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Population of approximately 1,000 people

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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An eruption in 2010 left more than 300 people dead and forced almost 400,000 people to take refuge.

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Merapi Volcano Museum, Jalan Kaliurang, Banteng, Hargobinangun, Sleman Regency, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Fagradalsfjall, a shield volcano on the Reykjanes Peninsula that has been dormant for 6,000 years, awoke at 21:30 on March 19th

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Location: Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland
Type: Tuya volcano (type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. )
Nature: Active
Plate boundary: Divergent
Recent eruption: started 19 March ongoing
Nearest populated areas: nearest town, Grindavík

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-sits on the plate boundary between juan de fuca and the north american plates. the juan de fuca plate subducts under the north american plate to produce the line of volcanoes along Cascade Mountain Range.
-in cougar, 30000 animals died
-in skamania county, wa, usa, st. helens mt killed 57 people on march 27 (st helens started spewing); 550 million tons of ash into earth’s atmosphere.
- Active stratovolcano
-located in the Cascade range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic arc, a segment of the pacific ring of fire

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-950 residents
- 34 miles from Kilauea volcano
- The Kilauea eruption that began on May 3, 2018 destroyed hundreds of homes, businesses, and displaced thousands of residents. One year later, many are still recovering.
- For many residents, the property loss has been compounded by their inability to return home because roads remain covered or blocked by the lava flow.

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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Nyamuragira, Democratic Republic of the Congo

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The Fagradalsfjall volcano is a shield volcano, that was dormant for 6,000 years before erupting on 19th March 2021, at approximately 9.30pm. Fagradalsfjall is a compound of three words, fagur means beautiful, dalur means valley and fjall means mountain.
Fagradalsfjall is at an elevation of 385 metres, its summit at Langholl.
Fagradalsfjall mountain is a tuya that erupted during the last glaciation under the ice shield. A tuya is a type of distinctive, flat-topped, steep-sided volcano formed when lava erupts through a thick glacier or ice sheet. They are rare worldwide, being confined to regions which were covered by glaciers and had active volcanism during the same period.
The broader Fagradalsfjall volcanic system comprises an area of eruptive fissures (fissure swarm), cones and lava fields in the southern part of the Reykjanes peninsula.
A strong seismic crisis began in the area near Fagradalsfjall since late Feb 2021, interpreted as intrusion of magma at shallow depth. This led to the first historic eruption of the volcano on 19 March 2021.
Eruption style: fissure eruptions, lava flows
(https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/fagradalsfjall.html)
The area around the volcano is not heavily populated. A nearby town, Vogar, has a population of approximately 1,000 people.
A fishing town near the volcano, Grindavik, has a population of 3,300 people.

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Ejafjadlajokudlis, Iceland (nirrthika and ry)

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Ejafjadlajokudlis, Iceland (nirrthika and ry)

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mid-Atlantic plate boundary
Last eruption: 2010 March to June

How did it erupt? —> As the ice started to melt, glacial water began flooding into the volcano where it met the bubbling magma at the centre of the eruptions. This rapid cooling caused the magma to shear into fine, jagged ash particles.

Impacts —> Ash from the volcanic eruption covered large areas of Northern Europe about 20 countries closed air space and 10 million travellers were affected. The closure lasted for 6 days in April. led to over 100,000 flight cancellations, at a cost estimated at £3 billion.

The eruption was declared over early in 2010 after 3 months when the snow of the glacier did not melt.
•Seismic activity•  started at the end of 2009 and gradually increased in intensity until 20 March 2010

•Seismic activity• : a sudden release of energy in the earth's crust or upper mantle, usually caused by movement along a fault plane or by volcanic activity and resulting in the generation of seismic waves which can be destructive.

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-57 killed march27 (start spewing); may 18 1980 (major eruption)
-spew 550million tons of ash into earth atmosphere

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Active stratovolcano located in the Andes mountains
50 km south of Quito and 33 km northeast of the the city of Latacunga
Last eruption in August 2015
Cotopaxi is a subduction zone volcano, located where the Nazca oceanic plate is subducting underneath the continent of South America
Long term benefits of living near a rich volcanic source outweighs the short term destruction. https://volcanology.geol.ucsb.edu
The volcano may threaten 325000 people, as the eruption results in fast flowing mudflow
It is sacred

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Nearest city to volcano

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nearest populated city to mount mayon

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- closest town to nevado del ruiz

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- 30000 animals

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The towns surrounding the Kilauea mountain have an estimated population of 250. It is a popular tourists spot and roughly around 2 million tourists visit the volcanic park there.. on may 19 2018, the eruption of the Kilauea mountain resulted in the evacuation of 2 Million people

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- Active stratovolcano
-located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of fire
- elevation 2549m , prominence 1404m
-last disruption in 2004-2008

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Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta City, Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia

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Area that may be directly affected by Merapi eruption.
(29.5 Km South to Merapi)
(INTERESTING) Merapi is designated a DECADE VOLCANO by the UN because it has a history of violent eruptions and its close in proximity to densely populated areas.
Risks eruption:
- People living near the Decade Volcanoes may experience tephra fall, pyroclastic flows, lava flows, lahars, volcanic edifice instability and lava dome collapse
- Flow of molten lava into populated areas

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Mount Vesuvius, Pompei, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Mount Vesuvius, Pompei, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Mount Vesuvius, Pompei, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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nearest populated area: pompei, italy which is 8km from mount vesuvius (population size of pompei: 10k-20k inhabitants, eruption in 79A.D. caused the death of 2k citizens in 24hours)
- Pompeii was initially hit by falling volcanic debris, causing houses to collapse and suffocate those inside. The city was then hit by a particularly gassy pyroclastic surge, which was responsible for the greatest number of fatalities.
- it is one of the deadliest volcanic eruptions in European history.
- it is a somma-stratovolcano located on the Gulf of Naples in Campania, Italy, about 9 km east of Naples and a short distance from the shore.
-convergent plate boundary: Eurasian plate and African plate
- best known (best eruption) in 79A.D.
- the smallest, but most frequent type of activity observed at Vesuvius is persistent Strombolian to Hawaiian-style activity that prevailed during much of the period between 1631 and 1944. This activity is usually limited to the central crater, and sometimes to flank vents. Lava flows and lava fountains have been frequently observed during such periods of activity.
- Mount Vesuvius is still regarded as an active volcano, however the last eruption was in 1944.

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Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Vesuvius, Ottaviano, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Type of volcano: Tuya —> distinctive, flat topped & steep-sided volcano
Formation: formed when lava erupts through a thick layer of glacier/an ice sheets.
Plates involved: Eurasian and North American tectonic plates
Type of eruption: fissure eruption —> a volcanic fissure is a linear vent through which lava erupts, without any explosive activity. effusive eruption —> lava flows out slowly and steadily out of the ground.
Last eruption: Most recent volcanic eruption began on 19th March 2021 and is still emitting fresh lava literally as of right now.
Nearest populated area: Reykjanes peninsula, which has a population of 27 829 people, some fishing towns are found in the peninsula such as Grindavik.
Impact of eruption on people: Since it was a fissure eruption there was no extensive/fatal damage to the people but nearby residents were asked to keep their window shut (potential danger from SO2 gas) Some people actually climbed up the mountain to watch the lava flow. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-56470597
Why do people still live there: the impact of the volcanic eruptions on the lives of people is quite minimal as the nearest cities are quite far away. However, something interesting is that nearby people can probably profit off photographing the lava erupting from the mountain. https://time.com/3790015/iceland-living-with-volcanoes/

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Gunung Merapi, Hutan, Ngargomulyo, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

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Gunung Merapi, Hutan, Ngargomulyo, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

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Gunung Merapi, Hutan, Ngargomulyo, Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

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Type : stratovolcano (conical mountain formed from lava)
Location : Central Java (North of DKI Yogyakarta/ special region Yogyakarta)
Nature : Active (Most active volcano bcos it erupt regularly since 1548)
Recent eruption : 21 June 2020
What happened?
Fromhttps://www.google.com.sg/amp/s/www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/indonesias-merapi-volcano-spews-ash-debris-new-eruption%3famp
ash and debri spewed out of the mountain onto its slopes. A series of pyroclastic flows spewed from the mountain. (fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter (collectively known as tephra) that flows along the ground away from a volcano at average speeds of 100 km/h (62 mph) but is capable of reaching speeds up to 700 km/h (430 mph).)

Why do people still live near mount merapi?
- Merapi is considered sacred (2010, Merapi erupted. There is a person who is assigned as a guardian (Juru kunci) - Mbab Maridjan. He was killed due to a pyroclastic flow from Merapi eruption

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- stratovolcano
- 2 million years old
- one of the northernmost volcanoes in the Andean Volcanic Belt, a volcano chain running along the western coast of South America
- hasent produced a catastrophic eruption since Nov 13 1985 ( 23,000 deaths)
- 1985 eruption also known as armero tragedy
- in the eruption, nevado del ruiz spewed a violent mix of hot ash and lava into the atmosphere.
- closest city: armero (located 48km from nevado del ruiz)
-armero tragedy ( at that time : there was a population of 30000 when tragedy occurred)
- current population of armero : 11, 724
- last eruption: 2016, 2.9 magnitude earthquake
- the volcano is not dormant tho it still remains active
- impacts brought by 1985 eruption
https://www.nap.edu/read/1784/chapter/8

by: audra

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Gulf of Naples, Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Gulf of Naples, Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Gulf of Naples, Naples, Metropolitan City of Naples, Italy

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Active volcano which is completely covered by icecaps
Volcano type: Stratovolcano
Last eruption : March to June 2010
Nearby villages: Evindarholar, has a population of 110 people
Height: 16666m
Age: 800000 years old
Fun fact: Its name is derived from an Icelandic phrase meaning “the island's mountain glacier”

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- Active stratovolcano
-located in the Cascade Range and is part of the Cascade Volcanic arc, a segment of the Pacific Ring of fire
- elevation 2549m , prominence 1404m
-last disruption in 2004-2008

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Mount Aso, Takawara, Aso, Kumamoto, Japan

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Largest active volcano in Japan and is among the largest in the world. It’s last eruption was on 26 July 2019, it’s peak is 1592 metres above sea level. Since 1980, more than 70 people have been injured by volcanic gases at Aso and have been hospitalized. 3 people were killed and 11 injured by ballistic blocks ejected by an explosion that occurred at about 1pm local time on 6 September 1979.

**Mount Aso are Caldera complexes, which are the most explosive of Earth's volcanoes but often don't even look like volcanoes. They are usually so explosive when they erupt that they end up collapsing in on themselves rather than building any tall structure. Mount Aso consists of 5 mountains and are mostly strato volcanoes but looks more like a shield volcano

It is located at southern island Kyushu. It is near the sendai nuclear plant. Kyushu Island lies at the northeast end of the Ryukyu Island Arc, which sits on top of the boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Plates. It is also located at the borders of the pacific ring of fire. **popular hiking spot. (nearest populated area is kyushu village)

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Kīlauea is an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands.it is the most active of the five volcanoes that together form the Big Island of Hawaii

Last eruption : 20 December 2020

Elevation: 1,247 m

Prominence: 18 m

Location: Hawaii, USA

Age of the rock: 210,000 to 280,000 years old

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Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, HI, USA

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- located on southeastern part of island in Hawaii
- active shield volcano
- youngest (between 210000 and 280000 years old) and most active Hawaiian shield volcano
- it has been erupting since 1983 and its last eruption was on 20 December 2020
- elevation: 1247 metres
- The central feature of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park
-The volcano’s summit has collapsed to form a caldera, a broad shallow depression nearly 5 km long and 3.2 km wide with an area of more than 10 square km

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/active-volcano-kilauea-hawaii-agung-mayon-community-culture

many people depend on volcanoes for their survival. The geothermal energy of a volcano can power technological systems for nearby communities. Soil near active volcanoes is often rich in mineral deposits and provides excellent farming opportunities. Lots of people visit volcanoes each year, so jobs often pop up nearby in hotels, restaurants, gift shops, and as tour guides. And some people simply do not have the financial resources to move. Many residents of the area around Kilauea may also think it’s worth the risk, given the beauty, community, and remoteness of Hawaii.

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Stratovolcano, elevation of 2462 m above sea level, in the province of Albay in Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. A popular tourist spot, it is renowned for its "perfect cone" because of its symmetric conical shape, and is regarded as sacred in Philippine mythology, dominating the city of Legaspi.

The most recent eruptive episode began in early January 2018 that consisted of phreatic explosions, steam-and-ash plumes, lava fountaining, and pyroclastic flows. It lies on the pacific ring of fire, and the convergent boundary between the Eurasian and Philippine Plate

There have been more than 30 eruptions recorded since 1616. An eruption in 1993 caused 79 deaths. Subsequent eruptions in 2000, 2006, 2009, 2014, and 2018 forced tens of thousands of people in nearby villages to evacuate.

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Stratovolcano : composite cone, formed by violent eruptions , have layers of rock, ash and lava
Eruption would affect: Fujinomiya city, Tokyo and Kyoto (these cities are populated and built up, so Mount Fuji may cause destruction to these cities)
Mount Fuji is an active volcano, it last erupted from 1707 to 1708
( an active volcano is a volcano that has had at least 1 eruption during the past 10,000 years)
Major eruption of Fuji would cause ¥2.5 trillion in economic damage
It is a popular tourist destination all year round, for sightseeing (Mount Fuji has 5 lakes), hiking, camping etc
People continue to live near / build shrines on Mount Fuji because
Mt Fuji is considered sacred, and it plays an important role in Japan’s history. Fertile soil, very suitable for farming.

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Phan Thiet, Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam

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Phan Thiet, Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam

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Phan Thiet, Bình Thuận Province, Vietnam

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan

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Mount Fuji, Kitayama, Fujinomiya, Shizuoka, Japan