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· An action that happened before a particular time in the past
We had eaten our healthy lunch by two o’clock.

· An action that happened before another action in the past. We use past perfect simple for the action that happened first and the past simple for the action that happened second.

After Paul had gone for a jog, he had a rest

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before, after, when, by, by the time, already, just, as soon as, until, ever, never, the day/week/month/year before, the previous day/week/month/year...

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We use the comparative form to compare two people, animals or things, or two groups of people, animals or things. We often use than after a compartive

1. Vegetables  are healthier than burgers.

2. This watch is more expensive than the necklace.

We use the superlative form to compare one or more people, things or animals with a group of people, things or animals. We use the before a superlative.

1. Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.

2. Emily is the most beautiful girl in town.

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Tony:80kg, Jason:80kg
Tony is as heavy / fat / light   as Jason.

Tim:120kg , Nick:120kg
Tim is as heavy / fat / light  as Nick

Susan:40kg ,Sue:40kg
Susan is as heavy / fat / light as Sue

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comparatives , superlatives and (not) as......as examples   

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comparatives , superlatives and (not) as......as examples   

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TOM: 1.80m, 90kg, 16yo
JACK:1.90m, 80kg, 16yo

Jack is taller than Tom.

Tom is shorter than Jack.

Tom isn't as tall as Jack.

Jack isn't as heavy as Tom.

Tom is heavier than Jack .

Jack is as old(young) as Tom.

Tom is the same age as Jack.

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We use as+ adjective/adverb +as to say that two people, animals ore things are the same or equal.

1.  Bobs's feet are as big as his dad's.

We use not as+ adjective/adverb +as to say that two people, animals ore things are not the same .

1. Cathy isn't as strong as Susan.

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comparative - superlative

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here is a video about comparative and superlative

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here is a video about comparative and superlative

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https://youtu.be/cpQbmdKkNFs

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ABILITY  ( Yetenek/Beceri)

1. We use can for general ability in the present and could for general ability in the past.

2. We use be able to to talk about ability in the present, past or future.

Tourists can walk through part of the rainforest.

Steven could fly a kite when he was only five years old.

Julia will be able to come on the picnic at the weekend.

3. We can use both could and was/were able to to talk about general ability in the past, but we cannot use could for a single completed action.

The farmer's son could/was able to ride a horse when he was three years old.

What a great experience; I was able to explore the reef! (not I could explore the reef!)

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PERMISSION (İzin)

1. We use can to talk about or ask for permission in the present or future.

You can pick some flowers from the garden

Can I ride my bike on the footpath?

2. We use can't to refuse permission.

No, you can't ride your bike on the footpath.

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REQUESTS (İstek)

1. We use can, could or will to ask someone to do something for us.

Can/Could/Will you milk the cows?

OFFERS

1. We use Shall ...?, Can ...? and Would you like  me/her/him/us/them to ...? to offer to do something for someone. We can also use will.

Can/Shall we collect the eggs?

Would you like Jonathan/him to feed the horses?

Don't get up; I'll close the door.

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OBLIGATION&NECESSITY ( Zorunluluk)
1. We use must, have to and need to to express obligation. We can use must to talk about the present or future. We can use have to and need to to talk about the present, past or future.

I must feed the sheep.

Dad has got to fix the tractor.

Justin will need to be as quiet as a mouse.

2. We use don't have to or don't need to to talk about
something that is not necessary in the present or future.

You don't have to collect the eggs now.

You don't need to collect the eggs now.

3. We use didn't have to or didn't need to to talk about
something that was not necessary in the past.

Sharon didn't have to phone last night.

Sharon didn't need to phone last night.

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PROHIBITION (Yasak)

1. We use mustn't to say that something is not allowed.

You mustn't leave the gates open.

ADVICE (Tavsiye)

1. We use should and shouldn't to advice.

You should try to cheer up.
You shouldn't walk down the lane at night by yourself

SUGGESTION (Öneri)

1. We use Let's ..., Shall we ...? and We can/could to make suggestions.

Let's go to the countryside for the weekend.
Shall we cut the hedges a little this afternoon?
We can/could help Uncle Joe with the farm work.

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not necessary = don't have to

was not necessary = didn't necessary

advise = should

it's a good idea = should

obliged to  = have to

necessary = have to

forbidden = prohibited = mustn't / can't

not allowed to = mustn't / can't

do you mind = can I

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We use the past continuous

to talk about an action that was in progress at a particular time in the past.

I was reading about ancient Egypt all evening.

to talk about two or more actions happening at the same time in the past. We can use and or while to connect the

I was taking pictures of the city while Diane was having a coffee.

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We use past continuous

to talk about an action that was in progress in the past that was interrupted by another action. We often use when with the past simple for the action that interrupted.

We were talking about the Incas when the bell rang.

to set the scene in a story.

It was snowing and the children were making a snowman in front of the hotel.

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We use past simple to talk about

something that started and finished in the past, often with a definite time expression.(Definite time expression: Yesterday, Ago , Last.)

I visited the museum last month.

things that happened one after the other in the past.

George got in the car, put on his sunglasses and drove away.

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IRREGULAR VERB LIST

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IRREGULAR VERB LIST

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Time expressions: all day/morning/evening/month/year, at nine o'clock last night , at the time, as , while , when

you / we / they :were verb+ing
I / he/ she / it: was verb+ing

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while => was/ were verb+ing
when => verb2

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We use the present perfect simple to talk about

something that happened in the past, but we don't know or say when.

Jason has found a very old gold coin.

something in the past that has a result in the present.

The museum has lent part of its art collection, so we can't see it all today.

something that happened during a period of time that is not finished at the time of speaking.

The students have visited three museums this term.

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just for something that happened a short time ago.

I've just collected these beautiful shells.

yet, already, never and ever for something that happened in the past, but we don't know when.

Susan hasn't returned my art books yet.
The students have never seen a real fossil.
He has already done his homework.

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Have been & have gone

We use have been to say that somebody went to a place and has returned. We use have gone to say that somebody has gone to a place and has not returned.

Ellen has been to the gift shop. (She is home now.)
Ellen has gone to the gift shop. (She hasn't come yet.)

Time expressions: ever, never, just, already, yet, for, since, how long today/tonight, this week/month/year, etc

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FOR&SINCE

for and since for something that started in the past and continues in the present.

The archaeologists have looked for the ancient maps for five years.
The archaeologists have looked for the ancient maps since 2010.