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Wilhelm Wundt opens first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. Jump starting psychology as its own field.

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The first doctorate in psychology is given to Joseph Jastrow. He then becomes professor of psychology at the University of Wisconsin.

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G. Stanley Hall founds the American Psychological Association and serves as its first president.

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Lightner Witmer opens the world’s first psychological clinic to patients. Which shifted his focus from experimental work to practical application of his findings.

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Sigmund Freud introduces his theory of psychoanalysis in The Interpretation of Dreams. The first 24 books which explored topics like the unconscious, techniques of free association, and sexuality as a driving force in human psychology.

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Mary Calkins is elected president of the APA. She was a professor and researcher at Wellesley College, studied at Harvard University, but was denied her a Ph.D. by Harvard because of her gender.

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Using standardized tests, Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon developed a scale of general intelligence based off of mental age. Later researchers refined this work into the concept of intelligence quotient; IQ, mental age over physical age.

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Clifford Beers publishes A Mind That Found Itself, which went into detail of his experiences as a patient in the 19th-century mental asylums. The book called for more humane treatment of patients and better education about mental illness for the general population, the book inspires the mental hygiene movement in the United States.

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John B. Watson publishes Psychology as Behavior, which brought behaviorism into the world of psychology.

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Standardized intelligence and aptitude tests are admitted to two million U. S. soldiers during WWI. Soon after the war, such tests are used in all U.S. armed forces branches and in many areas of civilian life, including academic and work settings.

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Francis Cecil Sumner earns a Ph.D. in psychology under G. Stanley Hall at Clark University. Sumner later serves as chair of the Howard University psychology department.

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Psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach creates a personality test based on patients’ interpretations of inkblots which is known as the Rorschach test.

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Charles Frederick Menninger and his sons Karl Augustus and William Clair found The Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kansas. They took a compassionate approach to the treatment of mental illness, which emphasized both psychological and psychiatric disciplines.

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Walter Freeman performs the first frontal lobotomy in the United States at George Washington University in Washington, D.C. The procedure, intended to relieve severe and debilitating psychosis.

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Italian psychiatrist and neuropathologist Ugo Cerletti and his associates treat human patients with electrical shocks to alleviate schizophrenia and psychosis.

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U.S. President Harry Truman signs the National Mental Health Act, which provided generous funding for psychiatric education and research for the first time in U.S. history. This then lead to the creation of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

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Studies were published that reported the drug imipramine may be able to lessen depression. Eight years later, the FDA approves the use of it in the United States under the name Tofranil.

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The development of psychoactive drugs in the 1950s and their approval by the FDA initiates a new form of treatment for mental illness. Among the first such drugs is Doriden which is an anti-anxiety medication.

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President John F. Kennedy calls for and later signs the Community Mental Health Centers Act, which mandates the construction of community facilities instead of large, regional mental hospitals.

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The FDA approves the new anti-depressant medication fluoxetine, (Prozac). The drug, and other similar medications, acts on neurotransmitters, specifically, serotonin.