# data[].attributes.body
https://www.nordangliaeducation.com/news/2020/04/29/why-is-it-important-to-study-history

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
History is one of the most important academic pursuits of any child's education. Here, we outline the importance of learning history and reveal study tips for pupils.

We all live in the present and we plan for the future - but how do we understand where we're going and what progress looks like? To know exactly where you're going, you first need to understand where you have come from. For that you need an appreciation of history.

History is one of the most respected and most valuable academic subjects your child will learn. This guide takes a deep dive into the importance of learning history at school, plus a few tips for studying it effectively.

The Benefits of Studying History

Entire societies, and the individuals within them, benefit from gaining a deeper understanding of history. Here are six benefits your child will enjoy if they study history in school.

1. Develop an Understanding of the World

Through history, we can learn how past societies, systems, ideologies, governments, cultures and technologies were built, how they operated, and how they have changed. The rich history of the world helps us to paint a detailed picture of where we stand today.

Developing your knowledge of history means developing your knowledge of all these different aspects of life. Children can learn about the pillars upon which different civilizations were built, including cultures and people different from their own.

All this knowledge makes them more rounded people who are better prepared to learn in all their academic subjects.

2. Become a More Rounded Person

History is full of stories. Some are inspiring and uplifting; others are chaotic and immoral. Tap into the vivid realm of history, and there are many vital lessons your child needs to learn. They will study times of suffering and times of joy, and the lessons they learn here can then be applied to their own life experience.

History also encourages a deeper understanding of difference. There are lessons, both good and bad, to be learned from the way our ancestors have interacted with other people who have different ways of living. In a modern world where inclusivity is embraced no matter your background, an understanding of how past societies have integrated is key to humanity improving in the future.

3. Understand Identity

Nations are made up of a collection of stories and legends. These stories shape the way we think about our country and our standing within it. History is where we learn about how great institutions are formed, and how they've contributed to where we are today.

For many of us, looking back at incredible fellow countrymen is a way of establishing our own identity. Finding who we are and what mark we can make on the world is a huge part of childhood. Allowing children to learn about the identity of their country is one way of facilitating that.

4. Become Inspired

Those historical stories can also serve to inspire individuals to greatness. History remembers brilliant people and their heroic acts that have changed the shape of nations. You get a huge amount of motivation from learning about the inspirational events that make up where we are today.

It only takes one great story from the pages of history to light up children's imagination and spur them on to do great things.

5. Learn from Mistakes

Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it." George Santayana's quote is one of academia's most cited and paraphrased lines, and one that explains perfectly why everyone should study history. The past is filled with warning signs. We must be able to reflect on the events that built up to them, learn from mistakes made and resist and question if we see similar patterns emerging.

If your child studies history, they will be able to identify when society is going down perilous routes and contribute towards getting it back on track.

6. Develop Transferrable Skills

History is a respected academic pursuit that challenges our intellect. Students must analyse information that may not have one clear interpretation before offering a balanced conclusion. Critical thought is at the heart of every challenging intellectual pursuit.

The ability to question and evaluate information is one that applies to workplaces in many industries, and Nord Anglia Education strive to provide the necessary transferrable skills to all our students. History is one of the best subjects for stimulating and developing this ability.

How to Study History

History is not about memorising a list of facts or dates. It requires interpretation and analysis of information around subjects which often have no right or wrong answers. Still, there are plenty of effective methods for studying history, like these three:

1. Connect Events Together

History is shaped by a list of chronological events. When studying seismic shifts in a culture or country, it's important that you know what key events contributed to this and why they were so important. It can lead to a daunting list of times, dates and people to learn.

One popular method for doing this involves making connections to develop the full picture. With your child, note down the different events, facts and people that played a role in a significant historical event. Then create a mind map that connects each part of the picture, using colours and symbols to establish a pattern containing a large amount of easily digestible information.

2. Display Key Information

With so much to learn, it's important that you're able to focus in on the most valuable information and retain it for exams. While history usually focuses on the larger picture rather than just a succession of dates or facts, it can also be worthwhile adopting memory techniques to ensure that your child can reach for specific information if they need it.

Flashcards are an excellent way to do this. Write a brief fact or statement on one side of a card. Stick them around your child's room, allowing them to ingest that piece of information every single day. Before long, they'll be able to recite the information on each card.

3. Soak up Books and Films

History is packed with incredible, real-life stories - many of which are told for a new generation in the form of novels and films. When your child has finished studying their textbooks, films and books offer a lighter, but still useful, way to learn about history.

Just be sure to choose the right titles. Many books and films take liberties with their chosen subject. Speak to your child's history teacher for a reading and viewing list that's tied into their curriculum.

Studying history will provide your child with a more rounded academic skillset and an improved ability to think critically - something they can take into the rest of their education. To see how Nord Anglia Education delivers our outstanding history curriculum, find your nearest school.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Why is It Important to Study History? | Nord Anglia Education

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
History is one of the most important academic pursuits of any child's education. Here, we outline the importance of learning history and reveal study tips for pupils. We all live in the present and we plan for the future - but how do we understand where we're going and what progress looks like?

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.capital-ges.com/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-international-expansion/

https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/other/globalization/

https://www.masterclass.com/articles/how-globalization-works-pros-and-cons-of-globalization#3-examples-of-globalization

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This company is now People2.0! You have been redirected to www.people20.com for industry news, training, events, and more. If you haven’t been automatically redirected in 10 seconds, please click here. Thanks!

# data[].attributes.body
https://vietcetera.com/vn/nhung-dieu-can-biet-ve-phan-cap-thoi-trang
https://www.forbes.com/sites/pamdanziger/2019/12/20/4-major-challenges-facing-the-luxury-market-in-2020-and-opportunities-for-brands-that-lean-into-them/?sh=448093ef176d
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/reconsider-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-luxury-handbag-116749189.html
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/consumption-of-luxuries-advantages-and-disadvantages/10550
https://penpoin.com/premium-brand/
https://penpoin.com/private-label/
https://penpoin.com/brand-name/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Thời trang là ngành công nghiệp khổng lồ được tạo thành từ sự sáng tạo không ngừng của các nhà thiết kế. Thời trang nhắm đến mọi đối tượng, và cũng là mảnh đất giàu tiềm năng của những nhà kinh doanh thời trang. Để dễ dàng tiếp cận cho cả hai bên cung - cầu, thị trường thời trang được phân mảnh thành Fashion Hierarchy - Phân cấp thời trang. Fashion hierarchy bao gồm 5 phân khúc: Haute Couture & Couture, High-End Fashion, Middle Market, Mass Market và Value Market.

Value Market - Phân khúc thời trang giá rẻ

Value Market là thị trường bao gồm các công ty chuyên sản xuất thời trang đại trà nhằm tạo ra lợi nhuận. Vì tập trung vào số lượng, các nhà sản xuất thường sử dụng các nguyên vật liệu giá rẻ, chất lượng thấp nhằm giảm giá thành của sản phẩm.

Trong những năm gần đây, Value Market đã chuyển đổi nhằm thích nghi với xu hướng tiêu dùng. Thay vì chỉ tập trung vào quần áo cơ bản, các thương hiệu chuyển hướng sản xuất các thiết kế đa dạng hơn. Đồng thời, phân khúc này cũng đầu tư vào các chiến dịch ý nghĩa giúp mở rộng thị trường tiêu thụ, tiêu biểu như George at ASDA hay Sainsbury's Tu clothing.

Mass Market - Thời trang nhanh

Mass Market, hay còn gọi là thời trang nhanh, là phân khúc phổ biến và chiếm đông đảo nhất thị trường. Mass Market được xem là nơi mang thời trang cao cấp vào đời thường dưới một mức giá phù hợp. Thuật ngữ "thời trang nhanh" được phát triển rộng rãi ở Mỹ từ những năm 80s, đến nay đã lan rộng toàn cầu và khiến thời trang tăng tốc.

Mass Market kích cầu bằng cách liên tục ra mắt các thiết kế mới, đánh vào tâm lý "có mới nới cũ" của người tiêu dùng. Đây là một cuộc đua của cả nhà bán và người mua - liên tục cập nhật xu hướng và sản phẩm hoặc bị bỏ lại phía sau.

Trong phân khúc này, bạn sẽ gặp những cái tên quen thuộc như GAP, Zara, H&M hay UNIQLO. Chính nhờ chất lượng tương đối và giá thành hợp lý đã giúp thời trang nhanh mỗi lúc một phát triển hơn.

Tuy nhiên, thời trang nhanh lại mang đến nhiều bất cập từ việc đạo nhái ý tưởng sáng tạo, những quy trình sản xuất kém bền vững hay nạn bóc lột lao động giá rẻ ở một số nước như Bangladesh, Ấn Độ và cả Việt Nam.

Middle Market - Thời trang tầm trung

Ranh giới giữa thời trang cao cấp và thời trang trung cấp là thị trường thời trang tầm trung. Trong phân khúc này, các sản phẩm có chất lượng tốt và ít số lượng so với hàng ở các phân khúc thấp hơn.

Thời trang tầm trung hiện là thị trường tiêu thụ phù hợp cho thế hệ Millennials bởi số lượng giới hạn của mỗi thiết kế, giúp họ xây dựng phong cách một cách riêng biệt hơn. Calvin Klein, Tommy Hilfiger... là những thương hiệu đặc trưng cho phân khúc này.

High-end Fashion - Phân khúc thời trang xa xỉ

Một chiếc túi xách Chanel, bộ váy Dior hay chiếc đồng hồ Rolex sắc sảo đều là những biểu tượng kinh điển mang tên thời trang xa xỉ. Các sản phẩm trong phân khúc này thường được thiết kế và chế tác một cách tinh xảo, tạo nên nét sang trọng trong từng món đồ.

Khác với Value hay Mass Market, High-end Fashion vốn không hướng tới số đông. Không đánh vào truyền thông đại chúng, thời trang xa xỉ tiếp cận với thế giới qua các tuần lễ thời trang New York, London hay Milan với các show diễn của nhà thiết kế.

Họ tập trung vào nhóm khách hàng nhỏ nhưng sẵn sàng rút hầu bao mà không quan tâm đến giá thành của sản phẩm. Bên cạnh tầng lớp thượng lưu, High-end Fashion cũng đang chứng kiến sự phát triển mạnh mẽ của nhóm người tiêu dùng mới: Millennials và thế hệ Z.

Về khâu phân phối, ngoài những cửa hiệu chính khắp thế giới, các thương hiệu xa xỉ còn thông qua những đơn vị phân phối chọn lọc nhằm tăng tính độc quyền. Hai ông lớn của thời trang xa xỉ là LVMH - sở hữu các thương hiệu như Fendi, Bulgari, Dom Pérignon và Givenchy, Dior, và Kering - công ty mẹ của Gucci, Saint Laurent và Bottega Veneta, đang là hai đối trọng cạnh tranh nhau trong lĩnh vực này.

Haute Couture & Couture

Haute Couture bắt nguồn từ tiếng Pháp và được xem là một loại hình nghệ thuật cao nhất của thời trang. Haute Couture ra đời nhằm tôn vinh sự sáng tạo và nét lãng mạn của thời trang. Tất cả các chi tiết trên trang phục đều được làm thủ công bằng tay, không sử dụng máy móc để đảm bảo độ hoàn hảo và độc nhất. Đến nay, thế giới vẫn còn những nhà nghề Haute Couture hàng trăm năm tuổi tồn tại nhằm gìn giữ nghệ thuật này.

Để trở thành một nhà Haute Couture, thương hiệu thời trang phải là thành viên của Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture (Nghiệp đoàn may đo cao cấp) thuộc Phòng Thương mại và Công nghiệp tại Paris, Pháp. Các thành viên phải có đội ngũ hơn 15 người và ra mắt các bộ sưu tập 2 lần trong năm. Hiện tại, chỉ có 9 thương hiệu được xem là thành viên chính thức của Haute Couture, bao gồm Chanel, Christian Dior, Jean Paul Gaultier, Frank Sorbier hay Stephane Rolland.

Thông thường, khách hàng phải trực tiếp liên hệ với nhà Haute Couture để đặt may. Một món Haute Couture sẽ mất rất nhiều giờ để hoàn thành, từ 500 đến 6000 giờ. Chính sự tỉ mỉ, số giờ công lớn và niềm yêu mến của người nghệ nhân gửi gắm vào trang phục mà Haute Couture mang giá trị hàng trăm ngàn USD.
Ảnh bìa: Bộ sưu tập Haute Couture SS20 của Dior. Nguồn: LVMH

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Những điều cần biết về "Phân cấp thời trang"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Thời trang là ngành công nghiệp khổng lồ được tạo thành từ sự sáng tạo không ngừng của các nhà thiết kế. Thời trang nhắm đến mọi đối tượng, và cũng là mảnh đất giàu tiềm năng của những nhà kinh doanh thời trang.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2019-Highlights.pdf
https://ageingasia.org/ageing-population-vietnam/
https://www.nia.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2017-06/WPAM.pdf
http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160311-how-many-people-can-our-planet-really-support
https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-overpopulation.php

# data[].attributes.body
https://espas.secure.europarl.europa.eu/orbis/sites/default/files/generated/document/en/0115391e.pdf
https://socialsci.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Sociology/Book%3A_Sociology_(Boundless)/09%3A_Stratification_Inequality_and_Social_Class_in_the_U.S./9.04%3A_Social_Mobility/9.4B%3A_Growing_Gap_Between_Rich_and_Poor#:~:text=wages%20for%20services.-,Economic%20inequality%20(also%20known%20as%20the%20gap%20between%20rich%20and,(accumulated%20assets)%20and%20income.&text=The%20Gini%20coefficient%20is%20a,dispersal%20of%20wealth%20or%20income
https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/wealth-inequality-rich-poor-growing-gender-race-davos-a8745056.html
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/10/us/politics/gao-income-gap-rich-poor.html

# data[].attributes.body
https://ecavo.com/top-environmental-problems/
https://earth.org/the-biggest-environmental-problems-of-our-lifetime/
https://www.fluencecorp.com/what-is-water-scarcity/#:~:text=Water%20scarcity%20can%20be%20defined,for%20a%20continually%20growing%20population
https://www.worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity
https://www.britannica.com/science/biodiversity-loss
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2019/05/nature-decline-unprecedented-report/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Decades of careless human actions are destroying habitats and endangering the lives of future generations.

There is no denying the fact that our environment is changing for the worse. Hundreds of studies show that climate change is happening and affecting all life around us.

However, many may be unaware of the specific environmental issues that have led to these changes.

Terms like "climate change" and "genetic modification" are commonplace, but without additional information, it is difficult to see why they actually matter.

To complicate the matter, many of these environmental problems are linked to one another. The key is that they are all important challenges that need to be confronted.

Let's examine the 30 biggest environmental issues facing our planet today and why they should matter to you.

List of 30 Biggest Environmental Issues Today

1. Genetic Modification

More people are becoming aware of the health impacts of eating foods with genetically modified (GM) traits.

Published research continues to establish correlations between GMOs and certain cancers, reproductive problems, immune imbalances, poor gut health, and autoimmune disorders.

There is also some speculation that genetically-modified plants may leak chemical compounds into the soil through their roots, negatively affecting communities of microorganisms.

2. Soil Contamination and Degradation

Environmental problems caused by man-made chemicals are clear. For example, there has been a 90% reduction in the Monarch butterfly population in the United States which can be linked to weed killers that contain glyphosate.

Any time industrial waste of any type contacts the soil it leaves behind chemicals and residues that change the composition of the soil leaving it less safe and fertile for natural organisms.

Soil degradation is the biological, chemical, and physical breakdown of the soil. It is less fertile, less safe, and less biodiverse than native soil.

3. Waste Production

The average person produces 4.3 pounds of waste per day, with the United States alone accounting for 220 million tons per year.

Much of this waste ends up in landfills, which generate enormous amounts of methane.

Methane ranks as one of the worst greenhouse gases because of its high global warming potential.

4. Waste Disposal

Our non-renewable waste goes into landfills or gets burned.

Burning can be a way to turn some waste into biomass which helps reduce the amount of waste in the landfill. Biomass advantages and disadvantages are hotly debated.

The main disadvantage of biomass burning is that it increases carbon emissions.

Methane output from landfills can be reduced by harvesting it for power generation.

This is done by steam methane reforming which converts the methane into hydrogen which can be burned for fuel.

Still, waste production and disposal are two of the major local environmental issues that every community has to come to terms with.

5. Population Growth

Many of the issues listed here result from the massive population growth that the earth has experienced in the last century.

The planet's population grows by 1.13% per year, which works out to 80 million new people yearly.

This results in a number of issues, such as a lack of fresh water, habitat loss for wild animals, overuse of natural resources, and even species extinction.

As the population on our planet grows we have to get smarter about the ways that we use our natural resources so that we aren't wasting what we have.

6. Water Pollution

Water is one of our top 5 natural resources and crucial to life on earth, yet more sources are being polluted through human activities each year.

On a global scale, 2 million tons of sewage, and agricultural and industrial waste enter the world's water every day.

It disrupts marine life, sometimes alters reproductive cycles, and increases mortality rates.

The phytoplankton in the ocean provides 70% of the oxygen we breathe. We can't afford to kill them off with chemicals and garbage.

7. Drinking Water Contamination

All water is vital to human survival, but drinking water is something that every person needs daily.

Much of the US drinking water is contaminated by chemicals, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, bleach, and pesticides.

Municipal water treatment plants aim to clean the water before we drink it, but many of these particles are too small to get out of the water so we drink them to our detriment.

8. Deforestation

The demands of an increasing population have resulted in increasing levels of deforestation.

Here are the main causes of deforestation.

Cities and towns clear forest land to spread outward from the downtown core to accommodate more residents. These trees are lost.

Demand for lumber results in the clear-cutting of managed forests. These trees are usually replanted.

New power plants burn biomass instead of fossil fuels to generate electricity. This biomass is usually chipped up trees. This results in widespread deforestation but the trees are usually replanted.

Farming can result in some deforestation, but this is rare in the United States. This is more of a problem in the rainforests as we'll discuss later.

Deforestation results in the loss of habitat for many species, placing many at risk and leading to large-scale extinction.

Furthermore, deforestation is estimated to produce 15% of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. What's worse is that biomass power plants also contribute to greenhouse emissions.

9. Urban Sprawl

What is urban sprawl? It is the fast, low-density expansion from urban areas into agricultural or undeveloped areas.

Urban sprawl has been linked to environmental issues like air and water pollution increases, in addition to the loss of food production and the creation of heat islands.

The concrete and asphalt that typifies urban sprawl absorb heat during the day and emit it late into the night so these areas can't cool down.

This changes the environment permanently and results in the loss of biodiversity in these areas.

Satellite images produced by NASA have also shown how urban sprawl contributes to forest fragmentation, which often leads to total deforestation.

10. Overfishing

It is estimated that 63% of global fish stocks are now overfished. This means that fish reproduction can't keep up with the level of harvesting.

This has led to many fishing fleets heading to new waters, which will only serve to deplete fish stocks further.

Overfishing leads to a misbalance of ocean life, severely affecting natural ecosystems in the process.

Furthermore, it also has negative effects on coastal communities that rely on fishing to support their economies.

Fisheries have to constrict harvesting further and further to ensure that fish populations can keep up with harvesting - creating further hardships on fishing communities.

11. Acid Rain

Acid rain comes as a result of air pollution, mostly through chemicals released into the environment when fuel is burned.

Its effects are most clearly seen in aquatic ecosystems, where increasing acidity in the water can lead to animal deaths.

It also causes various issues for trees. Though it doesn't kill trees directly, acid rain does weaken them by damaging leaves, poisoning the trees, and limiting their available nutrients.

When combined with the issues of mechanical deforestation, it is no wonder that tree stands are becoming weaker and more susceptible to beetle infestations and wildfires.

12. Ozone Layer Depletion

Ozone depletion is caused by the release of chemicals, primarily chlorine and bromide, into the atmosphere.

A single atom of either has the potential to destroy thousands of ozone molecules before leaving the stratosphere.

Ozone depletion results in more UVB radiation reaching the Earth's surface.

UVB has been linked to skin cancer and eye disease, plus it affects plant life and has been linked to a reduction of plankton in marine environments.

13. Ocean Acidification

Ocean acidification is the term used to describe the continued lowering of the pH levels of the Earth's oceans as a result of carbon dioxide emissions.

It is estimated that ocean acidity will increase by 150% by 2100 if efforts aren't made to halt it.

This increase in acidification can have dire effect on calcifying species, such as shellfish.

This causes issues throughout the food chain and may lead to reductions in aquatic life that would otherwise not be affected by acidification.

Many people believe that the oceanic phenomenon known as El Niño is also caused by carbon dioxide emissions and global warming, but this is not true.

In fact, El Niño is an ancient weather pattern that we can't control, but it does control the way we experience life and weather on this planet.

14. Air Pollution

Air pollution is becoming an increasingly dangerous problem, particularly in heavily-populated cities.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has found that 80% of people living in urban areas are exposed to poor air quality. This is detrimental for our health as the human race.

It is also directly linked to other environmental issues, such as acid rain and eutrophication - excess algae and contaminants in estuaries and coastal waters.

Animals and the human population are also at risk of developing a number of health problems due to air pollution.

We have written a separate article breaking down 6 Causes of Air Pollution. We explored the effects along with some solutions to this growing problem that will have dire consequences for our future.

15. Lowered Biodiversity

Continued pollution and land overuse have resulted in lowered biodiversity.

Biodiversity is the variety of all types of life on planet earth. It includes everything from genes to biomes, from bacterial forms to ecological systems.

A lack of biodiversity means that future generations will have to deal with the increased vulnerability of plants to pests and fewer sources of fresh water.

This is because all life on planet earth is intertwined and dependent on each other for balance and survival. As species are endangered or brought to extinction the ripple effect goes through all living things.

Some studies have found that lowered biodiversity impacts ecosystems just as much as global warming and pollution, particularly in areas with higher amounts of species extinction.

16. The Nitrogen Cycle

With most of the focus being placed on the carbon cycle, the effects of human use of nitrogen often slip under the radar.

The nitrogen cycle is essential for life on earth. All living things need this abundant gas, but too much can be a bad thing.

It is estimated that nitrogen fertilizers are the primary cause of excess nitrogen that contaminates inland waterways and marine estuaries.

Excess levels of nitrogen in water can cause issues in marine ecosystems, primarily through overstimulation of plant and algae growth.

When excess nitrogen is washed into waterways it enriches the water too much and creates algal blooms and an abundance of water plants - eutrophication.

The problem is that when these plants die and decay they reduce the amount of absorbed oxygen in the water which is terrible for the other aquatic life.

It can create "dead zones" where fish and marine life don't have the oxygen they need to survive.

17. Natural Resource Depletion

Recent studies have shown that humanity uses so many natural resources that we would need almost 1.5 Earths to cover our needs.

Natural resource depletion is a big deal. Some things we use are non-renewable. Other natural resources are renewable but we're using them faster than they can replenish.

The natural resources that get used the fastest are:

Freshwater

Minerals

Clean air

Trees (deforestation)

Clean soil

Fish and marine animals

This is only set to increase as industrialization quickly progresses in population-dense nations like China and India.

Increased resource use is linked to a number of other environmental issues, such as air pollution and population growth.

There are many natural resource examples of things that we need for life as we know it that are non-renewable. The more we can exchange these things for renewables the better off we'll be.

18. Transportation

An ever-growing population needs transportation, much of which is fueled by the natural resources that emit greenhouse gases, such as petroleum.

In 2020, transportation accounted for 27% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

Transportation also contributes to a range of other environmental issues, such as the destruction of natural habitats and an increase in air pollution.

19. Polar Ice Caps

The issue of the melting of polar ice caps is a contentious one.

While in 2022 the Arctic ice pack seems to be rising to some extent, it is still far below the median expected range. The Greenland ice sheet continues with moderate levels of summer melting.

The Antarctic ice pack is experiencing slightly higher than average snow melt during the 2022 melt season. It has reached an all-time low in total mass.

While sea level rise has fallen well below the dire predictions given a couple of decades ago, it is indeed rising and will continue to rise as the global climate warms.

A slowing in the polar ice pack melting will help to delay catastrophic sea level rise, but it is inevitable as the polar ice continues to melt into the ocean.

If this pattern continues there could be significant coastal flooding in the next 100 years and contamination of drinking water in low-lying areas.

20. Climate Change

Climate change is a massive umbrella term to describe the effects of the major issues on this list.

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) reports that June 2022 saw a global temperature increase of 1.57 degrees over the 20th-century average temperature.

The effects of climate change are widespread, as it will cause issues with deforestation, water supplies, ocean rise, and ecosystem loss.

Each of these has widespread implications of its own, marking climate change as the major environmental issue the planet faces today.

The thing to remember about climate change is that it is not an entity on its own. It is an overarching term that describes all of the issues that ultimately cause global warming.

You can't solve climate change. However, you can help protect rainforests, freshwater, fisheries, and help decrease nitrogen runoff. You can use less electricity and reduce your waste production.

These things, when done by a majority of people, can help solve climate change.

21. Public Health Issues

Public health issues are becoming more of a problem as the world changes rapidly.

The increased population makes it easier for viruses and bacteria to adapt and spread rapidly.

The lack of clean water in much of the world makes people more susceptible to water-borne pathogens.

Our global system of rapid transportation allows pathogens to spread around the world in mere hours.

As the world grapples with unhealthy soil, diseased animal populations, overpopulation, and squalid living conditions, polluted water, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, public health issues will only get worse.

22. Rainforest Loss

The rainforest provides about 9% of the oxygen in the world. That's much less than the 20% usually touted in the press and by politicians, but it is still a significant amount.

The other thing to remember is that the rainforest is incredibly biodiverse. The oxygen produced by the rainforest is mostly used by the animals and people who live in the rainforest.

Still, without that oxygen supply, the entire ecosystem will fail.

Farming in the rainforest is a major contributor to the loss of global rainforests. Much work is being done to educate equatorial farmers about the importance of land management.

23. Ecosystem Destruction

Every change that we make to a river, lake, field, forest, plain, or mountain has an effect on the ecosystem in that area.

Ecosystem destruction occurs daily in massive amounts and we don't think about it.

Even our efforts to harvest renewable energy sources like the sun, the wind, and running water end up causing ecosystem destruction.

Hydroelectric dams are some of the biggest ecosystem changers in the world. They change the flow of rivers and flood massive inland valleys to make water reservoirs.

Hydroelectric dams harness one of our best sources of renewable energy, but they change the landscape at the same time.

This type of ecosystem destruction is seen as preferable to burning fossil fuels, and it probably is, but it isn't without consequences for the flora and fauna that are displaced by the construction and use.

Many plants and animals will change habitats and replenish themselves in the area, but some won't.

24. Waste from Renewable Energy

Renewable energy sources like the sun, wind, and water are excellent for offsetting our mining and burning of fossil fuels.

Renewable energy collectors like solar panels and wind turbines enable us to get some of the electricity we need without increasing global carbon emissions.

However, these renewables have their own toxic waste that the world has to grapple with.

Solar panels require massive amounts of coal and silica mining for manufacturing. This is a big carbon issue.

They also contain toxic metals like lead and mercury that can't be put in a landfill when the solar panel is done working. Solar panel retirement is a global pollution problem.

Wind turbines have some recyclable parts, especially in the turbine area. However, all of the fiberglass turbine blades and the massive towers end up in landfill.

Renewable energy sources will never be truly clean until there are recycling technologies in place to take care of the waste.

25. Food Safety

The global food supply gets less safe as the population grows.

GMO seedstock is used to increase crop yields

GMO plants help reduce the need for chemical pesticides, but they're detrimental to human health

Global transportation of food increases cases of bacterial contamination

Global transportation increases the risk of consuming things like lead and mercury

Nitrogen fertilizers help to increase crop yield, but their overuse leads to water contamination

A major cause for food safety concerns is the global dependence on snacks and convenience foods. These foods create an exorbitant demand for staple crops like wheat and sugar.

These crops must be grown with maximum speed and efficiency to meet demand - which means they're grown using questionable methods.

26. Mining

Mining is carried out globally and gives us everything from table salt and diamonds to coal and uranium.

Mining destroys ecosystems and contaminates the soil. Often the runoff from open pit mining creates huge toxic waste pools that must be carefully mitigated to keep from poisoning the local population.

We can't just stop mining. We need the mineral resources that we extract from the ground for everything we produce including wind turbines and solar panels.

Using our natural mineral resources more wisely and recycling everything possible will help us decrease the impact of mining. It will also help make these resources last longer.

27. Nuclear Waste

Nuclear energy pros and cons are often in the public eye. Nuclear energy supplies about 56% of the energy used in the United States.

Nuclear energy is produced with zero carbon output. It is completely clean energy.

However, it produces waste. Not a ton of waste. All of the spent uranium in the history of the United States nuclear power program would fit in a single football field.

However, the spent fuel rods are still highly radioactive even after they're done spending 6 or 7 years in a nuclear reactor producing electricity.

They have to be cooled in water for about 10 years and then stored in dry storage boxes for the foreseeable future.

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory and others are working to create facilities to recycle spent uranium and design new nuclear facilities that can use spent fuel rods to generate electricity.

Wondering how nuclear waste is stored? Here's everything you ever wanted to know about the safe storage of nuclear waste.

28. Nanoparticles

Atmospheric nanoparticles are produced by burning biomass, coal, and other fuels that create exhaust. Larger nanoparticles settle out onto the ground and into water. The smallest nanoparticles can be inhaled.

Inhaling nanoparticles creates a cascade of health detriments to humans and animals.

Nanoparticles increase chemical concentrations in the atmosphere and contaminate water sources.

29. Light Pollution

Light pollution occurs from outdoor lights that are left on all night.

Light pollution doesn't just make it hard to see the stars. It also disrupts the migration and feeding patterns of nocturnal animals.

Sea turtles are one of the most commonly discussed victims of light pollution.

Sea turtle mothers don't want to lay their eggs near artificial light. It disorients them and makes them lay in less than optimal places where the hatchlings have little chance of survival.

Sea turtle hatchlings also rely on the visual cue of moonlight to find their way across the beach and to the water. Artificial lighting along the shore makes them disoriented.

This disorientation causes hatchlings to go the wrong way - into suburban areas - and die because they can't reach the water.

By turning off lights and using red (narrow spectrum) lights along the Sea Turtle Conservancy has shown a significant reduction in sea turtle disorientation along the beach.

30. Space Pollution

Space pollution is an up-and-coming crisis for our planet.

The race to increase satellite presence in earth's orbit has created a mass of unrecoverable machinery that is orbiting our planet at 17,000 miles per hour.

As of January 2022, there are 8,261 manmade objects orbiting the earth. These are mostly satellites. Because there is no way to recover a dead satellite, 42% of those satellites are space junk.

We are ultimately facing a massive buildup of space junk in orbit around our planet that could make future space travel impossible until we figure out how to deorbit and dispose of all that junk.

Before we start colonizing the moon and other planets in our solar system we have to learn to take care of the space we have.

What Are the 5 Major Environmental Problems?

The top 5 environmental problems are ones that daily affect the lives of people.

Drinking water contamination - the developing world has little access to clean water in the first place. The developed world has drinking water loaded with pollutants.

Waste Disposal - The amount of non-renewable waste generated globally is staggering. Piles of waste mar some areas, but the greenhouse gas emitted by decaying waste affects everyone.

Ozone Layer Depletion - The increasing levels of UVB rays striking the earth are a major cause of skin cancer and decreasing phytoplankton levels in the ocean.

Air Pollution - Particulates in the air we breathe go into our lungs and cause health ramifications throughout the body.

Natural Resource Depletion - The global population is using natural resources at an alarming rate. Even renewable resources like water and plants need to be used at a rate that allows them to replenish.

There are more environmental problems that affect our lives like deforestation, but these 5 impact us daily.

What Are the Causes of Environmental Problems?

There are so many causes of environmental problems and they're intertwined. It's hard to separate the cascade of effects into a step-by-step progression. Here are some causes of environmental issues.

High demand for a resource - High demand makes it lucrative for companies to harvest, mine, or in some way capture the resource that's highly desirable for energy, food, electronics, transportation, or luxury.

Uninhibited Consumption - The majority of people believe that their own consumption patterns don't matter. Added together, the high consumption patterns of billions of people create a problem.

Lack of alternative resources - Some resources are being gradually replaced by renewable counterparts. This isn't always possible, so the resource will be used until it is gone. Recycling can help extend the supply of some natural resources.

Lack of education - Many people don't see the need to conserve resources, use renewable or recyclable items, and try to decrease their own resource demand.

Local Environmental Issues

Your local environmental issues will be different depending on where you live, but we all have issues that we must wrestle with locally.

Air pollution - how often and how far we choose to drive in fossil fuel vehicles has a direct impact on the air quality in our communities.

Waste disposal - waste generated in communities usually stays somewhere in the local area. Even if it gets trucked to a different community it's a big problem that communities need to deal with at the local level.

Clean Water - communities in the West are wrestling with water management issues as water supplies established 90 years ago dry up. Other communities have flooding that threatens clean water supplies. Residents have to conserve clean water for survival.

Communities on waterways must ensure that the waterways are clean, fisheries are thriving, and natural resources are not overtaxed.

Final Thoughts

The impact that human activities have on the environment around us is undeniable and more studies are being conducted each year to show the extent of the issue.

This list of environmental issues is long, but it's not comprehensive. There are more problems than we have the space to discuss.

More needs to be done to remedy the major environmental issues that affect us today for our own good and that of future generations of humans, animals, and plants.

The good news is that many of these environmental issues can be controlled. By making adjustments, humanity can have a direct and positive impact on the environment.

Which issues do you feel are the most vital? Are there environmental issues that you feel should be included on our list? Let us know in the comments below!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
List of Environmental Issues Examples: 30 Biggest Threats

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Decades of careless human actions are destroying habitats and endangering the lives of future generations. There is no denying the fact that our environment is changing for the worse. Hundreds of studies show that climate change is happening and affecting all life around us.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.economicsdiscussion.net/advertising/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-advertising/31464
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/advertising/advantage-and-disadvantage-of-advertising/48668
https://influencermarketinghub.com/kol-marketing/
https://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/celebrity-marketing/#:~:text=Celebrity%20marketing%20is%20a%20tactic,an%20endorsement%20of%20a%20product.&text=Others%20simply%20involve%20the%20celebrity,been%20used%20across%20all%20mediums
https://www.marketing-schools.org/types-of-marketing/celebrity-marketing/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Everything you need to know about advantages and disadvantages advertising. Advertising is defined as the paid, non-personal form of communication about products or ideas by an identified sponsor through the mass media so as to inform, persuade or influence the behaviour of the target audience.
Advertising is directed to a large number of people and not to one individual. That is why we call it non-personal. Advertising is communication about products or ideas. It may inform us about the features of iPod or new smart phone or spell out the need to have a cancer check-up.
Some of the advantages and disadvantages of advertising are:-
A. Advantages of Advertising - 1. Promotion of Sales 2. Expansion of Production 3. Enhances Goodwill 4. Large Turnover and Huge Profits 5. Information about Different Options and Comparative Prices 6. Creates Employment 7. Higher Standard of Living

B. Disadvantages of Advertising - 1. Adds to the Cost of Production and Product 2. Leads to Price War 3. Deceptive Advertising 4. Leads to Unequal Competition 5. Creates a Monopolistic Market 6. Promotes Unnecessary Consumption 7. Decline in Moral Values.

Learn about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising

Advantages of Advertising:
The advantages of advertising are to be analyzed in terms of its advantages which are as follows: (i) From Viewpoint of Manufacturers:
A well-advertised product is easier to be sold by the salesman in the market. If a brand is popular and well-known, people respond favourably to the salesman's efforts. It provides a support to salesmanship, as the audience understands the product and its uses more clearly through the advertisement and the salesman's effort is reduced to convince the buyers.
(a) Increase in Sales:
The main object of the manufacturer in advertising his products is to promote the sale of his products. Goods produced on a mass scale are marketed by the method of mass persuasion through advertising.

Repetition of advertisements, the manufacturers are not only able to retain existing markets but are also able to expand the markets both by attracting more people to their products and also by suggesting new uses for them. Advertising is a helping hand to selling.
(b) Supplementing Salesmanship:
It creates a ground for the efforts of the salesmen. When a salesman meets its prospect, they have just to canvass for a product with which the consumer may already have been familiarised, through advertisements. Therefore, the salesman's efforts are supplemented and his task is made easier by advertising.
(c) Lower Costs:
Sales turnover and encourage mass production of goods are enhanced by advertising that results in large scale production, average cost of production reduces and results in higher profits. At the same time, when the cost of advertising and selling costs gets distributed over a larger volume of sales, the average cost of selling also lowers down.
(d) Greater Dealer Interest:
Advertising creates demand by which every retailer gets an opportunity to share with others. Hence, the retailers who deal in advertised goods are materially assisted by advertising in the performance of their functions. The retailers have not to bother much about pushing-up the sale of such products. Therefore, they evidence more interest in advertised products.
(e) Quick Turnover and Smaller Inventories:
A highly responsive market is created by well-organised advertisement campaign thereby facilitating quick turnover of the goods. Resulting, in lower inventories in relation to sales and being carried-on by the manufacturers.
(f) Steady Demand:
Seasonal fluctuations on demands for products are smoothened by advertising generally the manufacturers tries to discover and advertise new possible uses of which a seasonal product maybe put. The innovation of cold tea and cold coffee for the use during summer has helped in increasing the demand for these beverages even in that season. The same maybe said for refrigeration.
(ii) From Viewpoint of Consumers:(a) Improvement in Quality:
Usually, goods are advertised under brand names. When a person is moved by the advertisement to use the product, they proceeds on the hope that the contents of the particular brand will be better than the other brands of the same goods.

When his experience confirms his expectation, a repeat order can be expected. Or else, the sales may rise very high once but may drop down very low subsequently when the consumer's confidence in the quality of the product fails.
(b) Facility of Purchasing:
Purchasing becomes easy for the consumers after advertising. Generally, the re-sale prices (prices at which the goods are to be sold by the retailers) are fixed and advertised. Thus, advertising offers a definite and positive assurance to the consumer that they will not be overcharged for the advertised product. The consumer can make his purchases with utmost ease and confidence.
(c) Consumer's Surplus:
The utility of given commodities is increased by advertising for many people. It points-out and pays even more for certain products which appear to have higher utility to them. If these products are available at the original lower prices, there will naturally be a certain amount of consumer's surplus in terms of increased satisfaction or pleasure derived from these products.
(d) Education of Consumers:
Being an educational and dynamic principle, the prime objective of advertising is to inform and educate the customers about new products, their features, prices and uses. It also convinces them to adopt new ways of life, giving up their old habits and inertia and have a better standard of living.
(iii) From the Viewpoint of Middleman:(a) Retail Price Maintenance becomes Possible:
The consumers are quite keen on getting quality products at stable prices over a period of time. Each consumer has his or her own family budget where he or she tries hard to match the expenditure to the disposable income for a socially acceptable decent living.

In case the prices go on changing abruptly, these individual budgets are likely to be distorted to such an extent that the consumers will have to think of substitutes for the products they are enjoying at present.
(b) Acts as a Salesman:
What a travelling salesman does for this organisation is done by the advertising at least cost. This is the reason that most of the retail organisations do not employ large army of travelling salesman, rather they are willing to spend on advertising which attracts consumers to the sores where the counter salesmen cater to their needs.
(c) Ensures Quick Sales:
Every retailer having the stock of different producers needs a quick turnover. By bringing the wide range of these products to the notice of the consumers, advertising boosts up of sales.

Faster sales imply the specific advantages such as reduced capital look-up, reduction in losses of holding stock over longer period, increased profits even by reducing the profit margin per unit. Further, advertising gives much leeway and freedom to better serve the needs of the consumers.
(iv) From the Viewpoint of Society:(a) Change in Motivation:
Radically advertising has changed the basis of human motivation. While people of earlier generations lived and worked mainly for bare necessities of life, the modern generation works harder to supply itself with the luxuries and semi-luxuries of life.
(b) Sustaining the Press:
For support and sustenance the newspapers, periodicals, journals, looks for advertisers, press, look to advertisements. In the absence of income from advertising, the newspapers have to be produced at a higher cost and may not be able to keep themselves free from its competitors.
(c) Encouragement to Artists:
Designing artists, writers to do creative work. They earn their living from preparing advertisements.
(d) Encouragement to Research:
When manufacturers are assured of sufficient profits. They undertake research and discover new products or new uses for existing products. Advertising puts forward this assurance and thereby encouraging industrial research with all its advantages.
(e) Glimpse of National Life:
A glimpse of national life is provided by national life.

Disadvantages of Advertising:

Advertising too have its own limitations. In some case it's being misused by few people over looking their business interests.
The main weaknesses of advertising are discussed below: i. Deferred Revenue Expenditure:
It is a deferred revenue expenditure, as the results are not immediate. As advertising occupies a substantial portion of the total budget of the organisation. Hence, investing a large sum in it does not necessarily yield immediate results thus limiting its utility.
ii. Misrepresentation of Facts:
A major drawback of advertising is misrepresentation of facts regarding products and services. Advertisers usually misrepresent unreal/false benefits of a product and make tall claims to excite people to indulge in actions leading to their benefit, but opposed to consumer's self-interest.
iii. Consumer's Deficit:
Advertising creates desires as consumers have low purchasing power. It leads to discontentment. Such discontent is obviously not very desirable from the point of view of society, particularly if it affects a large majority of people. But it is important if it acts as a spur to social change.
iv. Barriers to Entry:
Advertisements promote industrial concentration to a greater or lesser degree. The extent of such concentration may vary with the character of the individual trade, the advertisability of the product and the technical conditions of its production. Although, studies on this subject are not conclusive. The evidence of positive association between advertising and concentration is weaker than can be expected.
v. Wastage of National Resources:
It is objected that advertisement is that it is used to destroy the utility of goods before the end of their normal period of usefulness. Now models of automobiles with nominal improvements are, for example, advertised at such high pressure that the old models have to be discarded long before they become useless, not that merely, the most-advertised products are delicate, fragile, and brittle.
vi. Increased Cost:
It is much debated whether advertising induces additional cost upon a product which the community has to pay. In a sense, it is true since expenses on it form a part of the total cost of the product. But at the same time, it would be unjust to infer that if the advertising costs were cut down the goods would necessarily be cheaper. Advertising is, one of the items of costs but it is a cost which brings savings in its wake on the distribution side.
vii. Product Proliferation:
Critics state that advertising encourages unnecessary product proliferation. As it leads to the multiplication of products that are almost identical, resulting in wastage of resources which could otherwise have been used to produce other products.
viii. Multiplication of Needs:
Advertising compels people to buy things they do not need as it is human instincts, to possess, to be recognized in the society, etc., are provoked by advertiser in order to sell products. At times, various types of appeals are advanced to arouse interest in the product. Sentiments and emotions are played with to gain customers.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising
i. Internet Advertising is Huge:
With the growth of information on the Internet has growth the amount of time people spend on it, which has in turn generated a new market for Internet advertising. Some of the wealthiest companies in the world have made sure that they get a piece of the internet marketing pie, and for a good reason.
ii. Internet Advertising is Targeted:
As a company looking for advertising opportunities to a specific market, Internet advertising offers some targeting methods that insure that those who see your ads are the ones most likely to buy. Programmes like Google's Ad Words and AdSense match up advertisers with content that their target market peruses regularly. Forget the costly machine- gun strategy of newspaper advertisements, Internet advertising is targeted!
iii. Internet Adverting Enables Good Conversion Tracking:
It is impossible to get a good idea of how many people see advertising through traditional means. Tracking the reach of newspaper and television advertisements is difficult. However, Internet advertising allows the advertiser to track the number of impressions an ad gets (how many people see it), and how many visits their business web site gets from particular ads, making it easy to see what kind of conversion rates internet advertisements are getting.
iv. Internet Advertising has a Lower Entry-Level Fees:
If you have a limited budget, Internet advertising can be much more in reach than traditional methods. A small yellow-page ad can cost thousand rupees. However, you can bid for advertisements on Google and Overture on a performance basis. That means that you only get charged when visitors click on the advertisement, and bidding starts at a few rupees pop.

Because of the targeted nature of Internet advertising and the ability to track the effectiveness of ads, conversion rates from internet advertising is typically much better than traditional mediums.

One more benefit is that, since the Internet spans the globe, pockets of your target market scattered around the world can all be targeted at once, rather than trying to find different publications, radio stations and television stations that cater to a particular geographical area.

On the whole, Internet advertising can be a great way to get the word out there about your service or product in a cost- effective, efficient way.

i. Measurement problem - It is difficult to measure effectiveness of advertising.

ii. Surfing speed - Due to traffic and technical difficulties users find that the time required to access sites can be long.

iii. Clutters - Too many ads over a short period could result in low registration of the message.

iv. Privacy - Like telephones being misused for telemarketing, Internet is also accused of invading user privacy.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising

Advantages of Advertising:
Advertising is beneficial to manufacturers, traders, consumers and society as a whole: 1. Promotion of Sales:
Advertising helps the producer to increase his sales. A form attempts to increase the demand for its product, either by reducing the price or by inducing buyers to purchase more of its product; even at the constant price. The latter involves the use of sales promotion and hence advertising.
2. Expansion of Production:
Increased demand brought about by advertising has to be met by a corresponding increase in production. In this way, advertising causes production to expand in order to cater to an increased demand.
3. Enhances Goodwill:
Advertising is instrumental in increasing the goodwill of the company (advertises). It introduces the manufacturer and his product to the people. Repeated advertising and better quality of products strengthens manufacturer's reputation and enhances his goodwill.
4. Large Turnover and Huge Profits:
An increased demand, generated through advertisements can create a larger turnover for the company and eventually resulting in more profits.
5. Information about Different Options and Comparative Prices:
Advertisement keeps the buyers well informed by providing information about the different products and their relative prices. This helps the consumer to take adequate decision regarding the features they want and the amount they want to spend, even before physically going to the shops.
6. Creates Employment Opportunities:
Advertising is capable of providing employment to large section of the society including the professionals like painters, photographers, singers, cartoonist, musicians, models and people working in different advertising agencies.
7. Higher Standard of Living:
Advertisement promotes larger consumption, increased production and greater employment. This further reflects on lower prices, better quality and greater variety of goods to the consumers. Advertising, thus, ensures better and happier living.
Despite of being regarded as the life-blood of modern business advertising has the following disadvantages: 1. Adds to the Cost of Production and Product:
Advertising increases the cost of the advertised product, as the expenses on advertisement add to the total cost of the product. To mitigate the cost incurred during advertising of the product or the service, the advertiser adds the cost of advertisement to the total price of the product or the service. So, the advertising cost is actually being borne by the consumers.
2. Leads to Price War:
Large scale competitive advertising by prominent competing firms can possibly lead to advertising wars with the consumers being made to pay for it. It leads to a situation of price war and that makes the production activity unduly wasteful. The entire industry has to suffer a setback.
3. Deceptive Advertising:
Sometimes, advertising is used as an instrument of cheating. Unscrupulous firms defraud the consumers by misrepresenting their products through advertising. In order to induce people to purchase their product, firms issue false statements with regard to different virtues of a products; this undermines public confidence in advertising. As a result we have the Advertising Code of Conduct that regulates advertising and ensures commercial honesty.
4. Leads to Unequal Competition:
The producers spend a huge amount of money for the advertisement of their products and services. Small local firms cannot match the big advertising budgets of multinational companies. Therefore, the scales are always tilted in favour of the bigger producers leading to unequal competition.
5. Creates a Monopolistic Market:
Larger firms by virtue of their larger advertising budgets drive the smaller firms out of the market. This leaves the market open to just a few large producers. In this way the bigger firms win competition and monopolize the market.
6. Promotes Unnecessary Consumption:
Advertising promotes the consumption of goods and services which are not even required by the people. Hence it is wastage of national resources.
7. Decline in Moral Values:
In order to attract attention of the people, many times advertisers use indecent, vulgar language and obscene photographs.

All these reasons together justify the statement that "Advertising is Social Waste", because it does not add any real value to the society.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising - With Criticisms

Advantages of Advertising:

Money spent on advertisement is an investment - This is because it gives rise to many benefits to various. Categories viz., Producers, Middlemen, Consumers and entire society.
The various benefits are as under: A. Benefits / Advantages to Producers / Manufacturers:
1. Communication of Information to Consumer, i.e., Information about product, price and place from where it can be bought. Latest innovations and arrivals. Changes in product by manufacturer.

2. Brand Building - Advertisement is actually brand building. Advertisement creates brand preference for company's products. Brand equity is established with the help of advertisement Brand equity refers to over-all strength of a brand in the market and its value to the company owning it.

3. Increase in sales - Old customers are kept tied up with the firm, reminding them about product, again and again through advertising. New customers are created by creating attraction towards product. Demand for new products is created by explaining merits of the product showing superiority over rivals' products and giving knowledge about new products.

4. Help in facing competition and protecting manufacturer against unfair competition as advertisement creates a brand name.

5. Increase in Profits via increased sales.

6. Creation/Enhancement of Goodwill of Company and Product as clientele increases.

7. Stability in seasonal Demand - Advertisement helps in creating demand over all the seasons by discovering new product and new usage of product. For example, tea is sold in summer, ice-cream in winter due to advertising.

8. No Overstocking due to Quick Sales/turnover by creating high responsive market. Also this results in lower inventories.

9. Economies/Advantages of Large Scale Operation as sales increase.

10. Establishing Direct Relations/Contact between manufacturers and consumers through mass communication of messages about product.

11. Getting Efficient and Experienced Middlemen - Advertisement helps manufacturers in getting a team of efficient and experienced middlemen because increase in demand for a product encourages middlemen to maintain its stock/inventory.

12. Quickening the turnover by creating high responsive market resulting in lower inventory.

13. Advertisement gives employees a sense of practice on their jobs and a feeling to be in the service of a concern of repute. As such, it inspires executives, employees and workers to improve their performance and efficiency.
B. Benefits/Advantages to Middlemen (Wholesalers and Retailers):
1. Convenience in Selling without much effort as advertised goods are already in demand and customers are well convinced about such goods.

2. Increased Sales and Profits due to high demand, easy sale of products, and high rate of turnover.

3. No risk of overstocking as demand is already high.

4. Increase in goodwill as they become known for dealing in standard, quality goods.

5. Economy in selling as their overheads are saved and they need not spend on advertising.

6. Stability in sales and profits due to all-seasons demand through advertising.

7. It enables wholesalers and retailers to have product information.
C. Advantages to Salesmen:
1. Salesmanship is incomplete without advertising.

2. Advertising serves as a forerunner of salesman in selling goods.

3. Salesmen are helped by advertisement in following ways -

i. Selling becomes easy and convenient as products are already advertised informing consumer about product's characteristics and quality.

ii. Advertising prepares requisite ground for salesman; as such his sales efforts are reduced.

iii. Contact between salesman and customer becomes permanent through effective advertising as customer is assured of quality and price of produce.

iv. Salesman can also weigh advertising effectiveness through direct contacts with customers.
D. Benefits / Advantages to Consumers:
1. Knowledge about New Products.

2. Saving of time and Labour in making purchases as they already know details about product through advertising viz., features, place where available.

3. Advance Decision to buy Consumers are able to take advance decision to buy in the light of advertisement.

4. Protection against cheating by Sellers as advertising message often provides details about weight, packing, price, discounts, special schemes and 'alerts and warnings'.

5. Knowledge about variety of Products as different producers advertise their products.

6. Knowledge about Alternative Use of Products.

7. Enhancement in Consumers' Marketing knowledge through advertising about existing products, new products, their different as well as new uses, place and manufacturers where available, other details.

8. Elimination of Middlemen and their costs in cases where direct relation between producer and consumer develops and this reduces consumer price.

9. Helps retailer's Anticipation of actual sales.

10. Unfair competition and price wars are avoided as prices are controlled by manufacturers through advertisement.

11. Increase in Standard of living as people come to know about new home products, gadgets and appliances which makes their living more comfortable and living standard higher.
E. Advantages/Benefits to Society/Community:
1. Increase in standard of living of citizens.

2. Larger and Handsome Employment opportunities.

3. Development of Advertisement Industry viz., advertising firms / agencies, artists, writers, models, art designing.

4. Boon to Press, that is Newspapers, Magazines etc. as their income increases.

5. Encourages R & D.

6. Encourages Healthy Competition.

7. Educative, providing lot of information to people.

8. Provides new Horizon of knowledge.

The main reason is that advertisement benefits not only different sections of society but also the society as a whole. One can therefore also say that money spent on advertisement is an investment and not a waste.

Criticisms of Advertising:

Despite its various advantages, advertising has not been free from criticisms.
1. Burden upon Consumers:
Media of advertisement being costly, manufacturers have to spend huge amount on advertising. This ad spend adds to cost of production and increases cost per unit and finally the price of the product. Increased prices are a burden on consumer.

This criticism is not fully correct. Advertisement also raises demand for products, increases scale of production, brings economies of large scale production and thus finally decreases cost per unit and hence price.
2. Advertisement Creates Monopoly:
Advertising ultimately blocks other firms from entering an industry (barriers to entry) leading to market power for the firm and ultimately to higher prices. If sheer advertising volume expenditure is directly related to increased sales, small firms cannot afford it. This enables large-scale manufacturer to stay and enjoy monopoly.

However, advertisement also creates healthy competitive market for the products.
3. Advertisement Leads to Consumerism:
Advertising encourages excessive and at times unnecessary expenditure by consumers. Frequent and repeated advertising compels consumers to buy a product even when it does not suit him or is not needed.
4. Advertisement Leads to Luxurious Life:
Advertising luxurious goods is often done in a manner that consumers feel them necessary to buy. Such goods become status symbol. Consequently, people are made to live a luxurious life even when they cannot afford it

However, in so far as advertising offers wide choice in making their purchases, it improves their life style and raises their standard of living.
5. Advertisement is a Wastage:
Money spent on advertising is a wastage if demand for advertised goods and services does not increase.

This is however not necessarily so because very often, advertisement increases demand through wider coverage and new uses of product.
6. Advertisement Leads to Falsehood in Business:
Advertisements often mislead people, and at times exaggerate benefits of products or their attributes.

While it is true that some of the advertisements are untrue and fraudulent, this is not disadvantage of advertisement. Rather it is the advertiser who is to be blamed.
7. Advertisement Gives Birth to Social Evils:
Advertisement often gives birth to social evils like smoking, drinking etc.

Conclusion - While various criticisms are true, measures can be adopted to check these social evils.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising

Advantages of Advertising:

1. Advertising stimulates production, employment and income, leading to rising purchasing power and better living standards.

2. Commercialization of inventions, accelerated public acceptance of innovations, new products, etc., can be realised only due to effective mass communication or advertising. Change is the essence of life. It can be brought about by science and technology but it has to be accepted by the public without much resistance. For quick acceptance of new products and new ideas we need advertising.

3. Informative advertising enables consumers to secure relevant and adequate information about all rival products and their relative merits. Thus, advertising helps consumers to exercise their right to choose and buy a product of service intelligently. We have a wide variety of goods many of them complicated and sophisticated. Hence, wise purchases demand adequate information flow.

4. Advertising facilitates mass production and mass distribution. We have, therefore, lesser unit cost of production as well as lesser unit cost of distribution. Scientific management reduces cost of production. Scientific marketing research ensures reduction in the cost of distribution.

Marketing research can be used to reduce the cost of all components of the marketing mix including advertising. Reduction in costs enables corresponding reduction in prices. Competition in business also ensures price reduction and fair prices. Thus, consumers enjoy all the benefits of effective advertising and marketing. They can have increasing real income also in terms of goods and services.

5. Advertising builds up brand preference and brand loyalty. In the long run these are not possible under keen competition unless the brand quality is maintained and steadily improved by the manufacturer. Thus, consumers can get not only goods at lower prices but also goods of standard quality and quantity.

6. Advertising has educative value also. It teaches us to adopt new ways of life and higher standard of living. It can educate the community to demand quantity of life, e.g., freedom from pollution.

Disadvantages of Advertisement:
1. Loading the Price:
Advertising is expected to reduce total costs due to mass production and mass distribution and ultimately enable consumers to buy at lower prices. Experience proves otherwise. In reality advertising increases the prices of goods.

National brands demand heavy expenditure on advertising and promotion and their prices are higher by about 20 per cent than the prices of dealer brand though products under both brands are manufactured by the same enterprise. There is some element of truth in this criticism. However, it is due to extreme product differentiation resorted to by manufacturers through branding and higher prices are due to element of monopoly.
2. Creating Wastes:
Advertising is wasteful. It can never appeal accurately to the target market like salesmanship. Many people may not read, hear or view your advertisement. Press, radio, and TV advertisements have short life span and relatively costly persuade unit of space or time.

Competitive advertisement is a waste as it enables only reshuffling of customers-one Company stealing customers from another. Measurement of effectiveness of all advertisement statistically is practically impossible. But research in advertising and distribution can enable a company to reduce waste of expenditure in advertising appreciably.
3. Monopoly:
A few firms in an industry do utilise the weapon of advertising to prevent entry of small firms in the market and thus advertising enables creation of monopoly or oligopoly in the market. It kills competition and to that extent consumers' interest is sacrificed. Only giant manufacturers can afford to spend lavishly on extensive and intensive advertising to retain and even enlarge their market share.

However, if government can effectively control and regulate monopolistic tendencies, we can have reasonable competition in the market. We have to crush monopolies in the world of business to protect consumers against evils of monopolies.
4. Fraud on Consumers:
Some advertising is fraudulent, misleading or deceptive. Advertising causes us to buy goods, we do not want, at prices we cannot pay, and on terms we cannot meet. It is true that hard-sell, high pressure advertising does coerce the innocent and ignorant buyers to purchase many unwanted and shoddy goods. It is true that advertising often persuades people to buy things they should not buy, they do not need nor they can afford.

Public attitude toward advertising as a persuader is constantly unfavourable. This has been proved through opinion polls in the U.S.A in 1960s. Only self-regulation by business firms can ensure truthful advertising. The seller should ensure that his advertisements mean what they say and they say what they really mean. Consumer legislation can also prevent such abuses of advertising. Consumerism through self-help can also safeguard consumer interest against bogus advertising.

Marketing mix based on marketing concept (consumer-oriented marketing approach) can also reduce substantially these abuses of advertising. Marketing research and customer-centred marketing plans and policies can definitely provide judicious and best use of advertising, sales promotion and personal selling in our promotion mix.

Enlightened and scrupulous top marketing management can recognise consumerism not as an obstacle but challenge and primarily through self-regulation streamline the entire marketing process based on the new marketing concept, then only marketing communication complex (promotion mix) can deliver rich dividends and ensure bright public image of business concerns.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising
Advantages of Advertising:
(1) Low cost per contact.

(2) Ability to reach potential visitors where sales staff cannot reach.

(3) Great scope for creative versatility and dramatization of messages.

(4) Ability to create images that sales staff cannot.

(5) Non-threatening nature of non-personal presentation.

(6) Prestige and impressiveness of mass media advertising.
Disadvantages of Advertising:
(1) Inability to close sales.

(2) Advertising clutter or too much competition.

(3) Viewer visitor may ignore advertising messages

(4) Difficulties in getting immediate response and actions.

(5) Difficulties in getting quick feedback and in adjusting messages.

(6) Difficulties in measuring effectiveness.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising - With Objections against Advertising

The importance of advertising is realised on all hands. In fact, advertising has already become such an integral part of our life that we never feel the need of pausing to consider its value and importance. There is no doubt about the fact that in the absence of advertising, our lives would have been lived very differently.

Advantages of Advertising:
Such being the place of advertising in our life, it will be worthwhile to consider some of the important advantages of advertising here: There is justification in the adage, "it pays to advertise" because of the following advantages of advertising accruing to manufacturers: (i) Increased Sales:
The chief object of the manufacturer in advertising his products is to promote the sale of his products. Goods produced on a mass scale are marketed by the method of mass persuasion through advertising. By repeating advertisements, the manufactures are not only able to retain existing markets but are also able to expand the markets both by attracting more people to their products as also by suggesting new uses for them. Advertising acts as an aid to selling.
(ii) Steady Demand:
Advertising has led to the smoothening cut of the seasonal fluctuations in demand for many products. The manufactures are generally trying to discover and advertise new possible uses to which a seasonal product may be put. The innovation of cold tea and cold coffee for the use during summer has helped in increasing the demand for these beverages even in that season. The same may be said for refrigeration.
(iii) Quick Turnover and Smaller Inventories:
A well-organised advertisement campaign creates a highly responsive market thereby facilitating quick turnover of the goods. This, in turn, results in lower inventories in relation to sales being carried on by the manufactures.
(iv) Greater Dealer Interest:
The retailers who deal in advertised goods are materially assisted by advertising in the performance of their functions. Advertising creates demand which every retailer gets an opportunity to share with others. The retailers have not to bother much about pushing up the sale of such products. So they evidence more interest in advertised products.
(v) Lower Costs:
Advertising provides a spur to the sale and increases the turnover tremendously. This is advantageous in two ways - on one side, the selling costs including the cost of advertising get spread over a large volume of sales, thus lowering the average cost of selling; while on the other side, higher turnover necessitates higher volume of production, thus lowering the average cost of production per unit.
(vi) Supplementing Salesmanship:
Advertising prepares the necessary ground for the efforts of the salesmen. When a salesman visits a prospect, he has just to canvass for a product with which the consumer may already have been familiarised through advertisements. Thus, the salesman's efforts are supplemented and his task is made easier by advertising.
(vii) Creation of Goodwill:
By constantly associating the name of the manufacturer with certain standards of quality, advertising builds a fund of goodwill for him. Goodwill thus created is a valuable asset not merely because it enables him to get more and more of repeat orders for his existing products but also for the reason that the manufacturer can introduce new products in the market with confidence. The Godrej concerns have been able to sell the whole range of products ranging from oils to soap and from locks to typewriters mostly on the strength of their goodwill.
(viii) Encouragement to Better Performance:
Advertising gives the employees that feeling of pride in their jobs and the products they produce or help to produce, which is basic to high morale. It can, thus, inspire executives and workers to improved performance. Moreover, an advertiser may have built up a vast fund of goodwill which will serve as assurance of security to the employers. This will also serve to boost up the morale of the men working in the manufacturer's organisation.
(i) Facility of Purchasing:
Advertising makes purchasing easy for the consumers. Moreover, the resale prices (prices at which the goods are to be sold by the retailers) are generally fixed and advertised. Thus, advertising offers a definite and positive assurance to the consumer that he will not be overcharged for the advertised product. The consumer can make his purchases with utmost ease and confidence.
(ii) Improvement in Quality:
Goods are generally advertised under brand names. When a person is moved by the advertisement to use the product, he proceeds on the hope that the articles of the particular brand will be better than the other brands of the same goods. If his experience confirms his expectation, a repeat order can be expected.

Otherwise, the sales may rise very high once but may drop down very low subsequently when the consumer's confidence in the quality of the product is shaken. The manufacturer is thus prompted to maintain and, if possible, improve the quality of his brand so that the confidence of the consumers can be maintained.
(iii) Elimination of Unnecessary Intermediaries:
By advertising his goods, a manufacturer may seek to establish direct contacts with the consumers. In this process, the number of middlemen whose profits increase the price and reduce the manufacturer's margin of profits may be considerably reduced. This will mean large profits for the manufacturer and cheaper products for the consumers.
(iv) Education of Consumers:
There is considerable truth in Sir William Leverhulm's remark that advertising is an educational and dynamic principle. Advertising aims at educating the buyers about new products and their diverse uses. In this process, it introduces new ways of life to the people at large and prompts them to give up their old habits and inertia. Advertising thus paves the way to better standards of living.
(v) Consumer's Surplus:
Advertising increases the utility of given commodities for many people. It points out and emphasizes the qualities possessed by certain goods and leads consumers to appreciate more strongly the utility of such goods. As a result, the consumers may be willing to pay even more for certain products which appear to have higher utility to them.

If these products are available at the original lower prices, there will naturally be a certain amount of consumer's surplus in terms of increased satisfaction or pleasure derived from these products.
(i) Sustaining the Press:
When advertising made its beginning, advertisements generally occupied some odd nooks and corners in the newspapers. The present situation is just the reverse. The newspapers, periodicals, journals, nay the whole press, look to advertisements for support and sustenance.

In the absence of income from advertising, the newspapers have to be produced at a higher cost and may not be able to keep themselves free from party pulls and pressures from business lords.
(ii) Encouragement to Research:
The manufacturers will undertake research and discover new products or new uses for existing products only when they are assured of sufficient profits. Advertising provides this assurance and thus encourages industrial research with all its advantages.
(iii) Change in Motivation:
Advertising has radically changed the basis of human motivation. While people of earlier generations lived and worked mainly for bare necessities of life, the modern generation works harder to supply itself with the luxuries and semi-luxuries of life.

Advertising has brought to the notice of the masses numerous products which are more than mere necessities and has created in their minds a desire to possess them. Thus, the motive force of fear (or going without the bare essentials of life) has been replaced by desire (for more and newer products).
(iv) Higher Standards of Living:
Advertising leads to a rise in the standards of living, not only through the education of the buyers but also through greater consumption, increased production and a larger volume of employment.
(v) Encouragement to Artists:
Men of talent, including artists, story writers, announcers, etc., get an opportunity to do some creative work while earning their livelihood through the designing of advertisements and the use of ideas in advertising various products.
(vi) Glimpse of National Life:
Advertising does provide a glimpse of a country's way of life. It is, in fact, a running commentary on the way the people live and behave and is also an indicator of some of the future trends in this regard.

Advertising has also been subjected to a number of objections mainly because it has been misused by some people to serve their own ends, overlooking the business interests. An examination of some of the forceful objections will be of interest.
(i) Multiplication of Needs.
It is said that advertising compels people to buy things they do not need. Human instincts, like desire to possess, to be recognised in the society, etc., are provoked in order to sell products. Sometimes, various types of appeals are advanced to arouse interest in the product. Sentiments and emotions are played with to gain customers. To say this would not however, be correct inasmuch as advertising cannot force anybody to buy a thing which he considers unnecessary.
(ii) Misrepresentation of Facts:
Through misrepresentation of the benefit a product will give, goods of no real value are sold. Tall claims are made by the advertisers to tempt people to take such actions as go purely to their advantage and cause tremendous loss to the consumer. Even adulterated food and medicines are marketed, which by no stretch of imagination can benefit anybody.

By sheer exaggeration of facts, demand for the merchandise advertised is created without much difficulty even when the commodities carrying greater worth or satisfaction are already there in the market. Such unscrupulous actions of a few tell upon public confidence in advertising.
(iii) Consumers' Deficit:
While advertising leads to increased satisfaction from commodities already in use, it also creates discontent in the minds of many people who are tempted to purchase some commodities but are not able to do so because of insufficient purchasing power. Such discontent is obviously not very desirable from the point of view of society, particularly if it affects a large majority of people. But it is important if it acts as a spin to social change.
(iv) Wastage of National Resources:
A more serious objection against advertising is that it is used to destroy the utility of goods before the end of their normal period of usefulness. New models of automobiles with nominal improvements are, for instance, advertised at such high pressure that the old models have to be discarded long before they become useless.

Not that merely, the most-advertised products are delicate, fragile and brittle. In the U.S A., there is evidence of a marked decline in the quality and durability of cars, furniture, rugs, television sets, refrigerators, etc. That appears to be the way in which the increased demand created through advertising can be sustained.

The same is true of dresses, furniture and other products. From the point of view of the community it is a waste of resources. The natural resources, capital equipment and labour energy which go into the production of new items to take the place of the discarded ones amount to waste when measured in terms of social well-being.
(v) Increased Cost:
There is a great deal of controversy as to whether advertising leads to increase in the cost which the community has to pay for a product. In a sense it is true since expenses on it form a part of the total cost of the product. But at the same time it would be wrong to infer that if the advertising costs were cut down the goods would necessarily be cheaper.

Advertising is, no doubt, one of the items of costs but it is a cost which brings savings in its wake on the distribution side. On manufacturing side, it is one of the factors that make large-scale production possible and anyone would agree that large-scale production leads to lower costs.

It is quite usual for the small non-advertiser retailer to say, "We don't advertise-we put the cost of advertising into the goods." But it is often nothing more than an attempt to justify his "side street location, the quality of his goods and his high price." In fact, if comparisons are made between advertisers and non-advertisers, it will usually be found that the merchants who advertise have larger stores and lower prices than those who do not advertise.

Sears, Roebuck and Co., is one of the heaviest advertisers of the U.S.A. spending over $16 million a year for newspaper advertising alone and, in addition, $30 million or more on other forms of advertising including catalogues. In spite of such a heavy expense on advertisement, the Company is known for its low prices.

In fact the history of American business is full of examples of such industries as have lowered prices and supplied better quality while spending millions of dollars for advertising. This has been possible because advertising has raised the volume of their sales tremendously thus bringing about a number of economies in production and selling.
(vi) The 'Monopoly Argument':
An objection which is most commonly raised against advertising is that it tends to develop monopolies. As it is, most advertising is devoted to the promotion of branded merchandise. The manufacturer usually chooses a particular brand name or trade mark for his product and uses advertising to create an impression on the mind of the consumer that his brand or product is superior to all other brands.

Through constant repetition of the brand name and its qualities, the manufacturers may ultimately succeed in creating the desired 'brand image' in the mind of the prospect. Although the particular 'brand' may be similar to another brand in all respects including physical construction, yet the similarity is concealed from the public by the use of an exclusive name and illusion is created that it is superior to the competing brands.

This gives rise to a 'brand monopoly'. On reflection, however, it will be found that this kind of monopoly will be based upon a control of human attitudes, and it will not give the manufacturer a monopolistic control over the supply of goods or services which are similar in everything but name.

Besides, brand monopoly created through large-scale advertising will provide only slight power to increase prices. The moment prices are increased substantially in the wake of a brand monopoly; rival companies may rush into the market with lower-priced product and may use extensive advertising to push its sales. This may be followed, in course of time, by a shift of choice on the part of the consumers.

A brand monopoly secured through expenditure on advertising does not necessarily give the manufacturer an effective monopoly of particular industry. The Golden Tobacco Company has a monopoly of Panama brand of cigarettes but not of the whole cigarette industry.

Even in those cases, where the popularity of a brand places the manufacturer in a position of near- monopoly, the competitors generally use advertising to break his hold on consumers' attitudes secured through advertising.

It may be concluded that advertising can create temporary brand monopolies which are abolished through competitive advertising -by other manufacturers. Even these short-lived monopolies are more useful for increasing sales than for increasing prices and profit margins. As Heppner aptly points out, "Advertising stimulates competition. It often enables the small businessman to compete with large concerns as well as to start new business."

Though one cannot entirely turn one's face away from the objections which are raised against advertising, it is clear that much of the criticism is either ill-founded or exaggerated. Fundamentally most of the drawbacks attributed to advertising are inherent in the competitive system of economy.

The social wastage involved in the struggle for more markets as between brands of a product is, for example, a basic feature of the competitive market economy. As Sandage puts it, "As a competitive tool, advertising is perhaps less costly than many other tools which will be used to a greater degree if advertising were banned."

He obviously refers to the personal selling and the giving of greater dealer's margins to the retailers which might be used in place of advertising. Either of them would be costlier for the society.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising - As a Promotional Tool

Strengths of Advertising:

Advertising is a major promotion tool.
It has the following basic plus points or strengths as a promotion tool:
(1) It offers planned and controlled message.

(2) It can contact and influence numerous people simultaneously, quickly, and at a low cost per prospect. Hence, it is called mass means of communication.

(3) It has the ability to deliver messages to audiences with particular demographic and socio-economic features.

(4) It can deliver the same message consistently in a variety of contexts.

(5) It can reach prospects that cannot be approached by salesmen, e.g., top executives.

(6) It helps to pre-sell goods and pull the buyers to retailers.

(7) It offers a wide choice of channels for transmission of messages such as visual, aural, aural and visual.

(8) It is very useful to create maximum interest and offer adequate knowledge of the new product when the innovation is being introduced in the market.

Weaknesses of Advertising:
Advertising as a promotion tool has the following weaknesses:
(1) It is much less effective than personal selling and sales promotion at later stages in the buying process, e.g., in convincing and securing action.

(2) It is less flexible than personal communication. It cannot answer objections raised by prospects.

(3) It is essentially one-way means of communication. It cannot obtain quick and accurate feedback in order to evaluate message effectiveness. In absence of feedback, personal salesmen becomes necessary.

(4) It is most efficient communication (very low cost persuasion prospect) but it is least effective as a tool of communication.

(5) It is unable to reach prospects when they are in a buying mood. Hence, we have to repeat advertisements and repetition involves additional cost.

(6) Advertising media, e.g., newspapers, magazines, carry many messages competing to secure attention of audience simultaneously. Thus, it creates noise in communication.

(7) Advertising, many a time, lacks credibility and trustworthiness.

Many of the aforesaid weaknesses can be eliminated by other elements of promotion when they are combined with advertising.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
ADVERTISEMENTS: Everything you need to know about advantages and disadvantages advertising. Advertising is defined as the paid, non-personal form of communication about products or ideas by an identified sponsor through the mass media so as to inform, persuade or influence the behaviour of the target audience.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.education-today.co.uk/
https://futureofworking.com/6-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-single-gender-classrooms/
https://www.parentcircle.com/article/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-a-single-gender-education/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Education Today Education Today Magazine

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
© Copyright 2021, Education Today Magazine. Datateam Business Media Limited. All rights reserved. Registered in England No: 1771113. VAT No: 834 8567 90. Registered Office: 15a London Road, Maidstone, Kent ME16 8LY

# data[].attributes.body
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefits_of_space_exploration
https://environmental-conscience.com/space-exploration-pros-cons/
https://environmental-conscience.com/space-exploration-pros-cons/

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Benefits of space exploration - Wikipedia

# data[].attributes.body
https://blog.prepscholar.com/129-examples-of-community-service-projects
https://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/2538/Volunteer-Work.html

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Are you interested in performing community service? Do you want examples of service projects you can do? Community service is a great way to help others and improve your community, and it can also help you gain skills and experience to include on your resume and college applications.

Read on for dozens of community service ideas to help you get started volunteering.

What Is Community Service?

Community service is work done by a person or group of people that benefits others. It is often done near the area where you live, so your own community reaps the benefits of your work. You do not get paid to perform community service, but volunteer your time.

Community service can help many different groups of people: children, senior citizens, people with disabilities, even animals and the environment. Community service is often organized through a local group, such as a place of worship, school, or non-profit organization, but you can also start your own community service projects.

Many people participate in community service because they enjoy helping others and improving their community. Some students are required to do community service in order to graduate high school or to receive certain honors. Some adults are also ordered by a judge to complete a certain number of community service hours.

Why Should You Participate in Community Service?

There are numerous benefits to participating in community service, both for yourself and others. Below are some of the most important benefits of volunteering:

Gives you a way to help others

Helps improve your community

Can help strengthen your resume and college applications

Can be a way to meet new friends

Often results in personal growth

Gives you a way to gain work experience and learn more about certain jobs

How Should You Use This List?

This list of over one hundred community service examples is organized by category, so if you're particularly interested in working with, say, children or animals, you can easily find community service activities more related to your interests.

In order to use this list most effectively, read through it and make note of any community service ideas that match your interests and that you may want to participate in. Some considerations to keep in mind are:

Who would you like to help?

Is there a specific group of people or cause you are passionate about? Look for projects that relate to your passion and interests. You may also just want to perform particular community service activities that allow you to do hobbies you enjoy, like baking or acting, and that's fine too.

Do you want a community service activity that is reoccurring or a one-time event?

Perhaps you don't have enough time to regularly devote to community service. In that case, it may be better to look for opportunities that only occur once or sporadically, such as planning special events or helping build a house.

What kind of impact do you want to have?

Some people prefer to participate in community service activities that have a quantifiable impact, for example, activities where you know the specific number of kids you tutored, dollars you raised, or cans of food you collected. This is in contrast to activities that don't have such clear numbers, such as creating a garden or serving as a volunteer lifeguard. Some people prefer quantifiable activities because they feel they look stronger on college applications, or because they simply enjoy knowing their exact impact on the community.

What skills would you like to gain?

Many community service activities can help you gain skills. These skills can range from teaching to medicine to construction and more. If there is a particular skill you'd like to learn for future classes, jobs, or just out of personal interest, you may want to see if there is a community service activity that helps you learn that skill.

Want to build the best possible college application, including extracurriculars?
We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League.

We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools.

Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

List of Community Service Examples

Below I've listed over 100 community service ideas to get you started with brainstorming.

General Ideas

Helping Children and Schools

Helping Senior Citizens

Want to build the best possible college application, including extracurriculars?
We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League.

We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools.

Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Helping Animals and the Environment

Helping the Hungry and/or Homeless

Reducing Crime and Promoting Safety

Promoting Community Enhancement

Next Steps

Now that you know what your options are for community service, you can take the following steps to start getting involved:

#1: Look over your interests: Which activities seem most appealing to you? Were they mostly in one particular category, like children or the environment? If so, that's a good starting place for choosing specific organizations to contact.

#2: Figure out how much time you can devote to community service: Are you available for two hours every week? Are you not free on a regular basis but can volunteer for an entire weekend now and then?

Think about transportation as well and how you'll be able to get to different locations. Knowing this information will help you choose which community service projects to pursue, and it's helpful information for volunteer coordinators to know.

#3: Do some research to see what projects you can do in your community: Check at your school, place of worship, or town hall for more information on volunteering. You can also contact the place where you'd like to perform your community service, such as a particular animal shelter or nursing home, and ask if they take volunteers.

#4: Start volunteering! This list ranges from small projects that you can complete on your own in a few hours, to much larger projects that will take more time and people. If you find a project you can start on your own, do it!

If you want to do a project where you'll need more resources or people, check around your community to see if a similar program already exists that you can join. If not, don't be afraid to start your own! Many organizations welcome new volunteers and community service projects.

Additional Information

Considering doing volunteer work in another country? Read our guide on volunteer abroad programs and learn whether or not you should participate in one.

Are you in college or will be starting soon? Extracurriculars are one of the best parts of college! Check out our guide to learn which extracurricular activities you should consider in college.

Did you know that you can use your community service work to help pay for college? Check out our step-by-step guide on how to win community service scholarships.

Thinking ahead to college applications?
If you're a freshman, sophomore, or junior worried about college admissions, our world-class admissions counselors can help. We know exactly what kinds of students colleges want to admit and can make sure your profile shines.

PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We've helped thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League.

Join our mentoring program today:

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
129 Great Examples of Community Service Projects

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Are you interested in performing community service? Do you want examples of service projects you can do? Community service is a great way to help others and improve your community, and it can also help you gain skills and experience to include on your resume and college applications.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/15/risk-of-global-food-shortages-covid-increased-un-envoy-agnes-kalibata
https://www.un.org/en/sections/issues-depth/food/index.html
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/un-warns-impending-famine-millions-danger-starvation
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/article/cheap-food
https://www.who.int/health-topics/food-genetically-modified#:~:text=Genetically%20modified%20(GM)%20foods%20are,gene%20from%20a%20different%20organism
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-truth-about-genetically-modified-food/
https://www.mcgill.ca/foodscience/what-food-science#:~:text=Food%20Science%20is%20a%20multi,facets%20of%20the%20food%20system.&text=The%20microbiology%20and%20the%20safety%20aspects%20of%20food%20must%20also%20be%20understood
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_science
Bài đọc 8.0 liên quan đến Food Science
https://www.arrowenglish.edu.vn/thu-vien/bai-giai-mau/527-ba-i-ma-u-ielts-writing-task-2-band-8-food-science-as-a-school-subject
https://ieltsonlinetests.com/writing-recent-actual-tests/recent-question-and-sample-answer-ielts-writing-task-2-genetically

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
People living in poverty around the world are in danger of food shortages as the coronavirus crisis continues, the UN's food envoy has warned, with the risk worse this year than in the period shortly after the pandemic began.

Agnes Kalibata, the special envoy to the UN secretary general for the food systems summit 2021, said: "Food systems have contracted, because of Covid-19. And food has become more expensive and, in some places, out of reach for people. Food is looking more challenging this year than last year."

Many of the problems that experts predicted last year have been deferred, not solved, she said. "The main impact has been on markets, the shutdown of food markets. The lockdown has closed markets and that makes it very difficult for farmers.

"Last year, many countries used whatever opportunity they had to keep their food systems going. That is more difficult now. Food prices have increased significantly in some places."

She highlighted the plight of African countries in particular, several of which are facing serious food price rises and shortages, exacerbated by problems such as drought predicted in east Africa, likely to affect northern Kenya, Somalia and Ethiopia. "This year, the predicted drought cycle is much more serious than last year," she said.

Other countries, such as Thailand, were also seeing prices rise, she added. "The price of food is increasing in some cases very fast, which is really challenging." As the coronavirus pandemic and the global economic crisis it has provoked continue, more countries are likely to be drawn into difficulties, she said. "We have not been able to strengthen our reserves. Now they are under pressure."

Food systems largely held up last year, with some notable exceptions, after governments heeded early UN warnings against closing their borders or setting tariffs, and as harvests were generally good, according to Kalibata. But those successes may have disguised the fact that many underlying problems have grown worse over the past year, as people have exhausted their reserves of food, cash and family support and now are facing a long crisis without backup.

"We are facing a greater threat this year, as economies have shrunk," she said. "That is happening across the globe, everywhere. Countries are in a very distressed situation, and it is not getting easier - it is getting more difficult. Some countries have hung on, but for how long?"

She said governments had to plan for a longer crisis than they may have originally envisaged, and that dealing with Covid-19 and its economic impacts could take at least five years. "Mistake number one was that we thought [the crisis] would be short, we thought it could be six months," she said. "I'm not complaining about lockdowns, they are very important to protect people, but they must not be indefinite."

Keeping food moving, from areas of production to distribution hubs and consumption centres, and across borders, must be a priority, she said.

The focus of governments must also shift to the impacts on the wider economy, she urged, as people around the world were facing greater hardship as leading economies struggled with recession. "People are losing their jobs," said Kalibata. "That's now the most important thing. The economy is shrinking and that is impacting millions of people."

She urged governments and agencies not to let down their guard as vaccines are rolled out and lockdowns eased in many places. "Social protection is very important. We also need to keep prices down, we need to keep food available and we need to strengthen markets, ensure markets are working despite the crisis," she said. "The contractions in the economy are affecting the food environment."

She also called on governments to learn the lessons of the crisis, including how human actions may have contributed to the risk of zoonotic diseases. "We can't have something like this again," she said. "We need to look at how we as human beings manage the planet."

Later this year, the UN food systems summit intends to "launch bold new actions to transform the way the world produces and consumes food". Countries will examine how the global food system can be improved; the dangers from the climate crisis, wildlife loss and other environmental impacts; consumption patterns, food waste, and what changes may be needed to reduce global hunger; the obesity crisis in some countries; and recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic.

The summit was called by António Guterres, the UN secretary general, in October 2019, before the coronavirus pandemic struck. It is scheduled to take place in September in New York at the same time as the annual UN general assembly, with a preliminary meeting in Italy in July. Kalibata has been criticised by some groups for her role as president of the Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, which has been accused of favouring large businesses over small farmers.
Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Risk of global food shortages due to Covid has increased, says UN envoy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
People living in poverty around the world are in danger of food shortages as the coronavirus crisis continues, the UN's food envoy has warned, with the risk worse this year than in the period shortly after the pandemic began.

# data[].attributes.body
https://ieltsliz.com/crime-and-punishment-vocabulary/
https://app.memrise.com/course/1574155/vocabulary-ielts/2/
https://lao.ca.gov/Publications/Report/3720
https://www.unodc.org/dohadeclaration/topics/prisoner-rehabilitation.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rehabilitation_(penology)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency
https://researcharticles.com/index.php/cause-and-solution-of-juvenile-delinquency/#:~:text=Broken%20families%2C%20single%20parent%20families,also%20make%20a%20child%20deviant.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The most common crime and punishment vocabulary with audios for pronunciation. This word list covers crimes, criminals, punishment, court proceedings and other useful words to write and talk about the topic of crime. Practice the words with the vocabulary exercise at the bottom of the page.

These crimes are divided into crimes which are considered serious and those that are not.

Major Crimes

The list of crimes below are all nouns.

abduction = taking someone against their will (kidnapping)

arson = setting fire to a property

assault = a physical attack

burglary = illegal entry to a building with an intent to commit a crime

child abuse = maltreatment of a child

drug trafficking = importing illegal drugs

false imprisonment = imprisoning a person against their will and without legal authority

fraud = deception for personal or financial gain

hacking = unauthorised access to data in a computer system

hijacking = illegally getting control of an aircraft or vehicle

human trafficking = illegally transporting people, usually for slave labour or commercial sexual exploitation

murder (homicide USA)

premeditated murder = murder that is intentional (planned before hand)

unpremeditated murder - murder that is not intentional (not planned)

manslaughter - unintentional murder (synonym for unpremeditated murder)

attempted murder = planning to kill another person

patricide = killing one's own father

genocide = systematic killing of a race or religious group

euthanasia = killing someone for their benefit

organised crime = crime by an organised gang or organisation

smuggling = illegal import or export

terrorism = unlawful violence or threat with political aims

white collar crime = financially motivated non-violent crime by a worker

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/120906_001.mp3
-

Minor Crimes / Offences

pick pocketing = taking from another person's pockets

shoplifting = taking products from a shop without paying for them

traffic offences =breaking the rules of the road and driving

drunk driving = driving whilst under the influence of alcohol

jay walking = crossing the road at an undesignated spot

running a red light = going through traffic lights when they are red

speeding = driving over the speed limit

vandalism = deliberate destruction or damage to a building

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/120906_002.mp3
-

This list shows the person relating to the crime (the perpetrator of the crime).

crime = criminal

murder = murderer

theft = thief

trafficking = trafficker

hijacking = hijacker

terrorism = terrorist

smuggling = smuggler

shoplifting = shoplifter

vandalism = vandal

teenage criminal/ juvenile delinquent

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/Criminals-Vocabulary.mp3
-

the death penalty (capital punishment) = punishment of death

a prison sentence (imprisonment) = imprisonment

a suspended sentence = delaying of a sentence

forfeiture = property is taken away (confiscated)

hospital order = to confine someone to hospital under arrest

a fine = to pay money as a punishment for an offence

house arrest = imprisoned in one's own house rather than in prison

to suspend a license = withholding a person's right to use their driving license for a period of time

to revoke a license = to take away someone's driving license

non-custodial sentence = a sentence which is not done in prison
community service = punishment by doing community work

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/Punishment-Vocab.mp3
-

Other Types of Punishment

This refers to punishment commonly used by schools and parents.

detention = to stay in school after hours for punishment

to give lines = punishment where a child must write the same sentence again and again

isolation = to be kept apart from others as a punishment

grounding = to be unable to go outside home as a punishment

scolding = an angry reprimand

corporal punishment = physical punishment from a teacher or headteacher at school

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/Other-Crime-Vocab.mp3
-

judge = the person who controls the court proceedings

jury = a group of independent people who decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty

justice = fairness or court law

trial = legal proceedings to judge whether someone is guilty of a crime

court = the place where the trial is held

defendant = the accused person: the individual or group being accused in court of a crime

prosecutor = the lawyer against the accused person

defense = the lawyer protecting the accused person

witness = a person who sees an event happen

evidence = facts or information supporting the truth

proof = evidence supporting a claim

hearsay = rumour / unsubstantiated information

guilty = not innocent as judged by a court of law

innocent = found not guilty of a crime

to be found guilty = the court decided that the person did commit the crime

conviction / verdict = formal sentence of a court

circumstances of the crime = a condition or situation relating to a crime

extenuating circumstances = a condition that makes the crime or mistake less serious and more understandable

take into consideration = should be thought about carefully

circumstantial evidence = something that connects a person indirectly to the crime (for example, a finger print at a crime scene but no actual hard evidence or witness)

maximum / minimum sentence = highest penalty / lowest penalty

a harsh punishment = hard, strict penalty

penalty / punishment are synonyms but penalty is often used for both minor offences and major crimes.

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/Legal-Court-Language.mp3
-

Other Useful Crime & Punishment Vocabulary

crime is prevalent = there is a lot of crime

armed police = police who carry guns

to deter (n = deterrent) = to put someone off from doing something

discrimination = unjust treatment

to be soft on crime = not to have harsh or strict punishments

repeat offender = a person who has committed a crime or offence more than once

serial criminals = criminals who repeatedly commit the same crime

diminished responsibility = when someone is not in a state to be considered responsible for their own actions

rehabilitation = to restore someone through education or therapy

reintegrate back into society = help someone return into society

peer pressure = pressure from friends or colleagues

role models = people whose behaviour should be copied and respected

mimicking violent behaviour = to copy aggressive actions

https://ieltsliz.com/wp-content/uploads/2090/07/Useful-Words-List.mp3
-

Complete the sentences using one or more words either from the above lists or from other vocabulary relating to this topic. The sentence must be grammatically correct once you have added the right word(s).

1. The ................... is the strongest deterrent against crime.

2. The number of .................... is on the rise due to the impact of peer pressure at school and violent movies shown on TV. Teenagers are prone to ................ aggressive behaviour.

3. All people accused of a crime should be given a fair ................ in a ............ of law.

4. People who are convicted a murder from only ............................ evidence should not receive the death penalty.

5. The motives of a crime should always be taken into consideration. For example. there is a significant difference in the character of a person who commits .................. murder and one who commits accidental murder.

6. A .............. sentence is more humane than capital punishment.

7. Punishment should be the last resort. Instead criminals should be .........................

8. People who commit ........... crimes, such as traffic offences, should have their .................... revoked.

9. Famous people, such as movie stars, should set a good ............ and ensure that they are good ................. for young people to follow.

10. ............... and the right to a fair ................ should be the right of all citizens.

11. Parents who inflict .................. punishment on their children are showing children that ................. is an acceptable way to deal with problems.

12. Prison does not rehabilitate criminals, it only ............. them from society. ................. service and rehabilitation is a better way to avoid criminals becoming ......................

Answers

1. death penalty (the answer can't be "capital punishment" because it doesn't use the article "the")

2. juvenile delinquents / mimic

3. trial / court

4. circumstantial

5. premeditated

6. life

7. rehabilitated

8. minor / licenses

9. example / role models

10. Justice / trial

11. corporal / violence

12. removes / Community / repeat offenders

Recommended
Main IELTS Pages
Develop your IELTS skills with tips, model answers, lessons, free videos and more.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Crime and Punishment Vocabulary with Pronunciation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The most common crime and punishment vocabulary with audios for pronunciation. This word list covers crimes, criminals, punishment, court proceedings and other useful words to write and talk about the topic of crime. Practice the words with the vocabulary exercise at the bottom of the page.