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What does gender have to do with international relations? 

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What does gender have to do with international relations? 

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- Object of study is dominated by men: soldiers, statesmen, diplomats ...
- Characterization of humankind is masculine: lust for power, state of war, homo economicus ...
- Discipline is dominated by men
- Ontology focuses on war, diplomacy, economic relations not on domestic power relations, education, care etc.
- Epistemology is determined by masculine values (?) positivist research, data, measuring, non-contextuel, non-historical ...

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What does the state have to do with it? / Is the state neutral vis-à-vis men and women?

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What does the state have to do with it? / Is the state neutral vis-à-vis men and women?

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•‘through the civil institution of marriage men can lawfully obtain the familiar “helpmeet” and gain the sexual and domestic services of a wife, whose permanent servitude is guaranteed by the law and sword’ (Carol Pateman 2007: 67).

•Thus, the state regulated that men were rulers and women were to be ruled through a constant state of legal and social violence. Consequently, the state could not be said to be a neutral concept or institution, but is a ‘main organizer of the power relations of gender’ in both its formal expression and effects (Peterson 1992: 9).

[Baylis, John/Smith, Steve/Owens, Patricia. The Globalization of World Politics]

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To what extent is IR as a Discipline Blind to Gender? / Are We All Blind to Gender?

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To what extent is IR as a Discipline Blind to Gender? / Are We All Blind to Gender?

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'the range of subjects studied, the boundaries of the discipline, its central concerns and motifs, the content of empirical research, the assumptions of theoretical models, and the corresponding lack of female practitioners both in academic and elite political and economic circles all combine and reinforce each other to marginalize and often make invisible women’s roles and women’s concerns in the international arena’ (Charlotte Hooper)

[Baylis, John/Smith, Steve/Owens, Patricia. The Globalization of World Politics]

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Are men and women different?
We take on certain patterns of behavior due to our sex.
Sometimes others lock us in to our identity.
The second sex. This inequality is a problem of the entire society. By having this hierarchy the whole society is per definition unfree. We are apparently 'caught' in a socially created identity.
Language forms our gender identities.
Myth of a woman
Society thinks masculine.
A woman is predisposed to be a mother.
Society has taken on a masculine structure: the image of success is the image of a successful man.
Freedom is to not be attached to an identity.

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What is the difference between sex and gender?

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What is the difference between sex and gender?

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Does Climate Change and Climate Change Policy Influence Men and Women Differently? How? 

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Does Climate Change and Climate Change Policy Influence Men and Women Differently? How? 

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Focus is on solutions - not on the problem.
Women at the top: fitting women into the masculine model of success --> now women can be successful in the masculine paradigm.
Masculine values are informing our society; the 'sorting machine' uses masculine values.

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What jobs are valued and (highly) paid in society? 

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What jobs are valued and (highly) paid in society? 

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Does Globalization Influence Men and Women Differently? 

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Does Globalization Influence Men and Women Differently? 

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When are you considered successful?

More women in top positions. Would that be ultimate success of feminism?

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- Inequality as a society wide problem. How can people be free if there is a 'second' sex?
- It is not our sex that determines who we are, though others can keep you 'locked up' in your 'identity'.
- Identities are formed through language.
- The structure of the society is masculine - success is defined in masculine terms.
- What is knowledge is defined in masculine terms.

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Who was our Model for the Selfish and Rational Man of the Realists and Liberalists?

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Who was our Model for the Selfish and Rational Man of the Realists and Liberalists?

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Which Values are Valued in Our Society? 

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Which Values are Valued in Our Society? 

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Discursive framings positioning that deemed feminine in opposition (and often subordinate to) that deemed masculine.

‘what is at stake here is not the distinctions between men/women, and human/nature, but rather their dualistic construction’ (Plumwood, 1993, p. 33).

(Joanna Flavell)

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•Liberal feminism: differences between men and women – social,  political and economic inequalities

•Critical feminism: social interpretation of biological differences – social practices, identities and institutions

•Poststructural feminism: gender as the effect of discourses of power, the discourse is constitutive of the difference between men and women

•Postcolonial feminism: feminist discourses of the global north are of preeminent concern for women from there, not necessarily all women

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•Focuses on the differences between men and women.
•Policies and problems might impact men and women differently.

•where are the women in ‘green jobs’?

•How do men and women differently experience the effects of a changing climate? (Joanna Flavell)
Neoliberalism: liberalizing trade and capital flows
•Who benefits from neoliberalism?
•Who misses out because of neoliberalism?

•Can be as methodologically as simple as asking ‘where are the women in this story’

•Often has surprising results.  Making women visible empirically has indispensable results.

•But, simply adding women often leaves problems in-tact.

•Can’t address feminised labour.

•Can’t address the structural privileging of men and masculinities.

•Can’t address the depoliticization of women’s subordination in the workplace and in the household. (Joanna Flavell)

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Gender is not what we are, but rather what we do.

Gender is not simply what one freely chooses to do, but that performativity occurs in highly regulated contexts including that of normative heterosexuality.

Socially, one becomes a woman by taking on the imperative to identify with the female/femininity and to desire the male/masculinity.

This production of identity is not accomplished in one act, but rather requires constant iteration and bears with it the constant possibility of failure (Butler).

‘gender is a “corporeal style”, an act (or a sequence of acts), a “strategy” which has cultural survival as its end, since those who do not “do” their gender correctly are punished by society’ (Sarah Salih (2002: 58).

(Baylis, Owens, Smith)

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Differential Impact Climate Change on Men and Women

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Differential Impact Climate Change on Men and Women

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UN figures indicate that 80% of people displaced by climate change are women.

Roles as primary caregivers and providers of food and fuel make them more vulnerable when flooding and drought occur.

The 2015 Paris Agreement has made specific provision for the empowerment of women, recognising that they are disproportionately impacted.

In central Africa, where up to 90% of Lake Chad has disappeared, nomadic indigenous groups are particularly at risk. As the lake's shoreline recedes, women have to walk much further to collect water.

"In the dry season, men go to the towns... leaving women to look after the community," explains Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, coordinator of the Association of Indigenous Women and People of Chad (AFPAT).

With dry seasons now becoming longer, women are working harder to feed and care for their families without support. "They become more vulnerable... it's very hard work," Ibrahim recently told the BBC's 100 Women initiative.

A global problem

It is not just women in rural areas who are affected. Globally, women are more likely to experience poverty, and to have less socioeconomic power than men. This makes it difficult to recover from disasters which affect infrastructure, jobs and housing.

After Hurricane Katrina in 2005, African American women were among the worst affected by flooding in Louisiana. As sea levels rise, low-lying cities like New Orleans will be increasingly at risk.

"In New Orleans, there was much higher poverty among the African American population before Katrina," says Jacquelyn Litt, professor of women's and gender studies at Rutgers University.

"More than half the poor families in the city were headed by single mothers," she told BBC News.

"[They] are reliant on interdependent community networks for their everyday survival and resources. The displacement that happened after Katrina essentially eroded those networks. It places women and their children at much greater risk."

In the immediate aftermath of extreme events, emergency shelters can be inadequately equipped to support women. The Superdome, in which evacuees were temporarily housed after Hurricane Katrina, didn't have enough sanitary products for the women accommodated there.

Increased incidences of violence against women, including sexual assault and rape, have also been documented in the wake of disasters.

'Natural' disasters?

Much as climate change is accelerated by human behaviours, the impact of weather and climate events is influenced by societal structures. Disasters do not affect all people equally.

In the wake of the 2004 tsunami, an Oxfam report found that surviving men outnumbered women by almost 3:1 in Sri Lanka, Indonesia and India.

While no one cause was clear, there were similar patterns across the region. Men were more likely to be able to swim, and women lost precious evacuation time trying to look after children and other relatives.

Another study spanning 20 years noted that catastrophic events lowered women's life expectancy more than men; more women were being killed, or they were being killed younger. In countries where women had greater socioeconomic power, the difference reduced.

Half the world

In recognition of this vast disparity, governments and organisations working on climate change are gradually moving to include women's voices in policy and planning.

The UN has highlighted the need for gender sensitive responses to the impacts of climate change, yet the average representation of women in national and global climate negotiating bodies is below 30%.

The numbers don't improve at the local level.

"Women are often not involved in the decisions made about the responses to climate change, so the money ends up going to the men rather than the women," environmental scientist Diana Liverman told the BBC's Science in Action programme on the World Service this week.

As an author for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), whose reports influence climate change policy, Liverman has been monitoring the numbers of women involved.

Twenty-five percent of those nominated to participate in the next report are women. "IPCC has been very receptive to this and is actually discussing how they can support women better," explains Liverman.

"Women are half the world. It's important they participate in all major decisions,"

"Climate change is not a fight for power," points out Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim, "it's a fight for survival."

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Climate change 'impacts women more than men'

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UN figures indicate that 80% of people displaced by climate change are women. Roles as primary caregivers and providers of food and fuel make them more vulnerable when flooding and drought occur. The 2015 Paris Agreement has made specific provision for the empowerment of women, recognising that they are disproportionately impacted.

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•Considers how masculinity and femininity produce and are produced by the political economy.

•how does masculinity shape our response to the climate crisis?

•What kinds of knowledge are valued or de-valued in this process?

•Gives a more nuanced picture.

•Understanding analytical gender allows us to question processes that valorise the masculine with de-valorising that deemed feminine.

•It allows us to talk about gender in a way that does not mean ‘by all men, or only men’ or ‘by all women, or only women’.

•Questions characteristics associated with masculinity and femininity

•reason, the economic man, the breadwinner, works in the public sphere

•gentleness, empathy, humility, and sensitivity, works in the private sphere. (Joanna Flavell)

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How does feminism challenge the ontology and epistemology of International Relations?

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Gender is a Social Practice; Not a Biological Category

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Gender is a Social Practice; Not a Biological Category

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Does Anyone of You Finds Feminism and Annoying Topic? Why? 

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Does Anyone of You Finds Feminism and Annoying Topic? Why? 

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Why is social media an important space for feminist scholars to investigate (pp.3—5)?

What question is Jezierska asking of the feminist foreign policy literature? In other words, what gap in the literature is she trying to address (pp.5—6)?

Why is voice/silence important to the paper (pp.6—7)?

What does Jezierska find about the twitter feeds’ content (pp.10—15)?

How does this contrast with the silencing during the Jarosław Kaczyński incident (pp.15—17)?

Laengenfelder and Farber write, “has Angela Merkel made a (foreign) policy difference as a woman?” Answer their question (section 1)

What does the Laengenfelder and Farber paper argue the next German chancellor should do (section 2)?

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Are 'those who do not “do” their gender correctly are punished by society’ (Sarah Salih, 2002)?

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Are 'those who do not “do” their gender correctly are punished by society’ (Sarah Salih, 2002)?

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Men's Employment More Dependent on Trade than Women's

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Men's Employment More Dependent on Trade than Women's

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https://www.oecd.org/sdd/its/statistical-insights-mens-employment-more-dependent-on-trade-than-womens.htm

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•Liberal feminism: differences between men and women – social,  political and economic inequalities (just bring women in as analytical category)

•Critical feminism: social interpretation of biological differences – social practices, identities and institutions (realize that the feminine gender identity is socially constructed, not natural)

•Poststructural feminism: gender as the effect of discourses of power, the discourse is constitutive of the difference between men and women (the power discourse creates gender)

•Postcolonial feminism: feminist discourses of the global north are of preeminent concern for women from there, not necessarily all women (gender can be used for neocolonialism, a war to free the women)

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"It’s men who are recognized and claim a certain form of masculinity, for the sake of being more valued, more “serious,” and “the protectors of/and controllers of those people who are less masculine” that makes any organization, any community, any society patriarchal."