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1. http://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/Iban-Sociopolitical-Organization.html

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Iban employ three strategies of social control:

1. From childhood, they are taught to avoid conflict, and for a majority every effort is made to prevent it.

2. They are taught by story and drama of the existence of numerous spirits who vigilantly ensure observation of numerous taboos; some spirits are interested in preserving the peace, while others are responsible for any strife that arises.

3. The headman hears disputes between members of the same house, the regional chief hears disputes between members of different houses, and government officers hear those disputes that headmen and regional chiefs cannot resolve.

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- Iban political positions such as headmen (Tuai Rumah), regional chiefs (Penghulu) and paramount chief (Temenggong) were introduced by the British in the 19th century for administrative purposes and help suppress headhunting.

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Internal:
-Tuai rumah have to a be a good role model to the village.
-Provides help to the Iban villagers
-Requires to settle disputes

External:
-Act as an intermediary between the Iban community and administrative system.
-Must have, a sound knowledge of adat (customary law), and an ability to use words.

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-Most Iban people traditionally lives in longhouses called rumah panjang
-Iban longhouse society revolves around a group of siblings who founded the house or their descendants.
-They are the leaders of the house and they decide how bilik-families occupy each apartment.
-The closeness of apartments and houses is often a refection of kinship or alliances.
-A longhouse chief is called a tuai rumah.

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Tuai rumah (headman)
- Long house chief

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1.http://www.everyculture.com/East-Southeast-Asia/Iban-Economy.html
2.http://factsanddetails.com/indonesia/Minorities_and_Regions/sub6_3f/entry-4019.html

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- Some Ibans earn extra cash by putting up tourists in their longhouses and performing  headhunter dances, drums and gongs.
- Tourists who want to learn and experience their culture and lifestyle, typically rent or share longhouses with the Ibans which has been a source of income for the Ibans

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Occupational and professional jobs and celebrities

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Occupational and professional jobs and celebrities

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- The attraction of salaried jobs is one of the principal reasons for Iban urban migration.
- Ibans are employed in every major occupational category in Sarawak's cities.

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- These days many Iban men work in logging camps or on rubber, palm oil plantations and oil companies.
- Wage earning enabled men to buy jars, gongs, and other valuables for their families.

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- Hunting of wild pigs and deer, using dogs, traps, and nets, varies from community to community, according to the region, forest conditions, and animal population.

- Almost all families keep chickens and pigs, and every longhouse has dogs.

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- Fishing has provided the principal source of protein in the Iban diet.
- Techniques of fishing are sophisticated and adjusted according to the conditions of the waters.
- Fish traps are placed in constricted streams, and large nets are inclined over larger streams.
- Fish are taken with a seine or with hooks.

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- In addition to rice, farmers also plant gourds, pumpkins, cucumbers, maize, pepper and cassava.
- Ibans also collect fruits from trees and grows vegetables.

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- is the primary economic activity
- farmers practice swidden cultivation of fields averaging one hectare.
- Each Iban family maintains its own seed bank of rice, and plants between one dozen and two dozen varieties in any year.
- Introduction of herbicides, pesticides, and commercial fertilizers has increased the yields of their farms.

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Iban - Economic Activities

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Fire Place

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- The Iban race is considered to be one of the most advanced races in Borneo
- This is due to the the big presence of Iban people in population and political strength.

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Preferred and proscribed marriages are commonly recognized. Though parents prefer to arrange their children's marriages, especially educated young people would rather choose their own mates. Marriage is preferably with a person between the degree of first and fifth cousin.

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She is made to sit beside a fire. She is given three mouthfuls of rice just after she has taken her seat. During this period, the mother eats rice together with smoked fish, ferns (paku kubuk) and breadfruit. She also takes a lot of ginger juice or cooked slices of ginger to keep her body warm.

She will then sit by the fire place (bakindu) after childbirth which normally takes about forty-one days. To calculate the number of days she undergoes during her confinement, a pole is marked with lime (kapu) for each day she completed.

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- Iban is only taught as a subject in one school in Kuching, and in less than half of Sarawak's primary schools.
In Sarawak, more than 50% of the students are made up of the Iban race

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- Iban people are taught to avoid conflict with any means necessary
- Iban elders said that guardian spirits are always watching them to make sure they behave correctly

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- For more info, Form 1 and 2 "Sejarah" Textbooks contain more about the history and norms of the Iban people

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- In 2005, the Court of Appeal overturned a 2001 court decision that had a recognized the land rights of an Iban community that had lost hundreds of hectares to an acacia plantation.
- Since the Iban do not have documents demarcating their areas before this, the CoA created a barrier to establishing title to native customary land in Sarawak

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- In 2003, the government lifted a ban on the Iban-language translation of the Bible
- Other Christian books through translation remain illegal

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- Iban people had to learn how to fight the British when James Brooke came to Sarawak
- One of the popular Iban warriors was Rentap

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- Various indigenous groups continued to resist logging in 2006 via legal actions and protests to prevent the loss of their traditional lands
- These include Iban longhouse of Rumah Nyawin and four Iban longhouses in Sungai Naman in Durin

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- The practice of taking and preserving a person's head after killing the person
- During the British occupation, headhunting was revived as a sport to hunt the invaders

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                                                                                                                                                      Iban - Education

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                                                                                                                                                      Iban - Education

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They believe that when it rain while the sun is still up,it is the moment for death spirits,ghosts and giant go out for hunting and the hunt for humans.

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They sacrificing animals before beginning a construction project such as building the rumah panjang.The animal blood is spilled on the foundation of the building, it is to please the spirit and ensure good will on the future occupants of the house.

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When they are going hunting or walking into a jungle and they hear a chirping sound made by the bird called Burung Ketupong, they should turn back as it symbolise bad luck and if they continue lurking in the jungle they will get hurt.

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When fishing, they cannot say they are fishing if they do tell people that they are fishing they won’t be able to fish any fish.

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                                                                                                                                                        Iban - Norms & Taboos

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                                                                                                                                                        Iban - Norms & Taboos

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- On the Gawai Dayak morning, certain longhouse will held a 'Meri Anak Mandi' also known as 'Bathing the Child' ceremony.
- The ceremony is meant to introduce the child to the god and goddess of the Iban world.

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- The Iban community recite poetic form of songs or 'pantun' during the Gawai Dayak festival.
- Performed to welcome visitors to the longhouse
- To pay honour to special guests or well-known personalities
- Can be sung for pure entertainment

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1.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_people#Religion_and_beliefs
2.https://donoe.wordpress.com/iban/religion-culture-and-festivals/

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Take a glimpse behind the scenes of a Traditional Iban beauty pageant as we follow a contestant's journey to the big day, and along the way learn a little bit more about her roots, and ultimately, what it means to be a Kumang.

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traditional Iban tattoo - Timelapse.. Borneo Headhunter Tattoo

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traditional Iban tattoo - time lapse.. This took about 4hrs... Both my legs and arms are done this way by Ernesto with Robin @ Borneo Headhunters Tattoo Studio in Kuching, Sarawak... Music is by Sape player Jerry Kamit.. (actual tatt work starts at 1:50)...

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Baju Gagung (hard thick clothing made ​​from animal skin like a bear skin)(Jugam)

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Baju Gagung (hard thick clothing made ​​from animal skin like a bear skin)(Jugam)

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Bulu Burung Ruai ( Great Argus Pheasant Feathers

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Bulu Burung Ruai ( Great Argus Pheasant Feathers

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 Sementing Buchai/Sengkiling (Coin Corset with Dangling Coins)

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 Sementing Buchai/Sengkiling (Coin Corset with Dangling Coins)

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Kain Karap/Kebat (traditional woven skirt or Pua Kumbu)

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Kain Karap/Kebat (traditional woven skirt or Pua Kumbu)

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The Iban ngepan (or traditional attire) is generally worn for special occasions (Gawai), ceremonies, rituals and dances.
Most famous of the use and promotion of the ngepan in current times is for the Kumang Gawai, a beauty pageant that showcases the traditional attire of the female Iban as well as other qualities commonly associated with the great Kumang.

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                                                                                                                                                                   Male

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                                                                                                                                                                   Male

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                                                                                                                                                                                          Female

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                                                                                                                                                                                          Female

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Gawai Dayak
- Festival of rice harvesting
- the main festival celebrated by Ibans
- Celebrated on the 1st of June
- The ngajat, Iban's traditional dance is performed and Tuak (rice wine) is served
Gawai Bumai
- Festival of Farming
Gawai Burong
- Festival of Birds
- held in honour for the God of War(Singalang Burong)
Gawai Tuah
- Festival of Fortune
Gawai Lelabi
- Festival of Marriage
Gawai Sakit
- Festival of Healing
Gawai Antu
- Festival of the Dead
Gawai Ngar
- Festival of Dyeing/Weavingc

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After the arrival of James Brooke, majority of the Ibans have converted to Christians. Christianity is currently the largest religion within the Ibans culture.
Celebration: Christmas, Good Friday and Easter

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Before the British invaded Sarawak, Ibans have believed that every object, creature and place possess their own spiritual qualities.

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                                                                                                                                                              Iban - Belief

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                                                                                                                                                              Iban - Belief

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                                                                                                                                                                                        Iban- Attire

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                                                                                                                                                                                        Iban- Attire

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Rentap Tanah - World Shaker , Earth Shaker

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Forest ferns have a special place in the diet of the people, with the two most popular ferns used as vegetables being midin and the fiddlehead fern (pucuk paku). Midin grows wild in the secondary forests and is peculiar to the state.

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A rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant (Curcuma longa) of the ginger family, Zingiberaceae

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An Iban martial arts that originated from The Borneo Islands.

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Iban traditional handicraft made from beads.

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Iban traditional necklace, made out of beads

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A wooden craft of a hornbil , a type of bird famous in the Borneo Region.

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                                                                         Crafts

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                                                                         Crafts

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,l

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A type of machete or cleaver used by Iban culture

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Iban shields used in battles.

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A single sided drum

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A 'bass' gong

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The 'snare' gong

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Meaning : Marks the coming of age for boy into manhood.