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A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering. The formation of the seed is part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiosperm plants.

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he complex process by which carbon dioxide, water, and certain inorganic salts are converted into carbohydrates by green plants, algae, and certain bacteria, using energy from the sun and chlorophyll.

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a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, which completely lose their foliage during the winter or dry season.

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The reproductive structure of angiosperms, characteristically having either specialized male or female organs or both male and female organs, such as stamens and a pistil, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and sepals.

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perennials die back to resprout the next growing season, reproducing again— then repeating the cycle the next growing season.

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flowerless plants that produce cones and seeds. The term gymnosperm literally means "naked seed," as gymnosperm seeds are not encased within an ovary. Rather, they sit exposed on the surface of leaf-like structures called bracts. Gymnosperms are vascular plants of the subkingdom Embyophyta and include conifers, cycads, ginkgoes, and gnetophytes.

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Two seed leaves emerge from the seed at germination.

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the plant organs that facilitate and support reproduction; attract pollinators (if the species is not wind–pollinated)

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Annuals complete one life cycle in one growing season and then die.

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Non-vascular plants are plants without a vascular system consisting of xylem and phloem. Although non-vascular plants lack these particular tissues, many possess simpler tissues that have specialized functions for the internal transport of water.

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having leaves or needles fall off or shedding seasonally or at a certain stage of development in the life cycle of a plant.

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Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or similar structure. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm.

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the seeds of which typically contain only one embryonic leaf, or cotyledon.

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A vascular plant has a more recently evolved cell organization for transporting water and products of photosynthesis within the plant, allowing vascular plants to evolve to be larger, overall, than non-vascular plants.

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When seedlings sprout, there are two-sets of leaves that form first. A few days later a third single leaf will emerge that doesn’t look like the first two. That’s the first true leaf.

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The angiosperms are vascular seed plants in which the ovule(egg) is fertilized and develops into a seed in an enclosed hollow ovary.

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anchor and support the plant; absorb water and nutrients from the soil; store food; and in some plants roots can enable propagation or regeneration.

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a primary plant axis that develops buds and shoots instead of roots
whether above or below ground, which ordinarily grows in an opposite direction to the root or descending axis.

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Leaves and needles are what capture sunlight and make food using photosynthesis, store energy, exchange gasses, and regulate water flow.

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Fruits and seeds are not plant organs, but are the outcome of successful reproduction, enabling continuation of the species.