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Fort Laramie Treaties of 1851 (and 1868)

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Fort Laramie Treaties of 1851 (and 1868)

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The first of the treaty marked the boundaries of the Lakota Nation.  The second Fort Laramie Treaty guaranteed land and hunting rights; the only war in American history in which the U.S. government negotiated peace by conceding all demands of the enemy. Those lands should've legally been recognized as a sovereign nation-- but the U.S. did not uphold the treaty.

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President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act and further perpetuated the idea of manifest destiny. White settlers began to venture farther into native lands. Eventually Native Americans were driven further into extinction due to westward expansion.

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United States' troops attacked a village of Native American tribes-- driving them out of their camp. More than 230 Native Americans were massacred; including women, children, and the elderly. Even Indians that had been promised immunity were murdered in cold blood.

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The Completion of the Transcontinental RR 1869

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The Completion of the Transcontinental RR 1869

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Construction began in 1866; tracks were laid down through the Lakota nation, despite previous treaties. Three Lakota tribes attacked and defeated the U.S. army in response to the violation of the treaties. With the completion of the railroad, hunters began to travel through the Lakota Nation for wholesale killing of buffalos-- which the Sioux relied on for food and clothing.

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Native American forces defeated General Custer and the 7th calvary at the Battle of Little Bighorn. There were 268 deaths and 55 severely wounded for the U.S. Custer was overconfident and greatly underestimated the amount of enemies he would be facing as thousands of Native Americans camped on the flats before battle.

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Reservations were divided into smaller sections and given to individual Indians by the U.S. government. The surplus of land was disposed of; causing tribes to lose millions of acres of land. Eventually this land would fall into the hands of white Americans, while Native Americans continued to suffer from systemic oppression.

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United States troops massacred Chief Big Foot and three hundred prisoners of war at a Sioux encampment in Wounded Knee Creek. More medals of honor were given after this battle than any single battle in U.S. history. Women and children were slaughtered with the use of new rapid-fire weaponry.

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After the Battle of Wounded Knee, the dreams of Native Americans died along with their lives. Indian rights continued to be abused by the U.S. government. Native Americans were forced to assimilate as the government no longer tolerated treaties or sacred traditions of the Natives.

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American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

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American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978

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The American Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 made it so Native Americans would have the right to believe, express, and exercise their traditional religions. Previously, Native American religions were outlawed and seen as heathenish. The Code of Indian Offenses was adopted by the federal government in 1883-- restricting religious and cultural ceremonies.

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United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 1980

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United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians 1980

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United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians was the longest standing court case in U.S. history. The court ruled that the second treaty of Fort Laramie had been broken and that the sacred Black Hills had been taken illegally. The U.S. Supreme Court awarded the Sioux Nation only 106 million dollars-- an offer which they declined.