effective is PPE, Administrative controls, Engineering controls, Substitution and Elimination.

The least effective step that can be takin in controlling physical hazards are using PPE or Personal Protective Equipment. These equipment includes the use of gloves, Nomex clothing, Tyvek suits, respirators, hats, safety glasses, high-visibilty clothing and safety footwear. PPE is considered as the least effective method in controlling physical hazards are because of the high potential for damage that can render the use of PPE ineffective and may pose health risks in other ways.

Other than that is administrative controls which means to change the way that people work. These effort includes employee training, installation of signs and warning labels, and the endorsement of procedure changes. These does not physically remove hazards but limits and prevents the exposure of hazards to people.

Next, engineering controls are the application of engineering methods the decrease the chances of injuries occurring. For example, the application of "Enclosure and isolation" can create a physical barrier that protects the personnel from hazards such as using a remote controlled equipment which eliminates the need for a physical person the be close to the hazards.

After that,  substitution are the act of replacing hazards with something that of hazardless or pose a lesser threat of hazard to people. For example, using titanium white paint in place of lead-based paints which produces lesser hazards.

Last but not least, is elimination which physically remove hazards and is the most effective of hazard controls. For example, this can be done by removing hazards from place which are more prone to cause accidents to a safer place such as eliminating the need to work at high place by doing the work at ground level and using machines to place the work at high places.

# data[].attributes.body
Elimination (including substitution): remove the hazard from the workplace, or replace hazardous materials or machines with less hazardous ones.

Engineering Controls: includes designs or modifications to plants, equipment, ventilation systems, and processes that reduce the source of exposure.

Administrative Controls: controls that alter the way the work is done, including timing of work, policies and other rules, and work practices such as standards and operating procedures (including training, housekeeping, and equipment maintenance, and personal hygiene practices).

Personal Protective Equipment: equipment worn by individuals to reduce exposure such as contact with chemicals or exposure to noise.