# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] Homer beings telling stories in what would become Greece (1100-800 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] Homer beings telling stories in what would become Greece (1100-800 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
I think that this even is very interesting to see, because before the Roman Kingdom has been established, other cultures, such as the Greeks, are already telling stories; this also sets the stage for what Greece was like before the Romans invaded.
(source: Ms. Wood's timeline)

# data[].attributes.body
It is unclear how Rome was settled, with many myths being mixed in with truth and murkying the waters of reality. We do, however, know that Rome was founded in 753 BCE. The common myth is that of Romulus and Remus, twin brothers raised by a she-wolf who eventually founded a city on the site where they were raised. Romulus killed Remus and named the city Rome. Pictured above is Romulus and Remus feeding from their mother.
History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/.

# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] The most complete myths of the Greek Gods is written (700 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] The most complete myths of the Greek Gods is written (700 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
Roman mythologoy takes many inspirations from Greek Mythology, with the roles, personalities, and sometimes even names of their gods and heroes. As the basis of Greek mythology, this event is also the birthplace of much Roman mythology. Linked above is an interesting article exploring this topic.
(Source: Ms. Wood's timeline)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Who are some of the major figures of Greek mythology?

What are some major works in Greek mythology?

When did Greek mythology start?

Greek mythology, body of stories concerning the gods, heroes, and rituals of the ancient Greeks. That the myths contained a considerable element of fiction was recognized by the more critical Greeks, such as the philosopher Plato in the 5th-4th century bce. In general, however, in the popular piety of the Greeks, the myths were viewed as true accounts. Greek mythology has subsequently had extensive influence on the arts and literature of Western civilization, which fell heir to much of Greek culture.

Although people of all countries, eras, and stages of civilization have developed myths that explain the existence and workings of natural phenomena, recount the deeds of gods or heroes, or seek to justify social or political institutions, the myths of the Greeks have remained unrivaled in the Western world as sources of imaginative and appealing ideas. Poets and artists from ancient times to the present have derived inspiration from Greek mythology and have discovered contemporary significance and relevance in Classical mythological themes.

Sources of myths: literary and archaeological

The 5th-century-bce Greek historian Herodotus remarked that Homer and Hesiod gave to the Olympian gods their familiar characteristics. Few today would accept this literally. In the first book of the Iliad, the son of Zeus and Leto ( Apollo, line 9) is as instantly identifiable to the Greek reader by his patronymic as are the sons of Atreus ( Agamemnon and Menelaus, line 16). In both cases, the audience is expected to have knowledge of the myths that preceded their literary rendering. Little is known to suggest that the Greeks treated Homer, or any other source of Greek myths, as mere entertainment, whereas there are prominent Greeks from Pindar to the later Stoa for whom myths, and those from Homer in particular, are so serious as to warrant bowdlerization or allegorization.

The fullest and most important source of myths about the origin of the gods is the Theogony of Hesiod (c. 700 bce). The elaborate genealogies mentioned above are accompanied by folktales and etiological myths. The Works and Days shares some of these in the context of a farmer's calendar and an extensive harangue on the subject of justice addressed to Hesiod's possibly fictitious brother Perses. The orthodox view treats the two poems as quite different in theme and treats the Works and Days as a theodicy (a natural theology). It is possible, however, to treat the two poems as a diptych, each part dependent on the other. The Theogony declares the identities and alliances of the gods, while the Works and Days gives advice on the best way to succeed in a dangerous world, and Hesiod urges that the most reliable-though by no means certain-way is to be just.

Other literary works

Fragmentary post-Homeric epics of varying date and authorship filled the gaps in the accounts of the Trojan War recorded in the Iliad and Odyssey; the so-called Homeric Hymns (shorter surviving poems) are the source of several important religious myths. Many of the lyric poets preserved various myths, but the odes of Pindar of Thebes (flourished 6th-5th century bce) are particularly rich in myth and legend. The works of the three tragedians- Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, all of the 5th century bce-are remarkable for the variety of the traditions they preserve.

In Hellenistic times (323-30 bce) Callimachus, a 3rd-century-bce poet and scholar in Alexandria, recorded many obscure myths; his contemporary, the mythographer Euhemerus, suggested that the gods were originally human, a view known as Euhemerism. Apollonius of Rhodes, another scholar of the 3rd century bce, preserved the fullest account of the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece.

In the period of the Roman Empire, the Geography of Strabo (1st century bce), the Library of the pseudo- Apollodorus (attributed to a 2nd-century-ce scholar), the antiquarian writings of the Greek biographer Plutarch, and the works of Pausanias, a 2nd-century-ce historian, as well as the Latin Genealogies of Hyginus, a 2nd-century-ce mythographer, have provided valuable sources in Latin of later Greek mythology.

Archaeological discoveries

The discovery of the Mycenaean civilization by Heinrich Schliemann, a 19th-century German amateur archaeologist, and the discovery of the Minoan civilization in Crete (from which the Mycenaean ultimately derived) by Sir Arthur Evans, a 20th-century English archaeologist, are essential to the 21st-century understanding of the development of myth and ritual in the Greek world. Such discoveries illuminated aspects of Minoan culture from about 2200 to 1450 bce and Mycenaean culture from about 1600 to 1200 bce; those eras were followed by a Dark Age that lasted until about 800 bce. Unfortunately, the evidence about myth and ritual at Mycenaean and Minoan sites is entirely monumental, because the Linear B script (an ancient form of Greek found in both Crete and Greece) was mainly used to record inventories.

Geometric designs on pottery of the 8th century bce depict scenes from the Trojan cycle, as well as the adventures of Heracles. The extreme formality of the style, however, renders much of the identification difficult, and there is no inscriptional evidence accompanying the designs to assist scholars in identification and interpretation. In the succeeding Archaic (c. 750-c. 500 bce), Classical (c. 480-323 bce), and Hellenistic periods, Homeric and various other mythological scenes appear to supplement the existing literary evidence.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Greek mythology | Gods, Stories, & History

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Greek mythology, oral and literary traditions of the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes and the nature of the cosmos. The narratives influenced the arts of later centuries so that such stories as the abduction of Persephone and those from Homer's Iliad and Odyssey remained popular in the 21st century.

# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] The construction of specialized merchant ships expanded trade greatly (600 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] The construction of specialized merchant ships expanded trade greatly (600 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
As Rome is still developing and not yet the republic or empire it will become, the Greeks are blossoming. Linked above is an interestin article about Greek trade.
(Source: Ms. Wood's timeline)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Trade was a fundamental aspect of the ancient Greek world and following territorial expansion, an increase in population movements, and innovations in transport, goods could be bought, sold, and exchanged in one part of the Mediterranean which had their origin in a completely different and far distant region. Food, raw materials, and manufactured goods were not only made available to Greeks for the first time but the export of such classics as wine, olives, and pottery helped to spread Greek culture to the wider world.

From Local to International Trade

In Greece and the wider Aegean, local, regional, and international trade exchange existed from Minoan and Mycenaean times in the Bronze Age. The presence, in particular, of pottery and precious goods such as gold, copper, and ivory, found far from their place of production, attests to the exchange network which existed between Egypt, Asia Minor, the Greek mainland, and islands such as Crete, Cyprus, and the Cyclades. Trade lessened and perhaps almost disappeared when these civilizations declined, and during the so-called Dark Ages from the 11th to 8th centuries BCE international trade in the Mediterranean was principally carried out by the Phoenicians.

The earliest written sources of Homer and Hesiod attest to the existence of trade ( emporia) and merchants ( emporoi) from the 8th century BCE, although they often present the activity as unsuitable for the ruling and landed aristocracy. Nevertheless, international trade grew from 750 BCE, and contacts spread across the Mediterranean driven by social and political factors such as population movements, colonisation (especially in Magna Graecia), inter-state alliances, the spread of coinage, the gradual standardisation of measurements, warfare, and safer seas following the determination to eradicate piracy.

From 600 BCE trade was greatly facilitated by the construction of specialised merchant ships and the diolkos haulway across the isthmus of Corinth. Special permanent trading places ( emporia), where merchants of different nationalities met to trade, sprang up, for example, at Al Mina on the Orontes river (modern Turkey), Ischia-Pithekoussai (off the coast of modern Naples), Naucratis in Egypt, and Gravisca in Etruria. From the 5th century BCE, Athens' port of Piraeus became the most important trading centre in the Mediterranean and gained a reputation as the place to find any type of goods on the market.

Traded Goods

Goods which were traded within Greece between different city-states included:

cereals

wine

olives

figs

pulses

eels

cheese

honey

meat (especially from sheep and goats)

tools (e.g.: knives)

perfumes

fine pottery, especially Attic and Corinthian wares.

The most important trade exports were wine and olives, while cereals, spices, & precious metals Were Imported.

Fine Greek pottery was also in great demand abroad and examples have been found as far afield as the Atlantic coast of Africa. Other Greek exports included wine, especially from Aegean islands like Mende and Kos, bronze work, olives and olive oil (transported, like wine, in amphorae), emery from Delos, hides from Euboea, marble from Athens and Naxos, and ruddle (a type of waterproofing material for ships) from Keos.

The goods available at the market places ( agorai) of major urban centres which were imported from outside Greece included:

wheat

slaves from Egypt

grain from the Black Sea (especially via Byzantium)

salt fish from the Black Sea

wood (especially for shipbuilding) from Macedonia and Thrace

papyrus

textiles

luxury food such as spices (e.g.: pepper)

glass

metals such as iron, copper, tin, gold and silver.

Trade Incentives & Protection

Maritime loans enabled traders to pay for their cargoes and the loan did not have to be repaid if the ship failed to reach safely its port of destination. To compensate the lender for this risk, interest rates ( nautikos tokos) could be from 12.5 to 30% and the ship was often the security on the loan.

The involvement of the state in trade was relatively limited; however, a notable exception was grain. For example, so vital was it to feed Athens' large population and especially valuable in times of drought, trade in wheat was controlled and purchased by a special 'grain buyer' ( sitones). From c. 470 BCE the obstruction of the import of grain was prohibited, as was the re-exportation of it; for offenders the punishment was the death penalty. Market officials ( agoranomoi) ensured the quality of goods on sale in the markets and grain had its own supervisors, the sitophylakes, who regulated that prices and quantities were correct.

Besides taxes on the movement of goods (e.g.: road taxes or, at Chalkedon, a 10% transit charge on Black Sea traffic payable to Athens) and levies on imports and exports at ports, there were also measures taken to protect trade. For example, Athens taxed those citizens who contracted loans on grain cargo which did not deliver to Piraeus or those merchants who failed to unload a certain percentage of their cargo. Special maritime courts were established to tempt traders to choose Athens as their trading partner, and private banks could facilitate currency exchange and safeguard deposits. Similar trading incentives existed on Thasos, a major trading-centre and large exporter of high quality wine.

With the decline of the Greek city-states in the late Classical period, international trade moved elsewhere; nevertheless, many Greek cities would continue to be important trading centres in Hellenistic and Roman times, especially Athens and the free-trade ports of Delos and Rhodes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Trade was a fundamental aspect of the ancient Greek world and following territorial expansion, an increase in population movements, and innovations in transport, goods could be bought, sold, and exchanged in one part of the Mediterranean which had their origin in a completely different and far distant region.

# data[].attributes.headline
Establishment of Representative Government and The Republic (509 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Establishment of Representative Government and The Republic (509 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
After the tyrany of a king, the people of Rome decided that they should divide power between 3 branches; Elected magistrates, a senate to help them, and a popular assembly of citizen representatives. Linked above is an interesting video summarizing what life was like at the time.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Plebians go on strike against Patricians, starting the Conflict of Order (494 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Plebians go on strike against Patricians, starting the Conflict of Order (494 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
The plebians, or working class who made up most of the armies, workers, and population, went on strike against the great power imbalance between the classes, and started one of if not the first class wars in remembered history. Though nothing came of it immediately, this set the precedent of a disenfranchised working class rebelling against their opressors. Pictured above is a dramatic visualization of the struggle.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] Peloponesian War between Sparta and Athens (461-404 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] Peloponesian War between Sparta and Athens (461-404 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
This does not directly relate to the history of Rome, but it is interesting to see that, as Greece falls apart, Rome is on the rise. Linked above is a case study on Athens and Sparta.
(Source: Ms. Wood's timeline)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta, went to war with each other from 431 to 405 B.C. The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, favoring Sparta, and also ushered in a period of regional decline that signaled the end of what is considered the Golden Age of Ancient Greece.

The Cause of the Peloponnesian War

The formation of the Delian League, or Athenian League, in 478 B.C. united several Greek city-states in a military alliance under Athens, ostensibly to guard against revenge attacks from the Persian Empire. In reality, the league also granted increased power and prestige to Athens. The Spartans, meanwhile, were part of the Peloponnesian League (550 BC- 366 B.C.) of city-states. It was only a matter of time before the two powerful leagues collided.

The Great Peloponnesian War, also called the First Peloponnesian War, was the first major scuffle between them. It became a 15-year conflict between Athens and Sparta and their allies. Peace was decreed by the signing of the Thirty Years Treaty in 445 B.C., effective until 437 B.C., when the Peloponnesian War began.

A civil war in the obscure country of Epidamnus led to the involvement of Sparta's ally, Corinth. When Sparta was brought in to be part of conflict negotiations, Corinth's longtime enemy Corcyra targeted Epidamnus and seized it in a naval battle. Corinth retreated to rebuild its fleet and plan retaliation.

Did you know? The Athenians experienced a major setback when a plague broke out in 430 B.C. Between one-third and two-thirds of the Athenian population died, including the prominent general Pericles.

The Peloponnesian War Begins

In 433 B.C. the tension continued to build and Corcyra officially sought Athens' support by arguing that conflict with Sparta was inevitable and Athens required an alliance with Corcyra to defend itself. The Athenian government debated the suggestion, but its leader Pericles suggested a defensive alliance with Corcya, sending a small number of ships to protect it against Corinthian forces.

All forces met at the Battle of Sybota, in which Corinth, with no support from Sparta, attacked and then retreated at the sight of Athenian ships. Athens, convinced it was about to enter war with Corinth, strengthened its military hold on its various territories in the region to prepare.

Sparta was hesitant to enter the war directly, but was eventually convinced by Corinth to do so, though this was not a popular decision among Sparta's other allies. A year passed before Sparta took aggressive action. During that time, Sparta sent three delegations to Athens to avoid war, offering proposals that could be viewed as a betrayal of Corinth. These efforts conflicted with Pericles' agenda and the Athenians rejected peace.

Athens vs. Sparta

The first 10 years of the conflict are known as "Archidamian War," after Spartan King Archidamus. The Spartan slogan for that period was "Freedom for the Greeks," and its stated aim was to liberate the states under Athenian rule by destroying its defenses and dismantling its structure.

As Spartan forces surrounded Athens in a siege, decimating the countryside and farmland, Pericles declined to engage against them near the city's walls, instead leading naval campaigns elsewhere. He returned to Athens in 430 B.C. as a plague ravaged the city, killing nearly two-thirds of the population. Pericles, following a political uprising that led to his censure, succumbed to the plague in 429 B.C., fracturing the Athenian leadership. Despite this major setback for the Athenians, the Spartans saw only mixed success in their war efforts, and some major losses in western Greece and at sea.

The Peace of Nicias

In 423 B.C., both sides signed a treaty known as the Peace of Nicias, named for the Athenian general who engineered it. Meant to last 50 years, it barely survived eight, undermined by conflict and rebellion brought on by various allies.

Second Phase of War

War reignited decisively around 415 B.C. when Athens received a call to help allies in Sicily against invaders from Syracuse, where an Athenian official defected to Sparta, convincing them that Athens was planning to conquer Italy. Sparta sided with Syracuse and defeated the Athenians in a major sea battle.

Who Won the Peloponnesian War?

Athens did not crumble as expected, winning a string of naval victories against Sparta, which sought monetary and weapons support from the Persian Empire. Under the Spartan general Lysander, the war raged for another decade. By in 405 B.C. Lysander decimated the Athenian fleet in battle and then held Athens under siege, forcing it to surrender to Sparta in 404 B.C.

Impact of the Peloponnesian War

The Peloponnesian War marked the end of the Golden Age of Greece, a change in styles of warfare and the fall of Athens, once the strongest city-state in Greece. The balance in power in Greece was shifted when Athens was absorbed into the Spartan Empire. It continued to exist under a series of tyrants and then a democracy. Athens lost its dominance in the region to Sparta until both were conquered less than a century later and made part of the kingdom of Macedon.

Sources

The Peloponnesian War by Nigel Bagnall, published by St Martins Press, 2004.

The Peloponnesian War by Donald Kagan, published by Viking Penguin, 2003.

Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times by Thomas R. Martin, published by Yale University Press, 1996.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The two most powerful city-states in ancient Greece, Athens and Sparta, went to war with each other from 431 to 405 B.C. The Peloponnesian War marked a significant power shift in ancient Greece, favoring Sparta, and also ushered in a period of regional decline that signaled the end of what is considered the Golden Age of Ancient Greece.

# data[].attributes.headline
Plebians become legally able to become consuls (367 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Plebians become legally able to become consuls (367 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
Before this point, only the rich and landowning class could become consuls, making the governance very class-based due to the supreme power of each consul, of which there were 2. Plebians, the working class, had nearly no rights in the government up to this point, and this change set the precedent we still hold today of anyone being able to get elected, no matter class or status. Pictured above is the Fasces, the symbol of the consul.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
One consul is required to be a Plebian(342 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
One consul is required to be a Plebian(342 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
This change in law was immensley important, because it further equaled out the power imbalance between the classes. We don't still have this system today, though I beleive it would be very helpful to have a representative of the disenfranchised in a seat of power to speak for the people. Pictured above are 2 consuls from the period.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.body
While the romans did not create the aquaduct, the proccess of transporting water through gravity is widely credited to the Romans for their innovation; they took the idea from a semi-practical fixture to a powerhouse of transportation that still influences plumbing to this day. Linked above is a cool video on how they work, and how complicated the refining was in practice.
History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
From the documentary "Rome: Engineering an Empire" For education purposes only, no profit is collected from the posting of this video.

# data[].attributes.headline
End of the Conflict of Order & Establishment of Concilium Plebis (287 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
End of the Conflict of Order & Establishment of Concilium Plebis (287 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
With the end of this 200 year class war, the Plebians achived rights and power in the governmental system, through a system called Concilium Plebis. The Concilium Plebis allowed the pleibians their own system of governance to contend with the patricians, and veto any magisrate's laws that directly effect them. This finally gave Plebians the power of their own form of government and uinque influence. Pictured above is the Concilium Plebis itself.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
First Roman Art & Literature Appears (240 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
First Roman Art & Literature Appears (240 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
Much of Roman art is dirived directly from Greek art and literature around a hundred years later when Greece is conquored, but some literature appears now; most of this is still derived from conquored civilizations, though. Pictured above is a Roman sculpture in the Greek style.
History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/.

# data[].attributes.body
The Acta Diurna was an early form of newspaper, written to detail the goings on of Rome at the time and chronical the current history of the Republic. It is clear to see that these publications are an ancestor to modern day newspapers, tabloids, and news sites to an extenet, with their sharing of relevant events at regular intervals. This is another example of just how influencial ancient Rome was, and a very cool example of how they recorded their history before paper and ink were widely used. Linked above is an interesting article about the tabloid itself.
History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/.

# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] Rome conquors "Greece" and claims the area as its own (146 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] Rome conquors "Greece" and claims the area as its own (146 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
With Rome's growing power and influence, it was able to do something even Greece itself could not do: Conquor Greece. The Romans adopted many ideas from the Greeks, and used them to prosper more and more. With the conquest of Greece, some ideas adopted included similar religion, similar myths and fables, and similar art style. In many cases, the Romans went as far as to translate Greek stories into Latin and call them Roman stories. Linked above is an interesting video about how this came to be.
(Source: Ms. Wood's timeline)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.authors[].name
Oxford Academic (Oxford University Press)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
How did the Romans conquer classical Greece?

# data[].attributes.headline
The Reign & Assasination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Reign & Assasination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
Julius Caesar declares himself Dictator of Rome, and initiates his rule. It is generally positive for Rome, but the senate feared his power and assasinated him; his reign inspired his heir, Augustus Caesar. Above is a picture of a bust of Julius himself.
Biography. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.biography.com/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Augustus Ceasar becomes the 1st Emporer of Rome (27 BCE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Augustus Ceasar becomes the 1st Emporer of Rome (27 BCE)

# data[].attributes.body
Under the guise of helping the Republic, Augustus Caesar took supreme power over Rome and became its first emporer, transitioning it into the Roman Empire, changing the history of the nation forever. He was granted the title of Emporer willingly by the Senate, in contrast to Julius Caser's declairation of Dictator. Linked above is a breif biography of Augustus's life.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Economic collapse of the Roman Empire(33 CE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Economic collapse of the Roman Empire(33 CE)

# data[].attributes.body
Many different factors lead to this collapse, but the Empire's tendancy to conquor neighboring factions and  overspend on silks definitely contributed. This all came to a head in 33 CE, with the Vandals claiming North Africa, war spoils slowing down, and political unrest. There simply weren't enough resources to go around, and the Empire collapsed economically. Pictured above are Roman women wearing the silk robes they valued so much.
History. A&E Television Networks, 2020. https://www.history.com/.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Roman Empire grows too vast, and is divided to make ruling easier (285 CE)

# data[].attributes.subject
The Roman Empire grows too vast, and is divided to make ruling easier (285 CE)

# data[].attributes.body
Inevitably, the Roman Empire grew too large and too divided culturally for a single ruler to be practical. In response, it was divided into the Western and Eastern Empires, laying the groundwork for the demise of the Empire. Pictured above is a map of the split emprire.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
[GREEK] Oldest Record of The Oddesy (300 CE)

# data[].attributes.subject
[GREEK] Oldest Record of The Oddesy (300 CE)

# data[].attributes.body
The existance of the first written copy of The Oddesy now shows the fading influence of Rome. It fractured less than 20 years prior, and already the Greeks the conquored hundreds of years ago are returning to telling the same old stories, only this time combined with the Roman tradition of writing. Linked above is an article about The Oddesy.
(Source: Ms. Wood's Timeline)

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Earliest Known Written Record of Homer's Odyssey Found in Greece

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The Greek Ministry of Culture reports archaeologists have found the oldest written record of Homer's Odyssey. Considered to be one of the all-time greatest works of literature, the engraved clay slab contains 13 verses from the 12,109-line poem, with preliminary estimates dating it to Roman times, likely before the third century.

# data[].attributes.body
Emporer Romulus Augustulus is defeated by King Odoacer of Germany, and with him falls the Western Roman Empire. Linked above is a map of the Western Roman Empire.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.

# data[].attributes.headline
Constantinople and Constantine XI fall(1453 CE)

# data[].attributes.subject
Constantinople and Constantine XI fall(1453 CE)

# data[].attributes.body
The Byzantine Empire, an evolution of the Eastern Roman Empire, falls to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, thus ending the last remains of the once great Roman Empire. Pictured above is the flag of the Byzantine Empire.
Ancient History Encyclopedia. Ancient History Encyclopedia Foundation, 2020.

https://www.ancient.eu/.