# data[].attributes.body
|This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative human energy treatment on the barium oxide and zinc sulfide. Visit the link to know more information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peer Evaluation : Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract : Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
Physical and Structural Characteristics of BaO & ZnS

# data[].attributes.subject
Physical and Structural Characteristics of BaO & ZnS

# data[].attributes.body
Follow the link to know about the effect human energy treatment on the physical and structural characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.headline
Impact of Unique Energy on BaO & ZnSThe present study was designed to evaluate the effect of unique energy treatment on the physical and structural properties of BaO & ZnS, using FTIR, XRD and other analysis methods.

# data[].attributes.subject
Impact of Unique Energy on BaO & ZnSThe present study was designed to evaluate the effect of unique energy treatment on the physical and structural properties of BaO & ZnS, using FTIR, XRD and other analysis methods.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana *

DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X
Citation
Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide. J Laser Opt Photonics 2:122. doi:10.4172/2469-410X.1000122
Abstract
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder. The study was carried out in two groups, one was set to control, and another group was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Control and treated samples of BaO and ZnS were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and surface area analyzer. XRD data showed that lattice parameter and unit cell volume of BaO powder were reduced upto 0.42% and 1.26%, respectively as compared to control. Whereas, density of treated BaO was increased upto 1.27% as compared to control. Besides, the unit cell volume was changed in treated ZnS from -0.55 to 0.24% as compared to control that led to change in density from -0.24 to 0.55% after biofield treatment. However, the crystallite size was substantially increased upto 40.5% and 71.4% in treated BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data exhibited that absorption peaks at wavenumber 862/cm (control) was shifted to 858/cm in treated BaO. Upward shifting of absorption peaks corresponding to Zn-S stretching bond was observed in treated (617/cm) as compared to control (592/cm). Furthermore, surface area result showed that it was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Hence, these, findings suggest that biofield treatment has altered the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powders.

Keywords: Biofield treatment; Barium oxide; Zinc sulfide; Particle size; Surface area; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Introduction
Metal oxides and sulfides are considered as one of interesting class of ceramics due to their versatile applications [1-5]. Zinc sulfide (ZnS) and barium oxide (BaO) gain attention among the researchers due to their unique optical and electrical properties and wide applications in electrical industries. ZnS exist as zinc blend structure (wurtzite crystal structure), whereas BaO exists as rock salt type. Recently, researchers had developed the self-cleaning techniques using barium oxide, in which coal gas provides the power directly to solid oxide fuel cells [6]. This is a cleaner and efficient way to generate electricity from coal reserves. Further, the BaO is hygroscopic in nature which enables it to use for chemical reactions on anode surface [1]. ZnS possess a particular place due to its application as wide band gap semiconductors, blue light emitting diodes (LEDs), and electroluminescent devices [7-9]. It also become promising material for various other fields such as solar cell, phosphor etc. Currently, there are several methods of producing the metal oxides and sulfides powder such as sol gel chemical bath deposition technique, pulsed-laser deposition vacuum arc deposition and chemical vapor deposition [10-14]. Furthermore, it is well known that electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of ceramics are directly related to its density, crystal structure, crystallite size, and physical parameters [15-17]. After considering the applications and properties of BaO and ZnS, authors wanted to investigate an alternative and economically viable approach that could be beneficial to modify the physical and structural properties of these powders.

Research converging from many fields of investigation indicates that the human body is a complex energy system. It has been demonstrated that short lived electrical events or action potential exist in several type of mammalian cells such as neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells [18]. For instance, the cells present in central nervous system of human body communicate with another by means of electrical signals that travel along the nerve processes. Thus, human has ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object around the Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and responds in a useful way that is called biofield energy and this process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is known as The Trivedi Effect® . Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment has significantly transform the characteristics of various living and non-living things using his biofield treatment. Biofield treatment has substantially altered the atomic, crystalline, physical properties in various metals and ceramics [19-24]. In addition, biofield treatment has also transform the molecular and cellular characteristics microbiology [25-27], biotechnology [28,29], and agriculture [30-32]. In metals and ceramics the biofield treatment has shown the excellent results at physical, thermal, and atomic level. In addition, the biofield treatment had increased the particle size by six fold and enhanced the crystallite size by two fold in zinc powder [19]. Based on the outstanding results achieved by biofield treatment on different materials and considering the industrial significance of BaO and ZnS, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical and structural properties of BaO and ZnS.
Experiment
The BaO and ZnS powders used in present experiment were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich. Each powder samples were divided into two groups, referred as control and treatment. Control group was remained as untreated and treatment group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.
Biofield treatment
The treatment group was handed over in sealed pack to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment group without touching the samples. After that, both control and treated samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Surface area analyzer.
X-ray diffraction study
XRD analysis of control and treated samples were performed using Phillips, Holland PW 1710 XRD diffractometer, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The wavelength of X-ray radiation used 1⋅54056 Å. Data obtained from the XRD was in chart form of intensity vs.2θ°, with a detailed Table 1 containing d value (Å), number of peaks, peak width 2θ°, peak count, relative intensity of peaks, etc. Further, lattice parameter and unit cell volume were computed using PowderX software. Weight of the unit cell was calculated as, atomic weight multiplied by the number of atoms present in a unit cell. Density of the unit cell was computed as follows:

Crystallite size (G) was calculated as follow:

Crystallite size (G)=k λ/b Cosθ.

Where, λ is the wavelength of X-ray (=1.54056 Å) and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

Besides, the percent change in the lattice parameter was calculated using following equation:

Where A Control and A Treated are the lattice parameter of control and treated sample respectively. Similarly, the percent change in all other parameters such as unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size were calculated.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR analysis of BaO and ZnS samples were performed on Shimadzu, Japan, FT-IR Spectrometer with frequency range of 400-4000/cm.

Table 1: X-ray diffraction analysis of BaO and ZnS powder.
Surface area analysis
The surface area was measured by the Surface area analyzer, Smart SORB 90 based on Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), which had a detection range of 0.2-1000 m ²/g. Percent change in surface area was calculated using following equations:

Where, S Control and S Treated are the surface area of control and treated samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction study
XRD patterns of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figures 1a-1e. The XRD pattern exhibited peaks at 2θ=13.90°, 18.88°, 22.83°, 25.58°, 26.82°, 29.82°, 30.83°, 34.58° in control; 19.06°, 22.09°, 24.76°, 26.16°, 26.53°, 26.78°,27.97°, and 32.4° in T1; 19.07°, 22.10°, 24.78°, 26.14°,26.73°, 27.98°, and 32.42° in T2; 19.05°, 22.06°, 24.67°, 26.08°,26.70°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T3; 19.09°, 22.09°, 24.70°, 26.12°, 26.77°, 27.91°, and 32.35° in T4. Further, XRD patterns of control and treated ZnS samples are presented in Figures 2a-2e. Control sample showed XRD peaks at 2θ=28.62°, 33.14°, 47.58°, and 56.42°. Whereas treated sample showed peaks at 2θ=28.61°, 33.18°, 47.5°, and 56.50° in T1; 28.62°, 33.12°, 47.59°, and 56.37° in T2; 28.58°, 33.1°, 47.58°, and 56.41° in T3; 28.74°, 33.25°, 47.77°, and 56.50° in T4. Furthermore, the various parameters of unit cell of BaO and ZnS were computed using PowderX software using above XRD peaks, which are presented in Table 1. Moreover, the percent change in lattice parameter; unit cell volume, density, and crystallite size as compared to control are illustrated in Figures 3-6. Data exhibited that the lattice parameter in treated BaO was significantly reduced by 0.42, 0.42, 0.41, and 0.32% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 3). This reduction of lattice parameter led to decrease the unit cell volume of treated BaO by 1.26, 1.26, 1.22, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 4). Furthermore, this reduction in unit cell volume resulted into increase in density by 1.27, 1.27, 1.23, and 0.98% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 5). It is well known fact that the density is inversely proportional to volume of a substance for a given mass. The reduction in volume of unit cell and increase in density suggest that BaO lattice was contracted after biofield treatment. It is previously reported that internal strain in ceramics can be produced through high temperature, doping, and milling [33,34]. In addition, it is also reported that some material respond to electric and magnetic field in form of strain such as piezoelectric material [35]. Thus, it is hypothesized that biofield treatment might transfer the energy in form of electromagnetic waves, which consist of electric and magnetic field and that field may push the positive barium ion and negative oxygen towards each other. Hence, the movement of both ions toward each other may lead to reduced lattice parameter. XRD data of ZnS showed that the percent change in lattice parameter was -0.08 and 0.18% in T2 and T4 respectively, whereas no change was found in T1 and T3, as compared to control. Percent change in unit cell volume of treated ZnS was 0.24 and -0.55 in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. This change in unit cell volume led to change the density by -0.24 and 0.552% in T2 and T4 respectively, as compared to control. These changes in lattice parameter suggest that both kind of stress: compressive and tensile possibly applied through biofield treatment. In addition, result also indicated that the permanent lattice strain probably induced in BaO and ZnS crystals through biofield treatment. Furthermore, data exhibited that crystallite size was change from 66.5 nm (control) to 35.9, 93.4, 93.4, and 93.4 nm in treated BaO samples T1, T2, T3, and T4, respectively. Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO was -46% in T1 and 40.5% in T2, T3 and T4 as compared to control (Figure 6). This indicates that crystallite size of treated BaO was increased in three out of four sample tested. Nevertheless, the crystallite size in treated ZnS was substantially increased from 35.6 nm (control) to 61, 42.7, 61, and 47.4 nm in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively (Table 1), as compared to control. It indicates that crystallite size was increased by 71.4, 20, 71.4, and 33.4% in T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively, as compared to control (Figure 6). Overall data suggest that crystallite size was increased in both BaO and ZnS powder after biofield treatment. Similar results of increase in crystallite size in silicon dioxide and antimony had been reported by our group in previous studies [36,37]. Furthermore, it is well known that the crystallite size of ceramics powder increased with increase in temperature [38]. Furthermore, it is assumed that internal strains present in treated powder made dislocations to move unhindered that results into reorient the planes on either side of the crystallite boundaries. Further, this reorientation of neighboring planes into same planes may lead to increase crystallite size. Moreover, it is also reported that alteration in crystallite size in ZnS leads to change the energy band gap [39]. Hence it is assumed that band gap in treated ZnS sample may be changed after biofield treatment. Moreover, based on the above findings in XRD analysis, control, T1 and T2 were analyzed using FT-IR.

Figure 1a: XRD pattern of control BaO sample.

Figure 1b: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T1).

Figure 1c: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T2).

Figure 1d: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T3).

Figure 1e: XRD pattern of biofield treated BaO sample (T4).

Figure 2a: XRD pattern of control ZnS sample.

Figure 2b: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T1).

Figure 2c: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T2).

Figure 2d: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T3).

Figure 2e: XRD pattern of biofield treated ZnS sample (T4).

Figure 3: Percent change in lattice parameter in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 4: Percent change in unit cell volume in treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 5: Percent change in density of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Figure 6: Percent change in crystallite size of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.
FT-IR analysis
FT-IR spectra of control and treated BaO samples are presented in Figure 7. IR spectra showed the peaks at wavenumber 3497, 3580, and 3576/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, which could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. Peaks observed at 1683, 1683, and 1672/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively can be assigned to O-H bending vibrations. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by BaO powder. Furthermore, absorption band observed at wavenumber 862/cm (control), 740-970 cm⁻¹ (T1), and 507, 661, 769, 858/cm (T2) that could be due to Ba-O bonding vibrations [40]. Data suggest that number of peaks and intensity corresponding to BaO vibration were changed in T1 and T2 after biofield treatment. The absorption peaks found at 1398, 1425, and 1444/cm in control, T1, and T2 respectively, could be due to formation of BaCO ₃ after C O2 absorption by BaO sample from atmosphere [41]. Besides, IR spectra of ZnS powder is illustrated in Figure 8, in which absorption peaks observed at 592/ cm (control), 617/cm (T1) and 590/cm (T2) that were assigned to Zn-S stretching vibrations [42,43]. It indicates that absorption peaks were changed in treated sample as compared to control, which could be due to alteration in Zn-S bond length after biofield treatment. Absorption peaks observed in range of 3000-3500/cm in control, T1 and T2 could be due to O-H stretching vibrations. The O-H bending peaks were observed at 1618, 1616, and 1608/cm in control, T1 and T2 respectively. The emergence of peaks corresponding to O-H stretching and bending could be due to moisture absorption by ZnS powder. In addition, the peaks observed at wavenumber 1114, 1116, and 1234/cm in control, T1 and T2, respectively, are possibly the characteristic peaks for ZnS particles [44,45]. Recently, our group reported that the biofield treatment has changed the bond length in ceramic nano oxides (ZnO, Fe ₃O ₄) [46]. Thus, based on current data, it is assumed that biofield treatment may alter the bonding properties in BaO and ZnS, that possibly resulted into alteration in IR peaks in treated as compared to control.

Figure 7: FT-IR spectrum of BaO. (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.

Figure 8: FT-IR spectrum of ZnS (a) Control (b) Treated T1 (c) Treated T2.
Surface area analysis
Surface area analysis in term of percent change of BaO and ZnS powder are shown in Figure 9. Data showed that the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control (Table 2). It is possible that biofield energy transferred through treatment, which might induce energy milling. Due to which BaO and ZnS powder particles might be agglomerated after biofield treatment and increased particle size. Further, this increase in particle size probably reduced surface area in treated samples as compared to control.

Figure 9: Percent change in surface area of treated BaO and ZnS as compared to control.

Table 2: Surface area of BaO and ZnS powder.
Conclusion
Overall, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and structural properties of both BaO and ZnS samples. XRD result showed that density of treated BaO and ZnS powder was increased upto 1.27% and 0.55% as compared to control. It could be due to reduction of lattice parameter in unit cell after biofield treatment. In addition, crystallite size was significantly increased by 40.5% and 71.4% in BaO and ZnS, respectively as compared to control. FT-IR data showed the shifting of absorption peaks in treated BaO and ZnS corresponding to Ba-O and Zn-S stretching vibrations, respectively, as compared to control. Thus, it is hypothesized that bond length of Zn-S and Ba-O, possibly altered after biofield treatment. Besides, the surface area was reduced by 4.32% and 2.1% in treated BaO and ZnS powder, respectively as compared to control. Thus, based on the alteration found in density, crystallite size, surface area, and bond length in treated BaO and ZnS, it is assumed that biofield treatment could alter the optoelectronics characteristics in ceramics.
Acknowledgement
We thank Dr. Cheng Dong of NLSC, Institute of Physics, and Chinese academy of Sciences for supporting in using PowderX software for analyzing X-ray Diffraction data. Authors also would like to thank Trivedi science, Trivedi master wellness and Trivedi testimonials for their support during the work.
References
1. Umar EA, Hahn YB (2009) Metal oxide nanostructures and their applications. American Scientific Publishers.
2. Baraton MI (2003) Synthesis, functionalization and surface treatment of nanoparticles. American Scientific Publishers
3. Beek WJE, Wienk MM, Emerink MK, Yang X, Janssen RAJ (2005) Hybrid zinc oxide conjugated polymer bulk heterojunction solar cells. J Phys Chem B 109: 9505-9516.
4. Manzoor U, Kim DK (2006) Synthesis and enhancement of ultraviolet emission by post-thermal treatment of unique zinc oxide comb-shaped dendritic nanostructures. Scripta Materialia 54: 807-811.
5. Wang X, Lee BI, Hu MZ, Payzant EA, Blom DA (2003) Synthesis of nanocrystalline BaTiO3 by solvent refluxing method. J Mater Sci Lett 22: 557559.
6. Ahmad N, Wahab R, and Alam M (2014) Facile growth of barium oxide nanorods: Structural and optical properties. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 14: 53425346.
7. Hwang JM, Oh MO, Kim I, Lee JK, Ha CS (2005) Preparation and characterization of ZnS based nano-crystalline particles for polymer lightemitting diodes. Curr Appl Phys 5: 31-34.
8. Friend RH (2001) Conjugated polymers. New materials for optoelectronic devices. Pure and Appl Chem 73: 425-430.
9. Bhargava RN, Gallagher D, Hong X, Nurmikko A (1994) Optical properties of manganese-doped nanocrystals of ZnS. Phys Rev Lett 72: 416-419.
10. Gesheva K, Cziraki A, Ivanova T, Szekeres A (2005) Thin Solid Films, Structure and composition of thermally annealed Mo- and W-based CVD metal oxide thin films. Thin Solid Films 492: 322-326.
11. Ohkubo I, Christen HM, Khalifah P, Sathyamurthy S, Zhai HY, et al. (2004) Continuous composition-spread thin films of transition metal oxides by pulsed laser deposition. Appl Surf Sci 223: 35-38.
12. Kandalkar SG, Gunjakar JL, Lokhande CD, Joo OS (2009) Synthesis of cobalt oxide interconnected flacks and nano-worms structures using low temperature chemical bath deposition. J Alloys Comp 478: 594-598.
13. Dhawale DS, More AM, Latthe SS, Rajpure KY, Lokhande CD (2008) Room temperature synthesis and characterization of CdO nanowires by chemical bath deposition (CBD) method. Appl Surf Sci 254: 3269-3273.
14. Kumar RS, Sudhagar P, Sathyamoorthy R, Matheswaran P, Kang YS (2009) Direct assembly of ZnO nanostructures on glass substrates by chemical bath deposition through precipitation method. Superlatt Microstruct 46: 917-924.
15. Borah JP, Barman J, Sarma KC (2008) Structural and optical properties of ZnS nanoparticles. Chalcogenide Lett 5: 201- 208.
16. Uzar N, Arikan MC (2011) Synthesis and investigation of optical properties of ZnS nanostructures. Bull Mater Sci 34: 287-292.
17. Al- Rasoul KT, Abbas NK, Shanan ZJ (2013) Structural and optical characterization of Cu and Ni doped ZnS nanoparticles. Int J Electrochem Sci 8: 5594-5604.
18. Movaffaghi Z, Farsi M (2009) Biofield therapies: Biophysical basis and biological regulations. Complement Ther Clin Pract 15: 35-37.
19. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28.
20. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2009) Effect of superconsciousness external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of carbon allotrope powders. Mater Res Innov 13: 473-480.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2012) Thought intervention through bio field changing metal powder characteristics experiments on powder characteristics at a PM plant. Future Control and Automation LNEE 173: 247252.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.
23. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of vanadium pentoxide powder. J Material Sci Eng S11: 001.
24. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
25. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC -13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.
26. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC -23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6:2
27. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Bhardwaj Y (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC - 51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions - An experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.
28. Patil S, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
29. Nayak G, Altekar N (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
30. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 6: 100-105.
31. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
32. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
33. Zorko A, Pregelj M, Gomilsek M, Jaglicic Z, Pajic D, et al. (2015) Strain-induced extrinsic high-temperature ferromagnetism in the Fe-doped hexagonal barium titanate. Sci Rep 5: 7703.
34. Tan K, Johan MR, Ahmad R, Kadri NA, Zain NM, et al. (2012) Mechanical analysis of the effects of different mechanical alloying periods on Ni3Al intermetallic compound fabrication quality. Int J Electrochem Sci 7: 3765-3772.
35. Ren X (2004) Large electric-field-induced strain in ferroelectric crystals by point-defect-mediated reversible domain switching. Nat Mater 3: 91-94.
36. Dhabade VV, Tallapragada RM, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
37. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2014) Atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of treated zirconia and silica powders. J Material Sci Eng 3: 144.
38. Hartono A, Satira S, Djamal M, Ramli R, Bahar H, et al. (2013) Effect of mechanical treatment temperature on electrical properties and crystallite size of PVDF Film. Adv Mater Phys Chem 3: 71-76.
39. Pawar RP (2013) Structural and optical properties of chemically synthesized ZnS nanoparticals. Orient J Chem 29: 1139-1142.
40. Mevada KC, Patel VD, Patel KR (2012) FT-IR, XRD and thermal studies of gelgrown barium tartrate crystals. Arch Phy Res 3: 258-263.
41. Roedel E, Urakawa A, Kureti S, Baiker A (2008) On the local sensitivity of different IR techniques: Ba species relevant in NOx storage-reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10: 6190-6198.
42. Cholan S, Shanmugam N, Kannadasan N, Sathishkumar K, Deivam K (20014) Effect of poly ethylene glycol (PEG) as surfactant on cerium doped ZnS nanoparticles. J Mater Res Technol 3: 222-227.
43. Kumar S, Jeon HC, Kang TW, Singh R, Sharma JK, et al. (2015) Structural and optical properties of silica capped ZnS:Mn quantum dots. J Mater Sci Mater Electron 26: 3939-3946.
44. Ganguly S, Das S, Ghosh S, Dastidar (2013) Distinct antimicrobial effects of synthesized ZnS nanoparticles against twelve pathogenic bacterial strains. Open Sci Repos Chem e70081948.
45. Wang M, Zhang Q, Hao W, Sun ZX (2011) Surface stoichiometry of zinc sulfide and its effect on the adsorption behaviors of xanthate. Chem Central J 5: 73.
46. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano powders after bio field treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.
Download the original manuscript

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Barium Oxide, Zinc Sulfide | Structural & Physical Properties

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi , Rama Mohan Tallapragada , Alice Branton , Dahryn Trivedi , Omprakash Latiyal and Snehasis Jana * DOI: 10.4172/2469-410X.1000122 ISSN: 2469-410X Citation Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM, Branton A, Trivedi D, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide.

# data[].attributes.body
After the external energy treatment, alterations found in density, crystallite size, surface area, and bond length in treated barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide | Mahendra Trivedi | Rama Mohan Tallapragada | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Omprakash Latiyal | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.body
| Under the influence of external energy treatment, there were some alterations absorbed in the physical and structural characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.body
Visit the link to know about how a unique human energy treatment can affect the characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide" by Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.body
The analysis of FT-IR spectrum of BaO & ZnS shows the impact of biofield that may alter the bonding properties as compared to untreated samples.

# data[].attributes.body
Read here about the positive effect of human energy treatment which significantly altered the particle size of barium oxide and zinc sulfide.

# data[].attributes.headline
Evaluation of BaO & ZnS- Biofield Impact

# data[].attributes.subject
Evaluation of BaO & ZnS- Biofield Impact

# data[].attributes.body
The study is based on the effect of biofield energy treatment which has resulted in alteration of characteristics of barium oxide and zinc sulfide. Follow the given link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO

# data[].attributes.body
In this research, the XRD result showed the density of unique biofield energy treated BaO and ZnS powder was increased up to 1.27% and 0.55% as compared to control sample.

# data[].attributes.headline
Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.subject
Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.body
The findings suggest that biofield treatment has altered the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powders. Follow the link for more information.

# data[].attributes.headline
Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide | Trivedi Effect

# data[].attributes.subject
Barium Oxide & Zinc Sulfide | Trivedi Effect

# data[].attributes.body
The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of Barium Oxide and Zinc Sulfide

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact o..

# data[].attributes.headline
Biofield Treatment’s impact on Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.subject
Biofield Treatment’s impact on Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.body
| Mr. Trivedi’s biofield treatment could be applied as an alternative therapeutic approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials. Get to know more from the below given link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Peer Evaluation : Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Abstract : Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S.

# data[].attributes.headline
Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
| The samples of S. paratyphi A were subjected to biofield energy of Mr. Mahendra Trivedi and evaluated for the biochemical characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility and biotyping. This research provided some very interesting results that could change the current drug therapy.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Clinical Microbiology: Open Access
Received July 20, 2015; Accepted August 13, 2015; Published August 20, 2015

Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment. Clin Microbiol 4: 215. doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000215

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

Manuscript Link:
http://www.esciencecentral.org/journals/antimicrobial-susceptibility-pattern-biochemical-characteristics-and-biotypingof-salmonella-paratyphi-a-an-impact-of-biofield-treatment-2327-5073-1000215.pdf

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Harish Shettigar, Sambhu Charan Mondal and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2327-5073.1000215 ISSN: 2327-5073
Citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment. Clin Microbiol 4: 215. doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000215
Abstract
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A ( S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S. paratyphi A strain were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150). The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. paratyphi A. Both revived (Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. paratyphi A were subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Revived treated cells was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while lyophilized treated cells assessed on day 10 after biofield treatment with respect to control (Gr. I). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A showed significant (60%) alteration in revived treated cells (Gr. II) on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of S. paratyphi A also showed significant (53.12%) alteration in Gr. II and on day 10 while, no alteration was found in Gr. on day 5 as compared to control. It was observed that overall 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (53001040, S. paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) as compared to control (53001000, S. paratyphi A). Besides, biotype number was also changed in Gr. III (53001040, S. paratyphi A) as compared to control. The overall result suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. paratyphi A in Gr. II on day 10 with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biotype number.

Keywords: S. paratyphi A; Paratyphoid fever; Antimicrobial susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reaction; Biotype
Abbreviations
MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo 30
Introduction
Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India. Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is motile, non-lactose fermenting, non-spore forming, and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium. It can ferment glucose with production of acid and gas. The subspecies of enterica are three serotypes such as paratyphi A, B, and C that cause paratyphoid fever [1]. The important virulence factor of Salmonella paratyphi A ( S. paratyphi A) is cytolysin A i.e. a cytotoxic protein which form pores in the cell membrane [2]. Salmonellae mainly causes infection through contaminated food or drink to the gut first through this protein then enter into bloodstream. After that, it can infect to other parts of the body. Manifestation of clinical symptoms such as diarrhoea and rashes from paratyphoid fever usually occur between 6-30 days after being infected [3]. S. enterica serovar paratyphi A, B, or C are estimated to cause 5.5 million cases of enteric fever each year [4]. In the United States, paratyphoid fever is uncommon, while, an estimated 5.4 million outbreaks occur in East Asia in 2000 [5].

Fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid etc. are extensively used to combat paratyphoid fever in most parts of world. In East Asian countries like India the prevalence of this disease is too high. In India, newer cephalosporins derivatives, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ofloxacin are mostly prescribed against paratyphoid fever, due to development of resistance towards ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [6-8]. The patients with paratyphoid fever especially in immunocompromised cases have a high rate of relapse. Due to nature of this phenomena a short course treatment with either fluoroquinolones or newer cephalosporins derivatives are ineffective. There are not much data available in this area to provide satisfactory treatment recommendations. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria, but with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, this treatment is becoming less effective. Delay in receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment may have serious consequences that lead to high rates of mortality [9]. Therefore, some alternative strategies are needed to treat against strains of S. paratyphi A.

Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance [10]. Recently, it was discovered that all the electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as described by Ampere's law, which states that the moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [11,12]. According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. reported that electrocardiography has been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [13]. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ®. Mr. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment has been known to transform the structural, physical and thermal properties of several metals in material science [14-16], improved the overall productivity of crops [17,18], altered characteristics features of microbes [19-21] and improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal plants [22,23].

Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature reports on biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on S. paratyphi A in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biotyping based on various biochemical characters.
Materials and Methods
S. paratyphi A, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150) strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage conditions until further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with the help of MicroScan Walk-Away ® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA, USA) using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel with respect to control sample. All the tested antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA).
Experimental design
Two ATCC samples A (revived) and B (lyophilized) of S. paratyphi A were grouped (Gr.). The revived sample A was divided into two parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived; treatment); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized; treatment).
Biofield treatment strategy
Gr. I remained as untreated. The treatment Gr. II and III in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching the samples. After treatment, all samples were handed over in the same condition and stored for analysis. Gr.II was assessed at two time point i.e. on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. After biofield treatment, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A was carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk- Away® using NBPC 30 panel. The panel can be stored at 2°C-25°C for analysis. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to rehydration. All opened panel was used within the same day. The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test that has been dehydrated. Briefly, the 0.1 ml (100 μl) of the standardized suspension of S. paratyphi A was pipetted into 25 ml of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was performed using the RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). 25 ml of standardized inoculum suspension was poured in to inoculum tray. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, R: Resistant; and I: Intermediate) and MIC values were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing inhibition of growth [24].
Biochemical reaction studies
Biochemical activities of S. paratyphi A was determined using MicroScan Walk-Away ®, system with NBPC 30 panel. Preparation of NBPC 30 panel, inoculum followed by dehydration and rehydration were performed similar way as mentioned in antimicrobial susceptibility assay for analysis of biochemical reaction followed by biotype number. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions [24,25].
Identification of organism by biotype number
The biotype number of S. paratyphi A was determined on MicroScan Walk-Away ® processed panel data report with the help of biochemical reactions data. [24,26].
Results and Discussion Antimicrobial susceptibility test
The outcome of S. paratyphi A susceptibility pattern and MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to control. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out in twenty antimicrobials. The revived treated cells (Gr. II) of S. paratyphi A showed a significant (60%) alteration (twelve out of twenty) in antimicrobial sensitivity pattern on day 10 while did not show any alteration on day 5 as well as in Gr. III as compared to control. Antimicrobials such as amoxicillin/k-clavulanate, ampicillin/ sulbactam, aztreonam, chloramphenicol, piperacillin, tetracycline and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate showed alteration of susceptibility pattern from S to I in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Moreover, antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed alteration of sensitivity pattern from S to R in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control after biofield treatment. Eight out of twenty (40%) antimicrobials did not show any change of antimicrobial sensitivity after biofield treatment with respect to control sample (Table 1). The MIC values of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam were changed from ≤ 8/4 μg/ml to 16/8 μg/ml in Gr. II on day 10. Moreover, MIC values of ampicillin and ceftazidime were also changed from ≤ 8 μg/ml to >16 μg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Alteration of MIC values (≤ 8 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml) were noticed in revived treated samples of certain antimicrobials like aztreonam, cefoxitin, and chloramphenicol except cefuroxime were changed from ≤ 4 μg/ml to 16 μg/ml on day 10. Moreover, change in MIC values (≤ 4 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml) were observed in Gr. II in case of norfloxacin, tetracycline and tobramycin on day 10 after biofield treatment. Antimicrobials showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 8 μg/ml to >32 μg/ml) in case of ceftriaxone, (≤ 1 μg/ml to >2 μg/ml) in case of ciprofloxacin, (≤ 16 μg/ml to 64 μg/ml) in case of piperacillin and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate, (≤ 2/38 μg/ml to >2/38 μg/ml) in case of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on day 10 in Gr. II. Besides this,ESBL-b Scrn showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 1 to >1 μg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10. Overall, 53.12% (seventeen out of thirty two) MIC values were altered after biofield treatment as compared to control. Fifteen, out of thirty two tested antimicrobials (46.88%) did not show any alteration of MIC values in treated cells of S. paratyphi A as compared to control (Table 2). Overall, the antimicrobial resistance pattern (S to I/R) and corresponding MIC values were significantly altered in revived strain S. paratyphi A after biofield treatment as compared to control. In this experiment, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were sensitive to control S. paratyphi A (Gr. 1) and the MIC value was slight increase in ciprofloxacin (≤ 1 μg/ml to >2 μg/ml) while, it did not alter in case of cefotaxime in Gr.II on day 10. This finding is supported by literature data [27].

Table 1: Antibiogram of Salmonella paratyphi A : effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Table 2: Effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of tested antimicrobials. MIC data are presented in μg/ml; Gr.: Group; ESBL-a, b Scrn: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Screen
Biochemical reactions studies
Study of biochemical reactions can be utilized to identify the enzymatic and metabolic characteristics feature of microbes. Microorganisms can be categorically differentiated based on their utilization of specific biochemicals as nutrients during the process of metabolism or enzymatic reactions. The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. paratyphi A after biofield treatment as shown in Table 3. Biochemicals such as melibiose, galactosidase, raffinose, tobramycin and kanamycin were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in Gr. II (on day 10) but remained same i.e. negative (-) in Gr. II (on day 5) and in lyophilized treated cells (on day 10) with respective to control. According to Latif et al. positive reaction (+) of galactosidase is the characteristics feature of citrobacter species [28], which positively correlated with change of biotype number and identification of the same organism in this experiment after biofield treatment. Citrate converted from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in all the treated groups with respect to control in biofield treated S. paratyphi A cells. Overall, 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in tested thirty three biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment. In revived treated strain of S. paratyphi A cells showed alteration of biochemical reactions as 18.18% on day 10 and 3.03% on day 5, as compared to control. The lyophilized treated cells (Gr. III) of S. paratyphi A showed only 3.03% alteration of biochemical reaction as compared to control. About 81.82% of total tested biochemicals, such as acetamide, adonitol, arabinose, arginine, cetrimide, cephalothin, colistin, esculin hydrolysis, nitrofurantoin, glucose, hydrogen sulfide, indole, inositol, lysin, malonate, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, ornithine, oxidase, penicillin, rhamnose, sorbitol, sucrose, tartrate, tryptophan deaminase, urea and Voges-Proskauer did not show any change in all treated groups after biofield treatment as compared to control.

Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A to the biochemical reaction pattern.

Based on existing literature Salmonella serovers are able to ferment the five basic sugars by producing both acid and gas. However, differentiation of specific Salmonella serotype on the basis of their sugar fermentation pattern is difficult. The key characteristic feature for Salmonella paratyphi A bacterium is non-lactose fermenting, but it can ferment glucose with production of acid and gas [25]. In this experiment, control sample of S. paratyphi A resulted positive (+) reaction in glucose and sorbitol and negative reaction (-) in case of sucrose. These biochemical results supported from literature data Buxton and Fraser [29], Hossain [30], and Han et al. [31]. These findings could be due to fermentation of glucose and produce acid and gas which supports the characteristics feature of S. paratyphi A. Negative reaction (-) of indole of Salmonella paratyphi A in control sample was found due to split of tryptophan form indole. Negative reaction (-) was also observed in Voges-Proskauer biochemical of control sample. The negative responses of indole and Voges-Proskauer were directly correlated that the microbe was Gram-negative rod shaped and belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family, these findings also supports the statement of Latif et al. [28].
Identification of organism by biotype number
The species ( S. paratyphi A) was identified based on variety of conventional biochemical characters and biotyping. Biotype number of particular organism was evaluated after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions. Further, the biotype number led to the particular organism identification. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated systems, and results found significant changes in the biofield treated Gr. II (on day 5 and 10) and Gr. III (on day 10). Based on the biochemical results, biotype number was changed in treated Gr. II on day 5 (53001040, S. paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) and Gr. III on day 10 (53001040, S. paratyphi A) with respect to control (53001000) i.e. S. paratyphi A (Table 4). In revived treated cells the change of biotype number with organism i.e. Citrobacter freundii complex was possibly due to positive reaction (+) of ONPG after biofield treatment as compared to control. These findings are supported by the statement of Latif et al. [28]. This change of organism is assumed due to metabolic or enzymatic reaction of S. paratyphi A. For further confirmation, a detailed study is required on genetic level.

Due to microbial resistance to a single or multiple drugs, invention of an effective antimicrobial therapy for the human-wellness is urgently required. However, due to some limitation of science, the progress of new medications is slow and very challenging for scientists. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness energy from environment and altered the significant changes in microorganisms [19-21]. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment on various strains of clinical isolates [20] and multi drug resistance (MDR) [19,21] have recently reported a significant results. Biofield treatment might be responsible to do alteration in microorganism at genetic level and/or enzymatic level, which may act on receptor protein. While altering receptor protein, ligand-receptor/protein interactions may altered that could lead to show different phenotypic characteristics [32]. Biofield treatment might induce significant changes in revived strain of S. paratyphi A and altered antimicrobials susceptibility pattern, MIC values, biochemical reactions, and ultimately change the biotype number.Based on these results, we hope that, biofield treatment has the ability to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials.

Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number of Salmonella paratyphi A.
Conclusions
Altogether, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the susceptibility pattern (60%) with MIC values (53.12%) of tested antimicrobials against the strain of S. paratyphi A in revived treated cells (Gr. II) as compared to control. It also altered the biochemical reactions pattern (18.18%) and biotype number of biofield treated strain of S. paratyphi A in Gr. II as compared to control. On the basis of changed biotype number after biofield treatment, new organism was identified in Gr. II as Citrobacter freundii complex (57101050) with respect to control i.e. S. paratyphi A (53001000). Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment could be applied as alternative therapeutic approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgement
Authors gratefully acknowledged to Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness and the whole team of PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for their support.
References
1. Umeh E, Agbulu C (2009) Distribution pattern of salmonella typhoidal serotypes in Benue State Central, Nigeria. Internet J Epidemiol 8: 1-6.
2. Oscarsson J, Westermark M, Löfdahl S, Olsen B, Palmgren H, et al. (2002) Characterization of a pore-forming cytotoxin expressed by Salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi A. Infect Immun 70: 5759-5769.
3. Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366: 749-762.
4. Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung PQ, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, et al. (2006) Salmonella enterica serovar paratyphi A and S. enterica serovar typhi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1247-1253.
5. Gupta SK, Medalla F, Omondi MW, Whichard JM, Fields PI, et al. (2008) Laboratory-based surveillance of paratyphoid fever in the United States: travel and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1656-1663.
6. Ohnishi K, Murata M (1990) Treatment of Salmonella paratyphi A infection with oral ofloxacin. Jpn J Med 29: 436-437.
7. Soe GB, Overturf GD (1987) Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins. Rev Infect Dis 9: 719-736.
8. White NJ, Dung NM, Vinh H, Bethell D, Hien TT (1996) Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in children with multidrug resistant typhoid. Lancet 348: 547.
9. Bhutta ZA (1996) Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever. Arch Dis Child 75: 214-217.
10. Burr HS (1957) Bibliography of Harold Saxton Burr. Yale J Biol Med 30: 163-167.
11. Hammerschlag R, Jain S, Baldwin AL, Gronowicz G, Lutgendorf SK, et al. (2012) Biofield research: a roundtable discussion of scientific and methodological issues. J Altern Complement Med 18: 1081-1086.
12. Movaffaghi Z, Farsi M (2009) Biofield therapies: biophysical basis and biological regulations? Complement Ther Clin Pract 15: 35-37.
13. Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (2008) Einthoven's string galvanometer: the first electrocardiograph. Tex Heart Inst J 35: 174-178.
14. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28. 31.
15. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.
16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
17. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35: 22-29.
18. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 83: 138-143.
19. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.
20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.
21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) An effect of biofield treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderia cepacia: A multihost pathogen. J Trop Dis 3: 167.
22. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
23. Nayak G, Altekar N (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.
24. Fader RC, Weaver E, Fossett R, Toyras M, Vanderlaan J, et al. (2013) Multilaboratory study of the biomic automated well-reading instrument versus MicroScan WalkAway for reading MicroScan antimicrobial susceptibility and identification panels. J Clin Microbiol 51: 1548-1554.
25. Nesa MK, Khan MSR, Alam M (2011) Isolation, identification and characterization of salmonella serovars from diarrhoeic stool samples of human. Bangl J Vet Med 9: 85-93.
26. Torre E de la, Tello M, Mateu EM, Torre E (2005) Use of biochemical kinetic data to determine strain relatedness among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates. J Clin Microbiol 43: 5419-5424.
27. Gupta V, Kaur J, Chander J (2009) An increase in enteric fever cases due to Salmonella Paratyphi A in & around Chandigarh. Indian J Med Res 129: 95-98.
28. Latif M, Gilani M, Usman J, Munir T, Mushtaq M (2014) Lactose fermenting Salmonella Paratyphi A: A case report 30. J Microbiol Infect Dis 4: 30-32.
29. Buxton A (1977) Animal Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
30. Hossain KM (2002) Characterization of bacteria isolated from diarrhoeic calves. MS Thesis, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.
31. Han J, David DE, Deck J, Lynne AM, Kaldhone P, et al. (2011) Comparison of Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg isolates from human patients with those from animal and food sources. J Clin Microbiol 49: 1130-1133.
32. Lindstrom E, Mild KH, Lundgren E (1998) Analysis of the T cell activation signaling pathway during ELF magnetic field exposure, p56lck and [Ca2+]i-measurements. Bioeletrochem Bioenerg 46: 129-137.
Download the original manuscript

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
s. paratyphi a; paratyphoid fever; antimicrobial susceptibility; biofield treatment; biochemical reaction; biotype

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
salmonella paratyphi a biochemical reactions

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
biochemical reactions of salmonella paratyphi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of salmonella paratyphi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Clinical Microbiology: Open Access Received July 20, 2015; Accepted August 13, 2015; Published August 20, 2015 Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment. Clin Microbiol 4: 215.

# data[].attributes.headline
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration | S. Paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.subject
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration | S. Paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.body
| In the research, the MIC value of salmonella paratyphi showed a significant alteration of (53.12%) in the treated sample w.r.t the control sample.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S.

# data[].attributes.headline
Impact of Biofield treatment on Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.subject
Impact of Biofield treatment on Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.body
| The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the characteristics of salmonella paratyphi. Visit the link for further details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping

of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail: [email protected]

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current

treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella

paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

S. paratyphi A strain were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture

Collection (ATCC 9150). The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. paratyphi A. Both revived

(Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. paratyphi A were subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment.

Revived treated cells was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while lyophilized treated cells assessed on day 10 after

biofield treatment with respect to control (Gr. I). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A showed significant

(60%) alteration in revived treated cells (Gr. II) on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of S. paratyphi A

also showed significant (53.12%) alteration in Gr. II and on day 10 while, no alteration was found in Gr. on day 5 as

compared to control. It was observed that overall 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups

with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (53001040, S.

paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) as compared to control (53001000, S. paratyphi

A). Besides, biotype number was also changed in Gr. III (53001040, S. paratyphi A) as compared to control. The

overall result suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. paratyphi A in Gr. II on day 10 with

respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biotype number.

susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reaction; Biotype

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC: American Type

Culture Collection; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo 30

Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India.

) is motile, non-lactose fermenting, non-spore

forming, and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium. It can ferment

glucose with production of acid and gas. The subspecies of

A, B, and C that cause paratyphoid

fever [1]. The important virulence factor of

S.

A) is cytolysin A i.e. a cytotoxic protein which form pores in

the cell membrane [2]. Salmonellae mainly causes infection through

contaminated food or drink to the gut first through this protein then

enter into bloodstream. After that, it can infect to other parts of the

body. Manifestation of clinical symptoms such as diarrhoea and rashes

from paratyphoid fever usually occur between 6-30 days after being

serovar paratyphi A, B, or C are estimated to

cause 5.5 million cases of enteric fever each year [4]. In the United

States, paratyphoid fever is uncommon, while, an estimated 5.4 million

outbreaks occur in East Asia in 2000 [5].

Fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid etc.

are extensively used to combat paratyphoid fever in most parts of

world. In East Asian countries like India the prevalence of this disease

is too high. In India, newer cephalosporins derivatives, azithromycin,

ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [6-8]. The patients with paratyphoid

fever especially in immunocompromised cases have a high rate of

relapse. Due to nature of this phenomena a short course treatment

with either fluoroquinolones or newer cephalosporins derivatives are

ineffective. There are not much data available in this area to provide

satisfactory treatment recommendations. Antibiotics are used to kill

treatment is becoming less effective. Delay in receiving appropriate

antibiotic treatment may have serious consequences that lead to high

rates of mortality [9]. Therefore, some alternative strategies are needed

to treat against strains of

A.

Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the

electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with

magnetic field as described by Ampere's law, which states that the

moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [11,12].

According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. reported that electrocardiography has

been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [13].

Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment

or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s)

Clinical Microbiology: Open AccessTrivedi et al., Clin Microbiol 2015, 4:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-5073.1000215

Research ArticleOpen Access

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the

process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield

material science [14-16], improved the overall productivity of crops

improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal

Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature

reports on biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present

work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on

S.

A in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum

A, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150)

strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A

and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage

conditions until further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC

values, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with

the help of MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West

Sacramento, CA, USA) using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC

30) panel with respect to control sample. All the tested antimicrobials

and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA).

Two ATCC samples A (revived) and B (lyophilized) of

A were grouped (Gr.). The revived sample A was divided into two

parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived; treatment); likewise, ATCC B

was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized; treatment).

Biofield treatment strategy

Gr. I remained as untreated. The treatment Gr. II and III in sealed

pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under

laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his

energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching

the samples. After treatment, all samples were handed over in the same

condition and stored for analysis. Gr.II was assessed at two time point

i.e. on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. After biofield

treatment, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for

antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC, biochemical reactions pattern and

biotyping.

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of

carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-

Away® using NBPC 30 panel. The panel can be stored at 2°C-25°C for

analysis. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature

prior to rehydration. All opened panel was used within the same day.

The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturized of the broth

dilution susceptibility test that has been dehydrated. Briefly, the 0.1 ml

(100 μl) of the standardized suspension of

into 25 ml of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times

and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16

hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was performed using the

RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). 25 ml of standardized

inoculum suspension was poured in to inoculum tray. The detailed

experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the

manufacturer's instructions. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern

(S: Susceptible, R: Resistant; and I: Intermediate) and MIC values were

showing inhibition of growth [24].

Biochemical reaction studies

Biochemical activities of

MicroScan Walk-Away®, system with NBPC 30 panel. Preparation of

NBPC 30 panel, inoculum followed by dehydration and rehydration

susceptibility assay for analysis of biochemical reaction followed by

biotype number. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions

were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions [24,25].

Identification of organism by biotype number

MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data report with the help of

biochemical reactions data. [24,26].

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

A susceptibility pattern and MIC

values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment are summarized

in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The data were analyzed and compared

with respect to control. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out in

twenty antimicrobials. The revived treated cells (Gr. II) of

antimicrobial sensitivity pattern on day 10 while did not show any

sulbactam, aztreonam, chloramphenicol, piperacillin, tetracycline and

ticarcillin/k-clavulanate showed alteration of susceptibility pattern

from S to I in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Moreover,

ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed alteration

of sensitivity pattern from S to R in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to

control after biofield treatment. Eight out of twenty (40%)

antimicrobials did not show any change of antimicrobial sensitivity

after biofield treatment with respect to control sample (Table 1). The

MIC values of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam

were changed from ≤ 8/4 µg/ml to 16/8 µg/ml in Gr. II on day 10.

changed from ≤ 8 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10 as compared

to control. Alteration of MIC values (≤ 8 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml) were

aztreonam, cefoxitin, and chloramphenicol except cefuroxime were

changed from ≤ 4 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml on day 10. Moreover, change in

MIC values (≤ 4 µg/ml to 8 µg/ml) were observed in Gr. II in case of

norfloxacin, tetracycline and tobramycin on day 10 after biofield

treatment. Antimicrobials showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 8

µg/ml to >32 µg/ml) in case of ceftriaxone, (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) in

case of ciprofloxacin, (≤ 16 µg/ml to 64 µg/ml) in case of piperacillin

and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate, (≤ 2/38 µg/ml to >2/38 µg/ml) in case of

trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on day 10 in Gr. II. Besides this,

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

ESBL-b Scrn showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 1 to >1 µg/ml) in

Gr. II on day 10. Overall, 53.12% (seventeen out of thirty two) MIC

values were altered after biofield treatment as compared to control.

Fifteen, out of thirty two tested antimicrobials (46.88%) did not show

compared to control (Table 2). Overall, the antimicrobial resistance

pattern (S to I/R) and corresponding MIC values were significantly

altered in revived strain

A after biofield treatment as

compared to control. In this experiment, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime

were sensitive to control

A (Gr. 1) and the MIC value was

slight increase in ciprofloxacin (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) while, it did

not alter in case of cefotaxime in Gr.II on day 10. This finding is

supported by literature data [27].

2Ampicillin/sulbactamS S I S

16Piperacillin/tazobactamS S S S

19Ticarcillin/k-clavulanateS S I S

20 Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazoleS S R S

R: Resistant; I: Intermediate; S: Susceptible; Gr.: Group

: effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics

ISSN:2327-5073 CMO, an open access journalVolume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000215

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S.

# data[].attributes.headline
Energy Treatment Impact on the Characteristics of S. Paratyphi AThe current study was attempted to investigate the effect of human energy treatment on the characteristics of Salmonella paratyphi A, in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

# data[].attributes.subject
Energy Treatment Impact on the Characteristics of S. Paratyphi AThe current study was attempted to investigate the effect of human energy treatment on the characteristics of Salmonella paratyphi A, in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S.

# data[].attributes.headline
S. paratyphi – Alternative Strategy for Enteric Fever

# data[].attributes.subject
S. paratyphi – Alternative Strategy for Enteric Fever

# data[].attributes.body
| Read more about an alternative strategy i.e. the unique biofield treatment which could be useful to treat against strains of enteric fever.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Trivedi Effect | Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.subject
The Trivedi Effect | Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.body
| The Trivedi Effect | Salmonella Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.headline
Biochemical Characteristics of S. Paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.subject
Biochemical Characteristics of S. Paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.body
| The recent study shows the changes in the biochemical reactions of S.Paratyphi after the unique human energy treatment. Get to know more from the given link.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi

# data[].attributes.headline
Alteration in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of S. Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.subject
Alteration in Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of S. Paratyphi

# data[].attributes.body
| A research paper that shows the effect of unique human energy treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility pattern, biochemical characteristics and biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A.

# data[].attributes.headline
Increase in Crystallite Size: 2-Methylimidazole

# data[].attributes.subject
Increase in Crystallite Size: 2-Methylimidazole

# data[].attributes.body
| In this research study, the crystallite size of imidazole derivative has significantly increased as compared to untreated sample which is due to the impact from the biofield energy treatment.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
Change in Characteristics of Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.subject
Change in Characteristics of Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.body
| The changes in characteristics of imidazole derivatives was evaluated in this research paper which is due to the impact of energy healing therapy from Mr. Mahendra Trivedi.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Gunin Saikia and Snehasis Jana*

DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000187 ISSN: 2329-6836
Citation
Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187
Abstract
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods. The biofield treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were characterized with respect to physical, and structural properties using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). X-ray diffraction study revealed that crystallite size varied in a different way for imidazole and 2-methylimidazole due to the presence of methyl group in 2-c position although their core was same. Treated sample of imidazole showed a slight increase in crystallite size (6.5%); however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a significant increase (166.68%) in crystallite size along with decrease in peak intensity as compared to control. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of imidazole was increased up to 0.62% in treated sample as compared to control; whereas in treated 2-methylimidazole, the ΔH was decreased by 22% as compared to control. Maximum degradation temperature (T max) from TGA of imidazole was remained same but 2-methylimidazole was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. FT-IR spectra showed slight change in stretching frequencies of treated imidazole and 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. Both the imidazole and 2-methylimidazole showed similar UV absorbance maxima as compared to respective control sample. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of either ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly increased up to 232.51% as compared to control, however, isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change from -1.68 upto 1.68% as compared to control. Overall, the experimental results suggest that biofield treatment has significant effect on structural and thermal properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Keywords: Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction
Abbreviations
XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole)
Introduction
Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 -electrons. The nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons bringing the required 6 -electrons for aromaticity. The hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to resonance structures of imidazole [1]. Synthetic chemistry based on medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological activity. The biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular level [2]. The introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities. Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [3]. Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al. reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens [4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine [5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani, at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. This compound has identified as the most potent candidate with an EC ₅₀ of 2.63 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia Solani [6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group, vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [7].

The chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase its shelf life and effectiveness there is a need to increase the stability of the compound both chemically as well as physically. The stability could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment which is already known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living and non-living substances [8]. The biofield is the electromagnetic field which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make the changes [9,10]. This phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography, electrocardiography and electroencephalogram [9]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into any object, living or nonliving things [11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ® which has been applied in various research fields including microbiology [12], agriculture, [13,14] and biotechnology [15]. The stability of the complexes with both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring [16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other heterocyclic moieties [17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.
Materials and Methods Study design
Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and coded as control and treatment. The control samples were remained as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment in laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups. The control and treated samples were evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The average value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study
DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at flow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equation

Where, ΔH Control are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)
TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5° C/min from room temperature to 400° C under air atmosphere (sample mass 5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max=[(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.
FT-IR spectroscopic characterization
FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm⁻¹. The imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the diluent.
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.
GC-MS analysis
The Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass, USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. The isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in treated samples as compared to the control. The collective effect of the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance

Where, R Treated and R Control are the ratio of intensity of masses from the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.
Results and Discussion X-ray diffraction studies
X-ray diffraction study was conducted on both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diffractograms are shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole (control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray diffractograms. The X-ray diffractogram of control imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89° , 19.14° , 20.31° , 20.74° 25.66° , 25.91° and 30.73° whereas the X-ray diffractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 13.01° , 20.31° , 20.93° , 26.08° , 30.74° , and 30.87° . In control sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diffractogram showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.49° , 17.76° , 21.77° , 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated 2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34° , 17.59° , 17.80° , 21.19° , 25.88° and 26.16° . XRD studies showed that crystal structure of imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for 2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature data [18].

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased significantly up to 166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that biofield energy may be absorbed by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity of the peaks [19,20]. After biofield treatment imidazole derivatives may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the treated imidazole. The volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased from 485.83 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ to 497.32 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ as 2.37% compared to control.

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Table 1: XRD analysis of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. -: Not reported.
DSC analysis
The DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to 159.5 J/g whereas, ΔH decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106 J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. There may be biofield energy favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [21]. This result cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. However, imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in ΔH have not seen of melting for control and treated samples. The DSC result of treated imidazole (90.19° C) did not show significant change in melting temperature as compared to control 89.86° C. However, melting point of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147° C as compared to control (145° C), i.e., change in 1.4% [22]. It is hypothised that biofield energy may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

Table 2: DSC analysis of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.
TGA/DTG analysis
TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole compound was less thermally stable than control sample. The onset degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170° C for control but 160° C for treated sample. The end-set degradation temperature was observed at 250° C for control and 235°C for treated sample, respectively. The decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6% may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started degrading around 140° C (onset) and stopped at 245° C (end-set). Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation temperature at ~152° C and end-set around 240° C. It indicated that onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control 2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of its weight. DTG thermogram showed T max~192° C in control, whereas, it was increased to ~195° C in treated 2-methylimidazole. Thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole from T max was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. The increase in onset temperature, T max, and endset temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. The overall increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine and synthetic biopolymers.
UV-Vis spectroscopy
UV spectra of control and biofield treated imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n - π* transition). There are certain energy gaps between π - π* and n - π* orbitals. From the above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not sufficiently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic effect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λ max) at 207 nm compared to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited bathochromic shift at the absorbance maxima (λ max) 206 nm compared to 205 nm for control.
FT-IR spectroscopic analysis
FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively. Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm⁻¹ for control and 3020 cm⁻¹ for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching at 1448 cm⁻¹ and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm⁻¹. In case of 2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3018 cm⁻¹ (treated). These data indicated that there was slight changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The broad absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400- 2600 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples [23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in the C-H stretching at 2791 cm⁻¹ for control and 2794 cm⁻¹ for treated one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency was observed at 2681 cm⁻¹ for control and 2690 cm⁻¹ for treated sample. The N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H bending was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated. The C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm⁻¹ in and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. The FT-IR results showed little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal after biofield treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated here.
GC-MS spectrometry
The mass spectrum of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are shown in Figures 5a-5d. Treated samples were divided into four parts (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and analyzed at different times. Isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole, determined using equation (1) is shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Analysis of isotopic abundance of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole using gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). PM: primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole).

It showed that the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) in imidazole was significantly increased by 232.51% in sample T4, while it was increased by only 1.68% in treated (T4) 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. The biofield treatment may have altered the natural abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of T4-imidazole from the control samples. Furthermore, it is assumed that imidazole molecule with higher isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM), (T4), might have higher stability due to the increased µ (reduced mass) and binding energy in molecules with heavier isotopes. The heavier isotopes may form one of the following bonds like ¹³C- ¹²C, ¹³C- ¹³C, ¹³C- ¹⁴N, ¹²C- ¹⁵N, ¹³C- ²H, ¹⁵N- ²H, and ¹³C-H as compared to control. [24]. This higher binding energy may lead to increase the heat of reaction for imidazole T4 and reverse might happen in treated T1. Thus, GC-MS data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H(PM+1/PM) to 232.51%, in treated imidazole molecule whereas isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM has remained same in treated 2-methylimidazole as compared to control.

Figure 2 (a): TGA thermogram of control and treated imidazole.

Figure 2 (b): TGA thermogram of control and treated 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 3: UV spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 4 (a): FT-IR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole.

Figure 4 (b): FT-IR spectra of control and treated samples of 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 5 (a): GC-MS spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of imidazole.

Figure 5 (b): GC-MS spectra of treated (T3 and T4) samples of imidazole.

Figure 5 (c): GC-MS spectra of control and treated (T1 and T2) samples of 2-methylimidazole.

Figure 5 (d): GC-MS spectra of treated (T3 and T4) samples of 2-methylimidazole.
Conclusion
In summary, the biofield treatment offers a remarkable means to alter the properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole at molecular level. Due to biofield treatment on 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size was significantly increased up to 166.68% by means of increasing the volume of unit cell in a crystal but imidazole has very small change in crystallite size up to 6.5% in XRD study. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly changed 232.51% of T4 sample as compared to control, however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change (1.68%) as compared to control. It is assumed that the enhancement in thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole could be more useful as a building block in various pharmaceutical products and biopolymers of pharmaceutical importance, which ultimately affect the shelf-life and efficacy of drug. Moreover, the treated imidazole found to be thermally less stable compared to control may be useful as reaction intermediate for various chemical reactions or it can be converted to 2-substituted imidazole for better stability. Furthermore, due to high isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated (T4) imidazole, bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We would also like to thank Trivedi Science TM, Trivedi Master Wellness TM and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.
References
1. Verma A, Joshi S, Singh D (2013) Imidazole: Having versatile biological activities. J Chem 2013: 1-12.
2. Singhand H, Kapoor VK (2008) Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (2nd edn). Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.
3. Starcevic K, Kralj M, Ester K, Sabol I, Grce M, et al. (2007) Synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of 2-substituted-5-amidino-benzimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 15: 4419-4426.
4. Vijesh AM, Isloor AM, Telkar S, Peethambar SK, Rai S, et al. (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of some new pyrazole incorporated imidazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 46: 3531-3536.
5. Ucucu U, Karaburun NG, Isikdag I (2001) Synthesis and analgesic activity of some 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives. Farmaco 56: 285-290.
6. Yang WC, Li J, Chen Q, Yang GF (2012) Novel synthetic methods for N-cyano1H-imidazole-4-carboxamides and their fungicidal activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 1455-1458.
7. Yang W, Wan X, Deng (2012) Design, synthesis and cytotoxic activities of novel hybrid compounds between 2-phenylbenzofuran and imidazole. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 2726-2729.
8. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.
9. Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (2008) Einthoven's string galvanometer: The first electrocardiograph. Tex Heart Inst J 35: 174-178.
10. Rubik B (2002) The biofield hypothesis: Its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J Altern Complement Med 8: 703-717.
11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.
12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.
13. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.
14. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.
15. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.
16. Barszcz B, Kulig J, Jezierska J, Lisowski J (1999) The role of the side group in reactions involving 1-propyl-2-methylimidazole and 1-propyl-2-imidazolecarboxaldehyde and Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. Pol J Chem 73: 447456.
17. Zhao L, Sheng BL, Gui AW, Peng B, Wei H (2006) Imidazole derivatives: Thermally stable organic luminescence materials. Mater Chem Phys 100: 460463.
18. Martinez-Carrera S (1966) The crystal structure of imidazole at -150°C. Acta Cryst 35: 783-789.
19. Rashidi AM, Amadeh A (2009) The effect of saccharin addition and bath temperature on the grain size of nanocrystalline nickel coatings. Surf Coat Technol 204: 353-358.
20. Gusain D, Srivastava V, Singh VK, Sharma YC (2014) Crystallite size and phase transition demeanor of ceramic steel. Mater Chem Phys 145: 320-326.
21. Waser M (2012) Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Natural Product Syntheses (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products). Springer Science & Business Media, New York, US.
22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng S 111-136.
23. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The potential impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties of stainless steel powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 1-5.
24. Califano S (1976). Vibrational States. New York: Wiley.
Download the original manuscript

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Characterization of Imidazole Derivatives | Mahendra Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi, Alice Branton, Dahryn Trivedi, Gopal Nayak, Gunin Saikia and Snehasis Jana* DOI: 10.4172/2329-6836.1000187 ISSN: 2329-6836 Citation Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187.

# data[].attributes.headline
Physical Properties of Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.subject
Physical Properties of Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.body
| Influence of unique consciousness energy shows the change in physical parameters which results in significant change in crystallite & particle sizes of treated sample of imidazole Derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.body
| Imidazole derivatives are selected and subjected to a non-contact biofield energy transmitted by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi.  Visit to read the more information.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

ISSN: 2329-6836Natural Products Chemistry & Research

Trivedi et al., Nat Prod Chem Res 2015, 3:5

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Research ArticleOpen Access

Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding author: Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd.,

Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

ReceivedAugust 12, 2015; AcceptedAugust 22, 2015; PublishedAugust 26, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Saikia G, et al. (2015) Physical

and Structural Characterization of Bioeld Treated Imidazole Derivatives. Nat Prod

Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al . This is an open-access article distributed under

the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted

use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and

Keywords: Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Bioeld treatment;

Fourier transform infrared; Dierential scanning calorimetry;

ermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diraction

XRD: X-ray diraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GC-

MS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultraviolet-

visible spectroscopy; DSC: Dierential scanning calorimetry; TGA:

ermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for

imidazole, m/z=82 for 2methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule

(m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2methylimidazole)

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the ve-

membered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in

both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature

and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 𝜋-electrons. e

nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons

bringing the required 6 𝜋-electrons for aromaticity. e hydrogen

atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to

resonance structures of imidazole [1]. Synthetic chemistry based on

medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting

building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological

activity. e biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon

the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular

level [2]. e introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional

pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile

heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities.

Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible

for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact

easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [3].

Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed

Imidazole derivatives have attracted signicant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic

chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of bioeld

treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods. The

bioeld treatment was done by Mr. Trivedi on both the compounds and both control and treated samples of imidazole

and 2-methylimidazole were characterized with respect to physical, and structural properties using X-ray diffraction

(XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT-

IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS). X-ray diffraction

study revealed that crystallite size varied in a different way for imidazole and 2-methylimidazole due to the presence

of methyl group in 2-c position although their core was same. Treated sample of imidazole showed a slight increase

in crystallite size (6.5%); however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a signicant increase (166.68%) in crystallite

size along with decrease in peak intensity as compared to control. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH) of imidazole was

increased up to 0.62% in treated sample as compared to control; whereas in treated 2-methylimidazole, the ΔH

was decreased by 22% as compared to control. Maximum degradation temperature (Tmax) from TGA of imidazole

was remained same but 2-methylimidazole was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. FT-IR spectra showed

slight change in stretching frequencies of treated imidazole and 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. Both the

imidazole and 2-methylimidazole showed similar UV absorbance maxima as compared to respective control sample.

GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of either 13 C/12 C or 15 N/14 N or 2 H/1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole

was signicantly increased up to 232.51% as compared to control, however, isotopic abundance ratio of 13 C/12 C or

15N/14N or 2 H/ 1 H (PM+1/PM) of treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change from -1.68 upto 1.68% as compared

to control. Overall, the experimental results suggest that bioeld treatment has signicant effect on structural and

thermal properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al.

reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole-

4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better

than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa

and Clostridium perfringens [4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic

1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked

well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the

derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine

[5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole

derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani ,

at a concentration of 50 µg/mL. is compound has identied as the

most potent candidate with an EC50 of 2.63 µg/mL against Rhizoctonia

Solani [6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the

imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group,

vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [7].

e chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of

a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase

its shelf life and eectiveness there is a need to increase the stability

of the compound both chemically as well as physically. e stability

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo

simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5° C/min

from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass

5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change intemperature at which maximum weight loss

occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

Where, Tmax, control and Tmax, treated are temperature at which

maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample,

respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform

infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm-1.

e imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the

diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC

series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0

nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

e Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis

was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass,

USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis

the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3

and T4. e GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance

vs. mass to charge ratio (m/z), which is known as mass spectrum.

e isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in

treated samples as compared to the control. e collective eect of

the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were

calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance

Where, RTreated and RControl are the ratio of intensity of masses from

the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

X-ray diraction study was conducted on both control and

treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diractograms are

shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole

(control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very

sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray

diractograms. e X-ray diractogram of control imidazole showed

peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73°

whereas the X-ray diractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at

2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control

sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diractogram showed peaks

at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated

2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80° ,

21.19° , 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of

imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for

2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature

could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment which is already

known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living

and non-living substances [8]. e bioeld is the electromagnetic eld

which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe

and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make

the changes [9,10]. is phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated

by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography,

electrocardiographyand electroencephalogram [9]. Mr. Trivedi has the

ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into

any object, living or nonliving things [11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique bioeld

treatment is also known as e Trivedi Eect® which has been applied

in various research elds including microbiology [12], agriculture,

[13,14] and biotechnology [15]. e stability of the complexes with

both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the

substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring

[16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility

in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other

heterocyclic moieties [17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's bioeld

treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of

their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie

Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and

coded as control and treatment. e control samples were remained

as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed

over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment in laboratory conditions.

Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission

process to the treatment groups. e control and treated samples were

evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray

diractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. e

crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum

(FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). e average

value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to

calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at

ow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature

and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using

% change in Latent heat of fusion 100

Where, H Control and H Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control

and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogra-

Volume 3 * Issue 5 * 1000187

ISSN: 2329-6836 NPCR, an open access journal

Derivatives. Nat Prod Chem Res 3: 187. doi:10.4172/2329-6836.1000187

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however

for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased signicantly up to

166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that bioeld energy may be absorbed

by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation

of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of

the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal

annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity

of the peaks [19,20]. Aer bioeld treatment imidazole derivatives

may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the

treated imidazole. e volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole

was increased from 485.83 × 10-24 cm3 to 497.32 × 10-24 cm3 as 2.37%

e DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of

imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. e latent heat

of fusion (H), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to

159.5 J/g whereas, H decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106

J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. ere may be bioeld energy

favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen

in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole

compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding

interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [21]. is result

cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this

molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less

energy in the form of H to undergo the process of melting. However,

imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in H have

not seen of melting for control and treated samples. e DSC result of

treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show signicant change in melting

temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point

of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control

(145° C), i.e., change in 1.4% [22]. It is hypothised that bioeld energy

may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly

lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole

compound was less thermally stable than control sample. e onset

degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control

but 160°C for treated sample. e end-set degradation temperature

was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample,

respectively. e decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6%

may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser

reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started

degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set).

Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation

temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that

onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as

compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control

2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of

its weight. DTG thermogram showed Tmax ~192° C in control, whereas,

it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. ermal

stability of 2-methylimidazole from Tmax was increased by 1.5% as

compared to control. e increase in onset temperature, Tmax, and end-

set temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be

related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. e overall

increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be

advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine

and synthetic biopolymers.

UV spectra of control and bioeld treated imidazole and 2-methyl

imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV

light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π-π*

transition) and nonbonding electron system (n -π* transition). ere

are certain energy gaps between π-π* and n - π* orbitals. From the

above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes

occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not

suciently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution

state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic

eect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λmax) at 207 nm compared

to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited

bathochromic shi at the absorbance maxima (λmax) 206 nm compared

to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and

2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively.

Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm-1

for control and 3020 cm-1 for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra

of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching

at 1448 cm-1 and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm-1. In case of

2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm-1 (control)

and 3018 cm-1 (treated). ese data indicated that there was slight

changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and

control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. e broad

absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-

2600 cm-1 for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding

vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples

[23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in

the C-H stretching at 2791 cm-1 for control and 2794 cm-1 for treated

one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency

was observed at 2681 cm-1 for control and 2690 cm-1 for treated sample.

e N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm-1 for both

control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H

bending was observed at 1595 cm-1 for both control and treated. e

C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm-1 in

and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. e FT-IR results showed

little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H

stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which

lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal aer

bioeld treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of control and treated samples of imidazole and

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
Enteric Fever and Salmonella paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.subject
Enteric Fever and Salmonella paratyphi A

# data[].attributes.body
Due to the increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, the treatment of Enteric fever is becoming less effective. This research is used to develop biofield treatment as an alternative stratery to alter the antibiotic susceptibility in S. paratyphi A,
h

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1, Alice Branton1, Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Harish Shettigar1, Sambhu Charan Mondal2 and Snehasis Jana2*

¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd.
Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City
Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal-462026, Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: +91-755-6660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received date: July 20, 2015 Accepted date: August 13, 2015 Published date: August 20, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Shettigar H, et al. (2015) Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment. Clin Microbiol 4:215. doi:10.4172/2327-5073.1000215

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Clinical Microbiology: Open Access

Abstract

Enteric fever is a major global problem. Emergence of antimicrobial resistance threatens to render current treatments ineffective. The current study was attempted to investigate the effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A (S. paratyphi A) in terms of antimicrobial susceptibility assay, biochemical characteristics and biotyping. S. paratyphi A strain were procured from MicroBioLogics in sealed packs bearing the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150). The study was conducted in revived and lyophilized state of S. paratyphi A. Both revived (Group; Gr. II) and lyophilized (Gr. III) strain of S. paratyphi A were subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Revived treated cells was assessed on day 5 and day 10, while lyophilized treated cells assessed on day 10 after biofield treatment with respect to control (Gr. I). The antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphi A showed significant (60%) alteration in revived treated cells (Gr. II) on day 10 as compared to control. The MIC values of S. paratyphi A also showed significant (53.12%) alteration in Gr. II and on day 10 while, no alteration was found in Gr. on day 5 as compared to control. It was observed that overall 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in the treated groups with respect to control. Moreover, biotype numbers were substantially changed in Gr. II, on day 5 (53001040, S. paratyphi A), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) as compared to control (53001000, S. paratyphi A). Besides, biotype number was also changed in Gr. III (53001040, S. paratyphi A) as compared to control. The overall result suggested that biofield treatment had significant impact on S. paratyphi A in Gr. II on day 10 with respect to antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values and biotype number.

Keywords

S. paratyphi A; Paratyphoid fever; Antimicrobial susceptibility; Biofield treatment; Biochemical reaction; Biotype

Abbreviations

MIC: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; ATCC: American Type Culture Collection; NBPC 30: Negative Breakpoint Combo 30

Introduction

Enteric fever is a major public health problem in India. Salmonella enterica ( S. enterica) is motile, non-lactose fermenting, non-spore forming, and Gram-negative rod shape bacterium. It can ferment glucose with production of acid and gas. The subspecies of enterica are three serotypes such as paratyphi A, B, and C that cause paratyphoid fever [ 1]. The important virulence factor of Salmonella paratyphi A ( S. paratyphi A) is cytolysin A i.e. a cytotoxic protein which form pores in the cell membrane [ 2]. Salmonellae mainly causes infection through contaminated food or drink to the gut first through this protein then enter into bloodstream. After that, it can infect to other parts of the body. Manifestation of clinical symptoms such as diarrhoea and rashes from paratyphoid fever usually occur between 6-30 days after being infected [ 3]. S. enterica serovar paratyphi A, B, or C are estimated to cause 5.5 million cases of enteric fever each year [ 4]. In the United States, paratyphoid fever is uncommon, while, an estimated 5.4 million outbreaks occur in East Asia in 2000 [ 5].

Fluoroquinolone derivatives like ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid etc. are extensively used to combat paratyphoid fever in most parts of world. In East Asian countries like India the prevalence of this disease is too high. In India, newer cephalosporins derivatives, azithromycin, chloramphenicol and ofloxacin are mostly prescribed against paratyphoid fever, due to development of resistance towards ciprofloxacin and nalidixic acid [ 6- 8]. The patients with paratyphoid fever especially in immunocompromised cases have a high rate of relapse. Due to nature of this phenomena a short course treatment with either fluoroquinolones or newer cephalosporins derivatives are ineffective. There are not much data available in this area to provide satisfactory treatment recommendations. Antibiotics are used to kill the bacteria, but with increasing rates of antibiotic resistance, this treatment is becoming less effective. Delay in receiving appropriate antibiotic treatment may have serious consequences that lead to high rates of mortality [ 9]. Therefore, some alternative strategies are needed to treat against strains of S. paratyphi A.

Harold Saton Burr, had performed the detailed studies on the correlation of electric current with physiological process and concluded that every single process in the human body had an electrical significance [ 10]. Recently, it was discovered that all the electrical process happening in body have strong relationship with magnetic field as described by Ampere's law, which states that the moving charge produces magnetic fields in surrounding space [ 11, 12]. According to Rivera-Ruiz et al. reported that electrocardiography has been extensively used to measure the biofield of human body [ 13]. Thus, human has the ability to harness the energy from environment or universe and can transmit into any living or nonliving object(s) around the Globe. The objects always receive the energy and responding into useful way that is called biofield energy and the process is known as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect®. Mr. Mahendra Trivedi's biofield treatment has been known to transform the structural, physical and thermal properties of several metals in material science [ 14- 16], improved the overall productivity of crops [ 17, 18], altered characteristics features of microbes [ 19- 21] and improved growth and anatomical characteristics of various medicinal plants [ 22, 23].

Due to the clinical significance of this organism and literature reports on biofield treatment as an alternative approach, the present work was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on S. paratyphi A in relation to antimicrobials susceptibility, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and biotyping based on various biochemical characters.

Materials and Methods

S. paratyphi A, American Type Culture Collection (ATCC 9150) strains were procured from MicroBioLogics, Inc., USA, in two sets A and B. Two different sealed packs were stored with proper storage conditions until further use. The antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC values, biochemical reactions and biotype number were estimated with the help of MicroScan Walk-Away® (Dade Behring Inc., West Sacramento, CA, USA) using negative breakpoint combo 30 (NBPC 30) panel with respect to control sample. All the tested antimicrobials and biochemicals were procured from Sigma-Aldrich (MA, USA).
Experimental design
Two ATCC samples A (revived) and B (lyophilized) of S. paratyphi A were grouped (Gr.). The revived sample A was divided into two parts Gr.I (control) and Gr.II (revived; treatment); likewise, ATCC B was labeled as Gr.III (lyophilized; treatment).
Biofield treatment strategy
Gr. I remained as untreated. The treatment Gr. II and III in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups without touching the samples. After treatment, all samples were handed over in the same condition and stored for analysis. Gr.II was assessed at two time point i.e. on day 5 and 10 and Gr. III was assessed on day 10. After biofield treatment, all the groups (control and treated) were investigated for antimicrobial susceptibility, MIC, biochemical reactions pattern and biotyping.
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Investigation of antimicrobial susceptibility of S. paratyphiA was carried out with the help of automated instrument, MicroScan Walk-Away® using NBPC 30 panel. The panel can be stored at 2°C-25°C for analysis. The panel was allowed to equilibrate to room temperature prior to rehydration. All opened panel was used within the same day. The tests carried out on MicroScan were miniaturized of the broth dilution susceptibility test that has been dehydrated. Briefly, the 0.1 ml (100 μl) of the standardized suspension of S. paratyphiA was pipetted into 25 ml of inoculum water using pluronic and inverted 8-10 times and inoculated, rehydrated, and then subjected to incubation for 16 hours at 35°C. Rehydration and inoculation was performed using the RENOK® system with inoculators-D (B1013-4). 25 ml of standardized inoculum suspension was poured in to inoculum tray. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions. The antimicrobial susceptibility pattern (S: Susceptible, R: Resistant; and I: Intermediate) and MIC values were determined by observing the lowest antimicrobial concentration showing inhibition of growth [ 24].
Biochemical reaction studies
Biochemical activities of S. paratyphiA was determined using MicroScan Walk-Away®, system with NBPC 30 panel. Preparation of NBPC 30 panel, inoculum followed by dehydration and rehydration were performed similar way as mentioned in antimicrobial susceptibility assay for analysis of biochemical reaction followed by biotype number. The detailed experimental procedures and conditions were followed as per the manufacturer's instructions [ 24, 25].
Identification of organism by biotype number
The biotype number of S. paratyphiA was determined on MicroScan Walk-Away® processed panel data report with the help of biochemical reactions data. [ 24, 26].

Results and Discussion
Antimicrobial susceptibility test
The outcome of S. paratyphiA susceptibility pattern and MIC values of tested antimicrobials after biofield treatment are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. The data were analyzed and compared with respect to control. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out in twenty antimicrobials. The revived treated cells (Gr. II) of S. paratyphiA showed a significant (60%) alteration (twelve out of twenty) in antimicrobial sensitivity pattern on day 10 while did not show any alteration on day 5 as well as in Gr. III as compared to control. Antimicrobials such as amoxicillin/k-clavulanate, ampicillin/sulbactam, aztreonam, chloramphenicol, piperacillin, tetracycline and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate showed alteration of susceptibility pattern from S to I in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Moreover, antimicrobial agents such as ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole showed alteration of sensitivity pattern from S to R in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control after biofield treatment. Eight out of twenty (40%) antimicrobials did not show any change of antimicrobial sensitivity after biofield treatment with respect to control sample (Table 1). The MIC values of amoxicillin/k-clavulanate and ampicillin/sulbactam were changed from ≤ 8/4 µg/ml to 16/8 µg/ml in Gr. II on day 10. Moreover, MIC values of ampicillin and ceftazidime were also changed from ≤ 8 µg/ml to >16 µg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10 as compared to control. Alteration of MIC values (≤ 8 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml) were noticed in revived treated samples of certain antimicrobials like aztreonam, cefoxitin, and chloramphenicol except cefuroxime were changed from ≤ 4 µg/ml to 16 µg/ml on day 10. Moreover, change in MIC values (≤ 4 µg/ml to 8 µg/ml) were observed in Gr. II in case of norfloxacin, tetracycline and tobramycin on day 10 after biofield treatment. Antimicrobials showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 8 µg/ml to >32 µg/ml) in case of ceftriaxone, (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) in case of ciprofloxacin, (≤ 16 µg/ml to 64 µg/ml) in case of piperacillin and ticarcillin/k-clavulanate, (≤ 2/38 µg/ml to >2/38 µg/ml) in case of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole on day 10 in Gr. II. Besides this, ESBL-b Scrn showed an alteration of MIC value (≤ 1 to >1 µg/ml) in Gr. II on day 10. Overall, 53.12% (seventeen out of thirty two) MIC values were altered after biofield treatment as compared to control. Fifteen, out of thirty two tested antimicrobials (46.88%) did not show any alteration of MIC values in treated cells of S. paratyphi A as compared to control ( Table 2). Overall, the antimicrobial resistance pattern (S to I/R) and corresponding MIC values were significantly altered in revived strain S. paratyphi A after biofield treatment as compared to control. In this experiment, ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime were sensitive to control S. paratyphiA (Gr. 1) and the MIC value was slight increase in ciprofloxacin (≤ 1 µg/ml to >2 µg/ml) while, it did not alter in case of cefotaxime in Gr.II on day 10. This finding is supported by literature data [ 27].

Table 1: Antibiogram of Salmonella paratyphi A : effect of biofield treatment on antimicrobial susceptibility.

Table 2: Effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A to minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of tested antimicrobials. MIC data are presented in μg/ml; Gr.: Group; ESBL-a, b Scrn: Extended-spectrum β-lactamase Screen
Biochemical reactions studies
Study of biochemical reactions can be utilized to identify the enzymatic and metabolic characteristics feature of microbes. Microorganisms can be categorically differentiated based on their utilization of specific biochemicals as nutrients during the process of metabolism or enzymatic reactions. The specific biochemicals showed some changes against S. paratyphi A after biofield treatment as shown in Table 3. Biochemicals such as melibiose, galactosidase, raffinose, tobramycin and kanamycin were changed from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in Gr. II (on day 10) but remained same i.e. negative (-) in Gr. II (on day 5) and in lyophilized treated cells (on day 10) with respective to control. According to Latif et al. positive reaction (+) of galactosidase is the characteristics feature of citrobacter species [ 28], which positively correlated with change of biotype number and identification of the same organism in this experiment after biofield treatment. Citrate converted from negative (-) to positive (+) reaction in all the treated groups with respect to control in biofield treated S. paratyphi A cells. Overall, 18.18% biochemical reactions were altered in tested thirty three biochemicals with respect to control after biofield treatment. In revived treated strain of S. paratyphiA cells showed alteration of biochemical reactions as 18.18% on day 10 and 3.03% on day 5, as compared to control. The lyophilized treated cells (Gr. III) of S. paratyphiA showed only 3.03% alteration of biochemical reaction as compared to control. About 81.82% of total tested biochemicals, such as acetamide, adonitol, arabinose, arginine, cetrimide, cephalothin, colistin, esculin hydrolysis, nitrofurantoin, glucose, hydrogen sulfide, indole, inositol, lysin, malonate, nitrate, oxidation-fermentation, ornithine, oxidase, penicillin, rhamnose, sorbitol, sucrose, tartrate, tryptophan deaminase, urea and Voges-Proskauer did not show any change in all treated groups after biofield treatment as compared to control.

Table 3: Effect of biofield treatment on Salmonella paratyphi A to the biochemical reaction pattern.

Based on existing literature Salmonella serovers are able to ferment the five basic sugars by producing both acid and gas. However, differentiation of specific Salmonella serotype on the basis of their sugar fermentation pattern is difficult. The key characteristic feature for Salmonella paratyphi A bacterium is non-lactose fermenting, but it can ferment glucose with production of acid and gas [ 25]. In this experiment, control sample of S. paratyphi A resulted positive (+) reaction in glucose and sorbitol and negative reaction (-) in case of sucrose. These biochemical results supported from literature data Buxton and Fraser [ 29], Hossain [ 30], and Han et al. [ 31]. These findings could be due to fermentation of glucose and produce acid and gas which supports the characteristics feature of S. paratyphi A. Negative reaction (-) of indole of Salmonella paratyphiA in control sample was found due to split of tryptophan form indole. Negative reaction (-) was also observed in Voges-Proskauer biochemical of control sample. The negative responses of indole and Voges-Proskauer were directly correlated that the microbe was Gram-negative rod shaped and belongs to Enterobacteriaceae family, these findings also supports the statement of Latif et al. [ 28].
Identification of organism by biotype number
The species ( S. paratyphi A) was identified based on variety of conventional biochemical characters and biotyping. Biotype number of particular organism was evaluated after interpreting the results of the biochemical reactions. Further, the biotype number led to the particular organism identification. In this experiment, biotyping was performed using automated systems, and results found significant changes in the biofield treated Gr. II (on day 5 and 10) and Gr. III (on day 10). Based on the biochemical results, biotype number was changed in treated Gr. II on day 5 (53001040, S. paratyphiA), on day 10 (57101050, Citrobacter freundii complex) and Gr. III on day 10 (53001040, S. paratyphiA) with respect to control (53001000) i.e. S. paratyphi A ( Table 4). In revived treated cells the change of biotype number with organism i.e. Citrobacter freundii complex was possibly due to positive reaction (+) of ONPG after biofield treatment as compared to control. These findings are supported by the statement of Latif et al. [ 28]. This change of organism is assumed due to metabolic or enzymatic reaction of S. paratyphi A. For further confirmation, a detailed study is required on genetic level.

Table 4: Effect of biofield treatment on biotype number of Salmonella paratyphi A .

Due to microbial resistance to a single or multiple drugs, invention of an effective antimicrobial therapy for the human-wellness is urgently required. However, due to some limitation of science, the progress of new medications is slow and very challenging for scientists. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness energy from environment and altered the significant changes in microorganisms [ 19- 21]. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment on various strains of clinical isolates [ 20] and multi drug resistance (MDR) [ 19- 21] have recently reported a significant results. Biofield treatment might be responsible to do alteration in microorganism at genetic level and/or enzymatic level, which may act on receptor protein. While altering receptor protein, ligand-receptor/protein interactions may altered that could lead to show different phenotypic characteristics [ 32]. Biofield treatment might induce significant changes in revived strain of S. paratyphi A and altered antimicrobials susceptibility pattern, MIC values, biochemical reactions, and ultimately change the biotype number. Based on these results, we hope that, biofield treatment has the ability to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials.

Conclusions

Altogether, the biofield treatment has significantly altered the susceptibility pattern (60%) with MIC values (53.12%) of tested antimicrobials against the strain of S. paratyphiA in revived treated cells (Gr. II) as compared to control. It also altered the biochemical reactions pattern (18.18%) and biotype number of biofield treated strain of S. paratyphiA in Gr. II as compared to control. On the basis of changed biotype number after biofield treatment, new organism was identified in Gr. II as Citrobacter freundii complex (57101050) with respect to control i.e. S. paratyphi A (53001000). Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment could be applied as alternative therapeutic approach to alter the sensitivity pattern of antimicrobials.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Acknowledgement

Authors gratefully acknowledged to Trivedi science, Trivedi testimonials and Trivedi master wellness and the whole team of PD Hinduja National Hospital and MRC, Mumbai, Microbiology Lab for their support.

References

1. Umeh E, Agbulu C (2009) Distribution pattern of salmonella typhoidal serotypes in Benue State Central, Nigeria. Internet J Epidemiol 8: 1-6.

2. Oscarsson J, Westermark M, Löfdahl S, Olsen B, Palmgren H, et al. (2002) Characterization of a pore-forming cytotoxin expressed by Salmonella entericaserovarstyphi and paratyphi A. Infect Immun 70: 5759-5769.

3. Bhan MK, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366: 749-762.

4. Maskey AP, Day JN, Phung PQ, Thwaites GE, Campbell JI, et al. (2006) Salmonella entericaserovarparatyphi A and S. entericaserovartyphi cause indistinguishable clinical syndromes in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 42: 1247-1253.

5. Gupta SK, Medalla F, Omondi MW, Whichard JM, Fields PI, et al. (2008) Laboratory-based surveillance of paratyphoid fever in the United States: travel and antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 46: 1656-1663.

6. Ohnishi K, Murata M (1990) Treatment of Salmonella paratyphi A infection with oral ofloxacin. Jpn J Med 29: 436-437.

7. Soe GB, Overturf GD (1987) Treatment of typhoid fever and other systemic salmonelloses with cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, and other newer cephalosporins. Rev Infect Dis 9: 719-736.

8. White NJ, Dung NM, Vinh H, Bethell D, Hien TT (1996) Fluoroquinolone antibiotics in children with multidrug resistant typhoid. Lancet 348: 547.

9. Bhutta ZA1 (1996) Impact of age and drug resistance on mortality in typhoid fever. Arch Dis Child 75: 214-217.

10. Burr HS (1957) Bibliography of Harold Saxton Burr. Yale J Biol Med 30: 163-167.

11. Hammerschlag R, Jain S, Baldwin AL, Gronowicz G, Lutgendorf SK, et al. (2012) Biofield research: a roundtable discussion of scientific and methodological issues. J Altern Complement Med 18: 1081-1086.

12. Movaffaghi Z, Farsi M (2009) Biofield therapies: biophysical basis and biological regulations? Complement TherClinPract 15: 35-37.

13. Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (2008) Einthoven's string galvanometer: the first electrocardiograph. Tex Heart Inst J 35: 174-178.

14. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RM (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28.

15. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.

16. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. IndEng Manage 4: 151.

17. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. AGRIVITA J AgricSci 35: 22-29.

18. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 83: 138-143.

19. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.

20. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiellaoxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J MicrobBiochemTechnol 7: 203-206.

21. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) An effect of biofield treatment on Multidrug-resistant Burkholderiacepacia: A multihost pathogen. J Trop Dis 3: 167.

22. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemoncablin (Benth). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

23. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.

24. Fader RC, Weaver E, Fossett R, Toyras M, Vanderlaan J, et al. (2013) Multilaboratory study of the biomic automated well-reading instrument versus MicroScanWalkAway for reading MicroScan antimicrobial susceptibility and identification panels. J ClinMicrobiol 51: 1548-1554.

25. Nesa MK, Khan MSR, Alam M (2011) Isolation, identification and characterization of salmonella serovars from diarrhoeic stool samples of human. Bangl J Vet Med 9: 85-93.

26. Torre E de la, Tello M, Mateu EM, Torre E (2005) Use of biochemical kinetic data to determine strain relatedness among Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica isolates. J ClinMicrobiol 43: 5419-5424.

27. Gupta V, Kaur J, Chander J (2009) An increase in enteric fever cases due to Salmonella Paratyphi A in & around Chandigarh. Indian J Med Res 129: 95-98.

28. Latif M, Gilani M, Usman J, Munir T, Mushtaq M (2014) Lactose fermenting Salmonella Paratyphi A: A case report 30. J Microbiol Infect Dis 4: 30-32.

29. Buxton A (1977) Animal Microbiology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.

30. Hossain KM (2002) Characterization of bacteria isolated from diarrhoeic calves. MS Thesis, Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh.

31. Han J, David DE, Deck J, Lynne AM, Kaldhone P, et al. (2011) Comparison of Salmonella entericaserovar Heidelberg isolates from human patients with those from animal and food sources. J ClinMicrobiol 49: 1130-1133.

32. Lindstrom E, Mild KH, Lundgren E (1998) Analysis of the T cell activation signaling pathway during ELF magnetic field exposure, p56lck and [Ca2+]i-measurements. BioeletrochemBioenerg 46: 129-137.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern, Biochemical Characteristics and Biotyping of Salmonella paratyphi A: An Impact of Biofield Treatment

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1 , Gopal Nayak1 , Harish Shettigar1 , Sambhu Charan Mondal2 and Snehasis Jana2 * 1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of human energy treatment on the physical and structural characteristics of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.body
| Read here about the impact of a divine energy treatment strategy known as the Trivedi Effect on the physical and structural characterization of imidazole derivatives.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.keywords[]
biofield - biofield treatment - fourier transform infrared - mahendra kumar trivedi - mahendra trivedi - trivedi effect - imidazole derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated I...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.headline
Isotopic Abundance Ratio Analysis of Imidazole

# data[].attributes.subject
Isotopic Abundance Ratio Analysis of Imidazole

# data[].attributes.body
| Due to high isotopic abundance ratio of biofield energy treated imidazole, a bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.

# data[].attributes.body
| In this study, imidazole is tested for the change in physicochemical and spectroscopic properties due to the effects from a unique human energy treatment. Visit the link to get the more details.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Imidazole derivatives have attracted significant interests in recent time for their usefulness in synthetic heterocyclic chemistry, analytical chemistry and pharmacology. Aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two

# data[].attributes.body
| The XRD analysis of imidazole shows significant changes in crystallite size of the sample that has been treated with the unique human energy treatment.

# data[].attributes.headline
Characterization of Imidazole- Energy Impact

# data[].attributes.subject
Characterization of Imidazole- Energy Impact

# data[].attributes.body
| Overall, the experimental results suggest that biofield treatment has the significant effect on structural and thermal characteristics of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole.

# data[].attributes.headline
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Imidazole

# data[].attributes.subject
Effect of Biofield Treatment on Imidazole

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on two imidazole derivatives (i.e., imidazole and 2-methylimidazole) by using various analytical methods.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Keywords

Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction

Abbreviations

XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole)

Introduction

Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents. It is amphoteric in nature and aromatic in character due to the presence of 6 π-electrons. The nitrogen attached with the hydrogen has a lone pair of electrons bringing the required 6 π-electrons for aromaticity. The hydrogen atom can be located on either of the two nitrogen atoms due to resonance structures of imidazole [ 1]. Synthetic chemistry based on medicinal compounds concerned with the properties of the starting building blocks, their development and evaluation of biological activity. The biological activity of the compounds mainly depends upon the starting material and mechanism is well-studied at the molecular level [ 2]. The introduction of imidazole nucleus a conventional pharmacophore in medicinal compounds have made it versatile heterocyclic nucleus possessing wide range of biological activities. Imidazole, the core of naturally occurring nucleotides, is responsible for their numerous biological activities that allows them to interact easily with the biopolymers of the living system and functions [ 3]. Substituted imidazole have good antibacterial activity which revealed good inhibition against various tested microbial strains. Vijesh et al. reported that some of the imidazole derivatives (3-aryl-1H-imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazones) have excellent activity even better than standard drug, i.e., streptomycin against P seudomonas aeruginosa and Clostridium perfringens [ 4]. Ucucu et al. had reported that synthetic 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivative worked well as analgesic on Swiss albino mice of both sexes. One of the derivative of imidazole has shown responses very close to morphine [ 5]. A newly synthesized compound, N-cyano substituted imidazole derivatives has shown fungicidal activities against Rhizoctonia solani, at a concentration of 50 μg/mL. This compound has identified as the most potent candidate with an EC ₅₀ of 2.63 μg/mL against Rhizoctonia Solani [ 6]. Yang et al. has been reported that substitution of the imidazolyl-3-position with a naphthylacyl or bromophenacyl group, vital for modifying its cytotoxic activity [ 7].

The chemical or physical stability is the most anticipated quality of a molecule to be used in pharmaceutical purposes. In order to increase its shelf life and effectiveness there is a need to increase the stability of the compound both chemically as well as physically. The stability could be enhanced by Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment which is already known to alter the physical, and structural properties of various living and non-living substances [ 8]. The biofield is the electromagnetic field which surrounds the human body can be harnessed from the universe and have applied on materials by experts in a controlled way to make the changes [ 9, 10]. This phenomenon is experimentally demonstrated by researchers using medical technologies such as electromyography, electrocardiography and electroencephalogram [ 9]. Mr. Trivedi has the ability to harness the energy from the universe and can transmit into any object, living or nonliving things [ 11]. Mr. Trivedi's unique biofield treatment is also known as The Trivedi Effect ® which has been applied in various research fields including microbiology [ 12], agriculture, [ 13, 14] and biotechnology [ 15]. The stability of the complexes with both imidazole derivatives taken for this study depends mostly on the substituent situated between the nitrogen atoms of the imidazole ring [ 16]. Imidazole containing organic materials have better solubility in common polar organic and inorganic solvents compared to other heterocyclic moieties [ 17]. So in this study, Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment was applied to treat imidazole derivatives for evaluation of their physical, thermal and spectral properties as compared to control.

Materials and Methods

Study design

Imidazole and 2-methylimidazole were procured from Lobachemie Pvt. Ltd., India. Each compound was divided into two parts and coded as control and treatment. The control samples were remained as untreated and treatment samples were in sealed pack were handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment in laboratory conditions. Mr. Trivedi provided this treatment through his energy transmission process to the treatment groups. The control and treated samples were evaluated using various spectroscopic, thermal and physical techniques.

X-ray diffraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, with radiation of wavelength 1.54056 Å. The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G=kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). The average value of G was taken for both control (Gc) and treated (Gt) samples to calculate % change in crystallite size.

Percent change in crystallite size=[(Gt-Gc)/Gc] × 100

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

DSC data were obtained by using Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA at flow rate of 5 ml/min using closed aluminum pan. Melting temperature and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equation

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)/ derivative thermogravimetry (DTG)

TGA/DTG results were obtained by using Mettler Toledo simultaneous thermogravimetric analyzer at a heating rate of 5°C/min from room temperature to 400°C under air atmosphere (sample mass 5-10 mg on aluminium pan).

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max=[(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.

FT-IR spectroscopic characterization

FT-IR spectra were acquired on Shimadzu's Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (Japan) with frequency range of 500-4000 cm⁻¹. The imidazole derivatives were run as pressed disks using KBr as the diluent.

UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis

Photophysical properties were studied by Shimadzu UV-2400 PC series spectrophotometer with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm, wavelength was in the range of 200-400 nm.

GC-MS analysis

The Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed on Perkin Elmer/auto system XL with Turbo Mass, USA, having detection limit up to 1 picogram. For GC-MS analysis the treated samples were further divided into four parts as T1, T2, T3 and T4. The GC-MS data was obtained in the form of % abundance vs. mass to charge ratio ( m/z), which is known as mass spectrum. The isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM was expressed by its deviation in treated samples as compared to the control. The collective effect of the isotopic abundance ratio of (PM+1/PM) of treated samples were calculated from the following formula:

Percent change in isotopic abundance (2)

Where, R Treated and R Control are the ratio of intensity of masses from the mass spectrometry for treated and control samples respectively.

Results and Discussion

X-ray diffraction studies

X-ray diffraction study was conducted on both control and treated samples of imidazole derivatives and their diffractograms are shown in Figure 1. As both the imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole (control and treated) were crystalline in nature so they exhibited very sharp and intense peaks (6000-30000 a.u.) in their respective X-ray diffractograms. The X-ray diffractogram of control imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 12.89°, 19.14°, 20.31°, 20.74° 25.66°, 25.91° and 30.73° whereas the X-ray diffractogram of treated imidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 13.01°, 20.31°, 20.93°, 26.08°, 30.74°, and 30.87°. In control sample of 2-methylimidazole, the X-ray diffractogram showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.49°, 17.76°, 21.77°, 25.87° and 26.17° where the treated 2-methylimidazole showed peaks at 2θ equals to 17.34°, 17.59°, 17.80°, 21.19°, 25.88° and 26.16°. XRD studies showed that crystal structure of imidazole was monoclinic and orthorhombic structure was found for 2-methylimidazole, which were well supported by reported literature data [ 18].

In case of imidazole crystallite size was increased to 6.5%, however for 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size increased significantly up to 166.68% (Table 1). It is presumed that biofield energy may be absorbed by the treated imidazole molecules which may lead to the formation of crystalline long range pattern attributed to the high intensity of the XRD peaks. It was reported in previous literature that thermal annealing increase the crystallite size and thereby increase the intensity of the peaks [ 19, 20]. After biofield treatment imidazole derivatives may absorbed high energy which enhances the crystallite size of the treated imidazole. The volume of unit cell of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased from 485.83 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ to 497.32 × 10⁻²⁴ cm ³ as 2.37% compared to control.

DSC analysis

The DSC analysis results of control and treated samples of imidazole and its derivative are presented in Table 2. The latent heat of fusion (ΔH), was increased for imidazole molecule from 158.8 to 159.5 J/g whereas, ΔH decreased from 137.2 J/g (control) to 106 J/g (treated) for 2-methylimidazole. There may be biofield energy favoring a strong 'C-H····N' H-binding interaction of methyl hydrogen in 2-methylimidazole. Higher melting point of 2-methylimidazole compared to imidazole was attributed to stronger H-bonding interactions via methyl 'H' atoms and ring 'N' atoms [ 21]. This result cannot be seen in imidazole as the 'methyl-H' portion is absent in this molecule. As a result, treated 2-methyl imidazole sample needed less energy in the form of ΔH to undergo the process of melting. However, imidazole does not have methyl group and any changes in ΔH have not seen of melting for control and treated samples. The DSC result of treated imidazole (90.19°C) did not show significant change in melting temperature as compared to control 89.86°C. However, melting point of 2-methylimidazole was increased 147°C as compared to control (145°C), i.e., change in 1.4% [ 22]. It is hypothised that biofield energy may be absorbed by 2-methylimidazole molecule which possibly lowered the torsional strain exerted by the methyl-H atoms.

TGA/DTG analysis

TGA thermogram (Figure 2a) showed that treated imidazole compound was less thermally stable than control sample. The onset degradation temperature for imidazole was at 170°C for control but 160°C for treated sample. The end-set degradation temperature was observed at 250°C for control and 235°C for treated sample, respectively. The decrease in thermal stability of imidazole to 6% may have increased the reactivity which may contribute to the lesser reaction time and temperature in production of imidazole derivatives.

But in case of 2-methylimidazole control sample (Figure 2b) started degrading around 140°C (onset) and stopped at 245°C (end-set). Besids this, treated 2-methylimidazole showed onset degradation temperature at ~152°C and end-set around 240°C. It indicated that onset temperature of treated 2-methylimidazole was increased by 8% as compared to control (Figure 2b). Furthermore, in this process, control 2-methylimidazole sample lost ~97% and treated sample lost 74% of its weight. DTG thermogram showed T max~192°C in control, whereas, it was increased to ~195°C in treated 2-methylimidazole. Thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole from T max was increased by 1.5% as compared to control. The increase in onset temperature, T max, and endset temperature of the treated samples of 2-methylimidazole can be related to increase in thermal stability of treated molecule. The overall increases in thermal stability of treated 2-methylimidazole might be advantageous to be used as core moiety (pharmacophore) in medicine and synthetic biopolymers.

UV-Vis spectroscopy

UV spectra of control and biofield treated imidazole and 2-methyl imidazole are shown in Figure 3. Imidazole derivatives absorb UV light due to the presence of conjugated pi (π) bonding systems (π - π* transition) and nonbonding electron system (n - π* transition). There are certain energy gaps between π - π* and n - π* orbitals. From the above experiments, it was observed that negligible structural changes occurred in treated samples as compared to control, which was not sufficiently large to alter UV-Visible spectral properties in solution state. Treated sample of imidazole (Figure 3) exhibited hypsochromic effect (1 nm change) in absorbance maxima (λ max) at 207 nm compared to control at 208 nm. Whereas, treated 2-methylimidazole exhibited bathochromic shift at the absorbance maxima (λ max) 206 nm compared to 205 nm for control.

FT-IR spectroscopic analysis

FTIR spectra of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are presented in (Figures 4a and 4b) respectively. Secondary amine N-H stretching frequency was observed at 3018 cm⁻¹ for control and 3020 cm⁻¹ for treated sample of imidazole. IR spectra of both control and treated imidazole sample showed C-N stretching at 1448 cm⁻¹ and out of plane NH2 bending at 659 cm⁻¹. In case of 2-methylimidazole N-H stretching was seen at 3020 cm⁻¹ (control) and 3018 cm⁻¹ (treated). These data indicated that there was slight changes in the hydrogen bonding environment in both treated and control samples of both imidazole and 2-methylimidazole. The broad absorption peaks were observed in the wavenumber ranges from 3400-2600 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples assigned to bonding vibration of water molecules due to moisture absorption by samples [ 23]. In the FT-IR spectrum of imidazole showed a minor changes in the C-H stretching at 2791 cm⁻¹ for control and 2794 cm⁻¹ for treated one. Whereas in case of 2-methylimidazole C-H stretching frequency was observed at 2681 cm⁻¹ for control and 2690 cm⁻¹ for treated sample. The N-H bending for imidazole was observed at 1541 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated samples, while in case of 2-methyl imidazole N-H bending was observed at 1595 cm⁻¹ for both control and treated. The C-H deformation bends were assigned to the peaks at 1301 cm⁻¹ in and treated sample of 2-methylimidazole. The FT-IR results showed little changes in other vibrational frequencies for the N-H and C-H stretching frequencies, as well as bending vibration energies, which lead to the changes in packing parameters of imidazole crystal after biofield treatment validating the DSC and XRD results incorporated here.

GC-MS spectrometry

The mass spectrum of control and treated samples of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole are shown in Figures 5a-5d. Treated samples were divided into four parts (T1, T2, T3 and T4) and analyzed at different times. Isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole, determined using equation (1) is shown in Table 3.

It showed that the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/ PM) in imidazole was significantly increased by 232.51% in sample T4, while it was increased by only 1.68% in treated (T4) 2-methylimidazole as compared to control. The biofield treatment may have altered the natural abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of T4-imidazole from the control samples. Furthermore, it is assumed that imidazole molecule with higher isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM), (T4), might have higher stability due to the increased μ (reduced mass) and binding energy in molecules with heavier isotopes. The heavier isotopes may form one of the following bonds like ¹³C- ¹²C, ¹³C- ¹³C, ¹³C- ¹⁴N, ¹²C- ¹⁵N, ¹³C-2H, ¹⁵N-2H, and ¹³C-H as compared to control. [ 24]. This higher binding energy may lead to increase the heat of reaction for imidazole T4 and reverse might happen in treated T1. Thus, GC-MS data suggested that biofield treatment has significantly altered the isotopic ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) to 232.51%, in treated imidazole molecule whereas isotopic ratio of PM+1/PM has remained same in treated 2-methylimidazole as compared to control.

Conclusion

In summary, the biofield treatment offers a remarkable means to alter the properties of imidazole and 2-methylimidazole at molecular level. Due to biofield treatment on 2-methylimidazole, crystallite size was significantly increased up to 166.68% by means of increasing the volume of unit cell in a crystal but imidazole has very small change in crystallite size up to 6.5% in XRD study. GC-MS data revealed that isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹H (PM+1/PM) of treated imidazole was significantly changed 232.51% of T4 sample as compared to control, however, treated 2-methylimidazole showed a minor change (1.68%) as compared to control. It is assumed that the enhancement in thermal stability of 2-methylimidazole could be more useful as a building block in various pharmaceutical products and biopolymers of pharmaceutical importance, which ultimately affect the shelf-life and efficacy of drug. Moreover, the treated imidazole found to be thermally less stable compared to control may be useful as reaction intermediate for various chemical reactions or it can be converted to 2-substituted imidazole for better stability. Furthermore, due to high isotopic abundance ratio of ¹³C/ ¹²C or ¹⁵N/ ¹⁴N or ²H/ ¹ H (PM+1/PM) of treated (T4) imidazole, bond might have highly stable with higher binding energy may lead to higher chemical stability than the control.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We would also like to thank Trivedi Science TM, Trivedi Master Wellness TM and Trivedi Testimonials for their support during the work.

References

1. Verma A, Joshi S, Singh D (2013) Imidazole: Having versatile biological activities. J Chem 2013: 1-12.

2. Singhand H, Kapoor VK (2008) Medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry (2ndedn). Vallabh Prakashan, New Delhi.

3. Starcevic K, Kralj M, Ester K, Sabol I, Grce M, et al. (2007) Synthesis, antiviral and antitumor activity of 2-substituted-5-amidino-benzimidazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 15: 4419-4426.

4. Vijesh AM, Isloor AM, Telkar S, Peethambar SK, Rai S, et al. (2011) Synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial studies of some new pyrazole incorporated imidazole derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 46: 3531-3536.

5. Ucucu U, Karaburun NG, Isikdag I (2001) Synthesis and analgesic activity of some 1-benzyl-2-substituted-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives. Farmaco 56: 285-290.

6. Yang WC, Li J, Chen Q, Yang GF (2012) Novel synthetic methods for N-cyano-1H-imidazole-4-carboxamides and their fungicidal activity.Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 1455-1458.

7. Yang W, Wan X, Deng (2012) Design, synthesis and cytotoxic activities of novel hybrid compounds between 2-phenylbenzofuran and imidazole. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22: 2726-2729.

8. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bairwa K, Jana S (2015) Phenotypic and biotypic characterization of Klebsiella oxytoca: An impact of biofield treatment. J Microb Biochem Technol 7: 203-206.

9. Rivera-Ruiz M, Cajavilca C, Varon J (2008) Einthoven's string galvanometer: The first electrocardiograph. Tex Heart Inst J 35: 174-178.

10. Rubik B (2002) The biofield hypothesis: Its biophysical basis and role in medicine. J Altern Complement Med 8: 703-717.

11. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RMR (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of aluminium powders. Ind Eng Manage 4: 151.

12. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Shettigar H, Gangwar M, Jana S (2015) Antimicrobial sensitivity pattern of Pseudomonas fluorescens after biofield treatment. J Infect Dis Ther 3: 222.

13. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35.

14. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.

15. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

16. Barszcz B, Kulig J, Jezierska J, Lisowski J (1999) The role of the side group in reactions involving 1-propyl-2-methylimidazole and 1-propyl-2-imidazole-carboxaldehyde and Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) ions. Pol J Chem 73: 447-456.

17. Zhao L, Sheng BL, Gui AW, Peng B, Wei H (2006) Imidazole derivatives: Thermally stable organic luminescence materials. Mater Chem Phys 100: 460-463.

18. Martinez-Carrera S (1966) The crystal structure of imidazole at -150°C. Acta Cryst 35: 783-789.

19. Rashidi AM, Amadeh A (2009) The effect of saccharin addition and bath temperature on the grain size of nanocrystalline nickel coatings. Surf Coat Technol 204: 353-358.

20. Gusain D, Srivastava V, Singh VK, Sharma YC (2014) Crystallite size and phase transition demeanor of ceramic steel. Mater Chem Phys 145: 320-326.

21. Waser M (2012) Asymmetric Organocatalysis in Natural Product Syntheses (Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products). Springer Science & Business Media, New York, US.

22. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng S 111-136.

23. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O, et al. (2015) The potential impact of biofield treatment on physical, structural and mechanical properties of stainless steel powder. J Appl Mech Eng 4: 1-5.

24. Califano S (1976). Vibrational States. New York: Wiley.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical and Structural Characterization of Biofield Treated Imidazole Derivatives

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Keywords Imidazole; 2-methylimidazole; Biofield treatment; Fourier transform infrared; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; X-ray diffraction Abbreviations XRD: X-ray diffraction; FT-IR: Fourier transform infrared; GCMS: Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry; UV-Vis: Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy; DSC: Differential scanning calorimetry; TGA: Thermogravimetric analysis; PM: Primary molecule (m/z=68 for imidazole, m/z=82 for 2-methyl imidazole); PM+1: isotopic molecule (m/z=69 for imidazole and m/z=83 for 2-methylimidazole) Introduction Imidazole is a highly polar (dipole moment 3.61D) one of the fivemembered nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring, which is soluble in both organic and inorganic polar solvents.

# data[].attributes.body
Visit the link to know about the positive effect of biofield energy treatment on the physical, thermal and spectroscopic characteristics of p-Dichlorobenzene.

# data[].attributes.body
The TGA analysis showed that temperature at which maximum weight loss occur was increased by 6.26% in biofield treated p-DCB, as compared to control sample. Follow the link for more information.

# data[].attributes.headline
Impact of Human Energy Treatment on p-DCB

# data[].attributes.subject
Impact of Human Energy Treatment on p-DCB

# data[].attributes.body
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of human energy treatment on the properties of p-Dichlorobenzene, using FTIR XRD and other analysis methods.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene | Mahendra Trivedi | Alice Branton | Dahryn Trivedi | Gopal Nayak | Ragini Singh | Academic Room

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene. The p-dichlorobenzene sample was divided into two groups that served as treated and control.

# data[].attributes.body
Read more about an alternative strategy i.e. the unique biofield treatment which could be useful in the production of various pharmaceutical products.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Please enable JavaScript to view the comments powered by Disqus.

Research Artilce Open Access

Trivedi et al., Biochem Anal Biochem 2015, 4:4

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1009.1000204

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000204

ISSN: 2161-1009 Biochem, an open access journal

Keywords:Bioeld treatment; Para-dichlorobenzene; X-ray

diraction study; Dierential scanning calorimetry; ermogravimetric

analysis; and UV-Visible spectroscopy

Chlorobenzenes are the colourless liquid with an almond-like

odour. e compound does not occur widely in nature, but it is one

of those chemicals which are produced industrially in large amounts.

ey have many applications, such as intermediate products of the

chemical and pharmaceutical industries and as biocides and additives

[1]. Chlorination of chlorobenzenes in the presence of variety of

catalysts produce ortho and para-Dichlorobenzene isomers. p -DCB

results from chlorination of chlorobenzene and have wide applications.

1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB; formula: C6 H4 Cl 2 ) is a colourless solid

having strong odour. It is mainly used as insecticide and fungicide on

crops and air deodorizer [2]. Nowadays, it is used in the production

of mothballs in place of naphthalene. Moreover, it is used as chemical

intermediate to manufacture dyes, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals,

2,5-dichloroaniline, plastics, polymers (e.g polyphenylene sulde

resins used for surface coatings and molding resins), and other

organic synthesis [3,4]. Besides, it is also used in ear preparations as

ear wax soener and help in the removal of the wax [5]. To be used

as intermediate in various chemical reactions, the rate of reaction of

p-DCB plays a crucial role. Carballo et al . reported that rate of reaction

in organic compounds can be controlled by modulating the crystallite

size [6]. Since p-DCB is basically used as chemical intermediate in

various reactions, if some changes happened in their crystallite size

it may aect the rate of reaction and ultimately the percentage yield.

Besides all the benets associated with p-DCB, the low ash point

(66°C) limits its application [7] and this is one of the reasons for the

health discomfort of personnel working with them such as headaches,

numbness, sleepiness, nausea, and vomiting [8,9]. Aer considering of

p-DCB properties, and applications, authors wanted to investigate an

economically safe approach that could be benecial in order to modify

the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of p-DCB. Bioeld

*Corresponding author:Snehasis Jana, Trivedi Science Research Laboratory

Pvt. Ltd, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-6660006; E-mail:

Received: July 16, 2015; Accepted: August 21, 2015; Published August 24, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical,

Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Bioeld Treated p -Dichlorobenzene. Biochem

Anal Biochem 4: 204. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000204

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed

under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits

unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the

original author and source are credited.

Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals,

polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of bioeld treatment on

physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p -dichlorobenzene. The p -dichlorobenzene sample was divided into

two groups that served as treated and control. The treated group received Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment. Subsequently

the control and treated samples were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD result showed an increase in crystallite size (4.93%)

along with alteration in peak intensity of treated sample as compared to control. Furthermore, DSC analysis results

showed that the latent heat of fusion of treated p-dichlorobenzene was considerably reduced by 8.66% as compared to

control. The reduction in melting point of treated sample (54.99°C) was also observed as compared to control (57.01°C)

p-dichlorobenzene. Moreover, TGA/DTG studies showed that Tmax (temperature, at which sample lost maximum of its

weight) was increased by 6.26% and weight loss per degree celsius (°C) was decreased by 12.77% in bioeld treated

p-dichlorobenzene as compared to control sample. It indicates that thermal stability of treated p-dichlorobenzene sample

might increase as compared to control sample. However, no change was found in UV-Vis spectroscopic character

of treated p-dichlorobenzene as compared to control. These ndings suggest that bioeld treatment has signicantly

altered the physical and thermal properties of p-dichlorobenzene, which could make it more useful as a chemical

intermediate.

Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated

Mahendra Kumar Trivedi1 , Alice Branton1 , Dahryn Trivedi1, Gopal Nayak1, Ragini Singh2 and Snehasis Jana2 *

1Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

2Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

therapies are very popular in biomedical heath care systems, as well

described by National Center for Complementary and Alternative

Medicine (NCCAM). NCCAM places bioeld therapy in subcategory

of energy therapies as one of the ve complementary medicine

domain [10]. ese healing treatment suggest their mechanism upon

modulating patient-environmental energy elds. It is scientically

preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle

energy eld that provides regulatory and communications functions

within the organism. e cumulative eect of bio-magnetic and electric

eld that surrounds the human body is known as bioeld energy

[11,12]. Human has the ability to harness this energy from environment

or universe and can transmit the energy into any living or non-living

object around this Globe. e object(s) always receive the energy and

respond into useful way. is process is termed as bioeld treatment.

Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment (e Trivedi Eect®) is well known and

signicantly studied in dierent elds such as microbiology [13-15],

agriculture [16-18], and biotechnology [19,20]. Recently, the impact of

bioeld treatment on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics as

well as spectroscopic characters of dierent materials was studied, and

alteration in physical, thermal and chemical properties was reported

[21-23]. Hence, based on the outstanding results obtained aer bioeld

treatment on dierent materials and considering the pharmaceutical

applications of p-DCB, the present study was undertaken to evaluate

Biochem Anal Biochem 4: 204. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000204

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000204

ISSN: 2161-1009 Biochem, an open access journal

the impact of bioeld treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic

characteristics of p -DCB.

p-DCB (1,4-dichlorobenzene) was procured from S D Fine

Chemicals Pvt., Ltd., India and divided into two parts; one was kept as

a control, while other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's bioeld treatment

and coded as treated sample. e treatment group in sealed pack was

handed over to Mr. Trivedi for bioeld treatment under standard

laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his

energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the

sample. e bioeld treated sample was returned in the similarly sealed

condition for further characterization using XRD, DSC, TGA and UV-

Vis spectroscopic techniques.

X-ray diraction (XRD) study

XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray

diractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel lter.

e radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å.

e data obtained were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a

detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width

(θ° ), relative intensity (%) etc.

e crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half

maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94).

However, percent change in crystallite size was calculated using the

Where, Gc and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study

For studies related to melting point, Dierential Scanning Calorimeter

(DSC) of Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA with a heating rate of 10o C/min

under air atmosphere and ow rate of 5 ml/min was used. Melting point

and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in melting point was calculated using following

% change in melting point = [(T Treated - T Control)/ T Co ntrol] × 100

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and

treated samples, respectively.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control

and treated samples, respectively.

ermogravimetric analysis/ Derivative ermogravimetry

ermal stability of control and treated samples of p-DCB were

analyzed by using Metller Toledo simultaneous ermo-gravimetric

analyser (TGA/DTG). e samples were heated from room temperature

to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere.From

TGA curve, onset temperature Tonset (temperature at which sample start

losing weight) and from DTG curve, Tmax (temperature at which sample

lost its maximum weight) were recorded.

Percent change intemperature at which maximum weight loss

occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in Tmax = [(Tmax, treated − Tmax,control) / T max,control ] × 100

weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.

UV-V is spectroscopic analysis

e UV-Vis spectral analysis was measured using Shimadzu UV-

2400 PC series spectrophotometer over a wavelength range of 200-400

nm with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. is analysis was

performed to evaluate the eect of bioeld treatment on structural

property of p-DCB. e UV-Vis spectroscopy gives the preliminary

information related to the skeleton of chemical structure and possible

arrangement of functional groups on the chemical structure [24].

X-ray diraction study was conducted to study the crystalline

pattern of the control and treated p-DCB. Figure 1 showed the XRD

diractogram of control p-DCB. It showed intense crystalline peaks at

2θ equals to 12.96°, 26.07°, 30.32°, and 39.59°. Intense peaks indicated

the crystalline nature of p-DCB. Whereas, the XRD diractogram of

treated p-DCB showed peaks with less intensity as compared to control

sample. e XRD diractogram of treated p-DCB showed (Figure

1) crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 12.95°, 19.96°, 26.09°, 26.61°,

and 39.59°. It is hypothesized that bioeld treatment might disturb

the regular arrangement of the molecules, which resulted into less

intense peaks in treated p-DCB as compared to control. In addition,

the crystallite size was found to be 92.647 and 97.213 nm in control

and treated p-DCB, respectively (Figure 2). It suggests that crystallite

size was increased by 4.93% in treated p-DCB as compared to control.

Figure 1: XRD diffractogram of p-dichlorobenzene.

Figure 2: Crystallite size of control and treated sample of p-dichlorobenzene.

Biochem Anal Biochem 4: 204. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000204

Volume 4 * Issue 4 * 1000204

ISSN: 2161-1009 Biochem, an open access journal

It was previously reported that crystallite size increase with elevation

in temperature or thermal energy [25-26]. Hence, it is assumed that

bioeld energy may elevate the temperature or thermal energy which

increases the crystallite size of treated p-DCB. As p-DCB is used as

intermediate in the synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, the

increase in crystallite size may lead to increase in rate of reaction which

ultimately enhances the percentage yield of end product.

Dierential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the

latent heat of fusion and melting point in control and treated sample of

p-DCB. e DSC thermogram of control and treated samples of p-DCB

is shown in Figure 3, and the results are presented in Table 1. In a solid,

substantial amount of interaction force exists in atomic bonds to hold

the atoms at their positions. Latent heat of fusion (ΔH) is dened as the

energy required overcoming this interaction force to change the phase

from solid to liquid. us, the energy supplied during phase change i.e.

ΔH is stored as potential energy of atoms. However, melting point is

related to the kinetic energy of the atoms [27]. Data showed that ΔH

was reduced from 106.62 J/g (control) to 97.39 J/g in treated p -DCB.

It indicates that ΔH was decreased by 8.66 % in treated sample as

compared to control. However, the melting point of treated p-DCB was

also reduced from 57.01°C (control) to 54.99°C. us, data suggest that

melting point was reduced by 3.63% as compared to control (Figure

4). Previously, our group reported that bioeld treatment has altered

the latent heat of fusion and melting point in lead and tin powder [28].

us, it is assumed that bioeld treatment might induce the alteration in

potential and kinetic energy of p-DCB molecules that possibly resulted

into lower the ΔH and melting point in treated sample. In addition,

the sharpness of the endothermic peaks showed a good degree of

crystallinity in control and treated p-DCB.

ermal Gravimetric Analysis/Derivative ermogravimetry

analysis (TGA/DTG) of control and bioeld treated samples are

summarized in Table 2. TGA data showed that control p-DCB sample

started losing weight around 79°C (onset) and stopped at 115.76°C

(end set). However, the treated p-DCB started losing weight near to

80°C (onset) and terminated at 127°C (end set). It indicates that no

signicant change was found in onset temperature of treated p -DCB

as compared to control, but end set temperature was increased by

11.24°C as compared to control. Furthermore, in this process, control

sample lost 42.16% and treated p-DCB sample lost 60.29% of its weight,

which could be due to vaporization of p-DCB into its gaseous form.

Besides, DTG thermogram data showed that Tmax was found at 94.5°C

in control whereas, it was increased to 100°C in treated p-DCB (Table

2). It indicates that Tmax was increased by 6.26% in treated p -DCB.

DTG data showed that control sample lost its weight at 29.69 mg/°C

during vaporization, whereas treated samples lost its weight at 25.90

mg/°C. It shows that the weight loss per degree celsius (°C) in treated

p-DCB was decreased by 12.77%, as compared to control (Figure 5).

Furthermore, the reduction in weight loss per °C and increase in Tmax

in treated p-DCB may be correlated with increase in thermal stability

of treated p-DCB sample aer bioeld treatment which might reduce

the problem of health hazards related with it. Hence, it is hypothesised

that bioeld treatment might enhance the intermolecular interaction in

p-DCB, which probably resulted into the increase of Tmax and reduction

Figure 3: DSC thermogram of control and treated sample of p-dichlorobenzene.

ΔH= Latent heat of fusion; Tm = Melting temperature.

Table 1: DSC analysis of control and treated samples of p-dichlorobenzene.

Figure 4: Percent change in latent heat of fusion and melting point in bioeld

treated pdichlorobenzene sample with respect to control.

Parameters ControlTreated

Weight loss (mg)/ ºC29.6925.9

Weight loss (%)42.1660.29

Tmax : temperature at which maximum weight loss occur; TGA/DTG:

Thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetry

Table 2: Thermal decomposition (TGA/DTG) analysis of control and treated

samples of p-dichlorobenzene

Figure 5: weight loss per degree celsius (°C) in treated p-DCB.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene - PdfSR.com

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene. The p-dichlorobenzene sample was divided into two groups that served as treated and control.

# data[].attributes.headline
Study of p-Dichlorobenzene- External Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.subject
Study of p-Dichlorobenzene- External Energy Treatment

# data[].attributes.body
From the research, it is found that the biofield treatment has shown alterations in physical and thermal properties of p-DCB that could make it more useful as an intermediate in the production of various pharmaceutical products.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
"Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene" by Mahendra Kumar Trivedi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene. The p-dichlorobenzene sample was divided into two groups that served as treated and control.

# data[].attributes.headline
P-DCB - A Chemical Intermediate in Manufacturing of Dyes

# data[].attributes.subject
P-DCB - A Chemical Intermediate in Manufacturing of Dyes

# data[].attributes.body
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers and other organic synthesis. With that many applications that current study was focused on to evaluate the impact of biofield treatm

# data[].attributes.headline
Alteration in p-DCB CharacteristicsThe present research was focused on to test the impact of human energy treatment on the characteristics of p-dichlorobenzene i.e. physical, thermal and spectroscopic studies.

# data[].attributes.subject
Alteration in p-DCB CharacteristicsThe present research was focused on to test the impact of human energy treatment on the characteristics of p-dichlorobenzene i.e. physical, thermal and spectroscopic studies.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals, polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal,

# data[].attributes.body
The present research was focused on to test the impact of human energy treatment on the characteristics of p-dichlorobenzene i.e. physical, thermal and spectroscopic studies.

# data[].attributes.headline
P-DCB: Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties

# data[].attributes.subject
P-DCB: Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Properties

# data[].attributes.body
The findings suggest that biofield treatment has significantly altered the physical and thermal properties of p-dichlorobenzene, which could make it more useful as a chemical intermediate.

# data[].attributes.body
| The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
¹ Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA

² Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Snehasis Jana
Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd
Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
Tel: +91-755-6660006
E-mail: [email protected]

Received Date: July 16, 2015; Accepted Date: August 21, 2015; Published Date: August 24, 2015

Citation: Trivedi MK, Branton A, Trivedi D, Nayak G, Singh R, et al. (2015) Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene. Biochem Anal Biochem 4:204. doi:10.4172/2161-1009.1000204

Copyright: © 2015 Trivedi MK, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

Visit for more related articles at Biochemistry & Analytical Biochemistry

Abstract

Para-dichlorobenzene (p-DCB) is widely used as a chemical intermediate in manufacturing of dyes, pharmaceuticals,

polymers and other organic synthesis. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on

physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-dichlorobenzene. The p-dichlorobenzene sample was divided into

two groups that served as treated and control. The treated group received Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment. Subsequently

the control and treated samples were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC),

thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. XRD result showed an increase in crystallite size (4.93%)

along with alteration in peak intensity of treated sample as compared to control. Furthermore, DSC analysis results

showed that the latent heat of fusion of treated p-dichlorobenzene was considerably reduced by 8.66% as compared

to control. The reduction I in melting point of treated sample (54.99°C) also observed as compared to control (57.01°C)

p-dichlorobenzene. Moreover, TGA/DTG studies showed that Tmax (temperature, at which sample lost maximum of its

weight) was increased by 6.26% and weight loss per degree celsius (°C) was decreased by 12.77% in biofield treated

p-dichlorobenzene as compared to control sample. It indicates that thermal stability of treated p-dichlorobenzene sample

might increase as compared to control sample. However, no change was found in UV-Vis spectroscopic character of

treated p dichlorobenzene as compared to control. These findings suggest that biofield treatment has significantly

altered the physical and thermal properties of p-dichlorobenzene, which could make it more useful as a chemical

intermediate.

Keywords

Biofield treatment; Para-dichlorobenzene; X-ray diffraction study; Differential scanning calorimetry; Thermogravimetric analysis; and UV-Visible spectroscopy

Introduction

Chlorobenzenes are the colourless liquid with an almond-like odour. The compound does not occur widely in nature, but it is one of those chemicals which are produced industrially in large amounts. They have many applications, such as intermediate products of the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and as biocides and additives [ 1]. Chlorination of chlorobenzenes in the presence of variety of catalysts produce ortho and para-Dichlorobenzene isomers. p-DCB results from chlorination of chlorobenzene and have wide applications. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (p-DCB; formula: C ₆H ₄Cl ₂) is a colourless solid having strong odour. It is mainly used as insecticide and fungicide on crops and air deodorizer [ 2]. Nowadays, it is used in the production of mothballs in place of naphthalene. Moreover, it is used as chemical intermediate to manufacture dyes, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, 2,5-dichloroaniline, plastics, polymers (e.g polyphenylene sulfide resins used for surface coatings and molding resins), and other organic synthesis [ 3, 4]. Besides, it is also used in ear preparations as ear wax softener and help in the removal of the wax [ 5]. To be used as intermediate in various chemical reactions, the rate of reaction of p-DCB plays a crucial role. Carballo et al. reported that rate of reaction in organic compounds can be controlled by modulating the crystallite size [ 6]. Since p-DCB is basically used as chemical intermediate in various reactions, if some changes happened in their crystallite size it may affect the rate of reaction and ultimately the percentage yield. Besides all the benefits associated with p-DCB, the low flash point (66°C) limits its application [ 7] and this is one of the reasons for the health discomfort of personnel working with them such as headaches, numbness, sleepiness, nausea, and vomiting [ 8, 9]. After considering of p-DCB properties, and applications, authors wanted to investigate an economically safe approach that could be beneficial in order to modify the physical, thermal and spectroscopic properties of p-DCB. therapies are very popular in biomedical heath care systems, as well described by National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM). NCCAM places biofield therapy in subcategory of energy therapies as one of the five complementary medicine domain [ 10]. These healing treatment suggest their mechanism upon modulating patient-environmental energy fields. It is scientifically preferred term for the biologically produced electromagnetic and subtle energy field that provides regulatory and communications functions within the organism. The cumulative effect of bio-magnetic and electric field that surrounds the human body is known as biofield energy [ 11, 12]. Human has the ability to harness this energy from environment or universe and can transmit the energy into any living or non-living object around this Globe. The object(s) always receive the energy and respond into useful way. This process is termed as biofield treatment. Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment (The Trivedi Effect) is well known and significantly studied in different fields such as microbiology [ 13- 15], agriculture [ 16- 18], and biotechnology [ 19, 20]. Recently, the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics as well as spectroscopic characters of different materials was studied, and alteration in physical, thermal and chemical properties was reported [ 21- 23]. Hence, based on the outstanding results obtained after biofield treatment on different materials and considering the pharmaceutical applications of p-DCB, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on physical, thermal and spectroscopic characteristics of p-DCB.

Materials and Methods

p-DCB (1,4-dichlorobenzene) was procured from S D Fine Chemicals Pvt., Ltd., India and divided into two parts; one was kept as a control, while other was subjected to Mr. Trivedi's biofield treatment and coded as treated sample. The treatment group in sealed pack was handed over to Mr. Trivedi for biofield treatment under standard laboratory condition. Mr. Trivedi provided the treatment through his energy transmission process to the treated group without touching the sample. The biofield treated sample was returned in the similarly sealed condition for further characterization using XRD, DSC, TGA and UVVis spectroscopic techniques.
X-ray diffraction (XRD) study
XRD analysis was carried out on Phillips, Holland PW 1710 X-ray diffractometer system, which had a copper anode with nickel filter. The radiation of wavelength used by the XRD system was 1.54056 Å. The data obtained were in the form of a chart of 2θ vs. intensity and a detailed table containing peak intensity counts, d value (Å), peak width (θ°), relative intensity (%) etc.

The crystallite size (G) was calculated by using formula:

G = kλ/(bCosθ)

Here, λ is the wavelength of radiation used, b is full width half maximum (FWHM) of peaks and k is the equipment constant (=0.94). However, percent change in crystallite size was calculated using the following equation:

Percent change in crystallite size = [(G t-G c)/G c] ×100

Where, G c and G t are crystallite size of control and treated powder samples respectively.
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) study
For studies related to melting point, Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) of Perkin Elmer/Pyris-1, USA with a heating rate of 10°C/min under air atmosphere and flow rate of 5 ml/min was used. Melting point and latent heat of fusion were obtained from the DSC curve.

Percent change in melting point was calculated using following equations:

% change in melting point = [(T Treated - T Control)/ T Control] × 100

Where, T Control and T Treated are the melting point of control and treated samples, respectively.

Percent change in latent heat of fusion was calculated using following equations:

% change in latent heat of fusion = [(ΔH Treated - ΔH Control)/ ΔH Control] × 100

Where, ΔH Control and ΔH Treated are the latent heat of fusion of control and treated samples, respectively.
Thermogravimetric analysis/ Derivative Thermogravimetry (TGA/DTG)
Thermal stability of control and treated samples of p-DCB were analyzed by using Metller Toledo simultaneous Thermo-gravimetric analyser (TGA/DTG). The samples were heated from room temperature to 400ºC with a heating rate of 5ºC/min under air atmosphere. From TGA curve, onset temperature T onset (temperature at which sample start losing weight) and from DTG curve, T max (temperature at which sample lost its maximum weight) were recorded.

Percent change in temperature at which maximum weight loss occur in sample was calculated using following equation:

% change in T max = [(T max, treated − T max, control) / T max, control] × 100

Where, T max, control and T max, treated are temperature at which maximum weight loss occurs in control and treated sample, respectively.
UV-V is spectroscopic analysis
The UV-Vis spectral analysis was measured using Shimadzu UV- 2400 PC series spectrophotometer over a wavelength range of 200-400 nm with 1 cm quartz cell and a slit width of 2.0 nm. This analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of biofield treatment on structural property of p-DCB. The UV-Vis spectroscopy gives the preliminary information related to the skeleton of chemical structure and possible arrangement of functional groups on the chemical structure [ 24].

Result and Discussion
X-ray diffraction
X-ray diffraction study was conducted to study the crystalline pattern of the control and treated p-DCB. Figure 1 showed the XRD diffractogram of control p-DCB. It showed intense crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 12.96°, 26.07°, 30.32°, and 39.59°. Intense peaks indicated the crystalline nature of p-DCB. Whereas, the XRD diffractogram of treated p-DCB showed peaks with less intensity as compared to control sample. The XRD diffractogram of treated p-DCB showed ( Figure 1) crystalline peaks at 2θ equals to 12.95°, 19.96°, 26.09°, 26.61°, and 39.59°. It is hypothesized that biofield treatment might disturb the regular arrangement of the molecules, which resulted into less intense peaks in treated p-DCB as compared to control. In addition, the crystallite size was found to be 92.647 and 97.213 nm in control and treated p-DCB, respectively ( Figure 2). It suggests that crystallite size was increased by 4.93% in treated p-DCB as compared to control.

It was previously reported that crystallite size increase with elevation in temperature or thermal energy [ 25- 26]. Hence, it is assumed that biofield energy may elevate the temperature or thermal energy which increases the crystallite size of treated p-DCB. As p-DCB is used as intermediate in the synthesis of many pharmaceutical compounds, the increase in crystallite size may lead to increase in rate of reaction which ultimately enhances the percentage yield of end product.

Thermal Studies
DSC analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the latent heat of fusion and melting point in control and treated sample of p-DCB. The DSC thermogram of control and treated samples of p-DCB is shown in Figure 3, and the results are presented in Table 1. In a solid, substantial amount of interaction force exists in atomic bonds to hold the atoms at their positions. Latent heat of fusion (ΔH) is defined as the energy required overcoming this interaction force to change the phase from solid to liquid. Thus, the energy supplied during phase change i.e. ΔH is stored as potential energy of atoms. However, melting point is related to the kinetic energy of the atoms [ 27]. Data showed that ΔH was reduced from 106.62 J/g (control) to 97.39 J/g in treated p-DCB. It indicates that ΔH was decreased by 8.66 % in treated sample as compared to control. However, the melting point of treated p-DCB was also reduced from 57.01°C (control) to 54.99°C. Thus, data suggest that melting point was reduced by 3.63% as compared to control ( Figure 4). Previously, our group reported that biofield treatment has altered the latent heat of fusion and melting point in lead and tin powder [ 28]. Thus, it is assumed that biofield treatment might induce the alteration in potential and kinetic energy of p-DCB molecules that possibly resulted into lower the ΔH and melting point in treated sample. In addition, the sharpness of the endothermic peaks showed a good degree of crystallinity in control and treated p-DCB.

ΔH= Latent heat of fusion; T m = Melting temperature.

Table 1: DSC analysis of control and treated samples of p-dichlorobenzene.
TGA/DTG analysis
Thermal Gravimetric Analysis/Derivative Thermogravimetry analysis (TGA/DTG) of control and biofield treated samples are summarized in Table 2. TGA data showed that control p-DCB sample started losing weight around 79°C (onset) and stopped at 115.76°C (end set). However, the treated p-DCB started losing weight near to 80°C (onset) and terminated at 127°C (end set). It indicates that no significant change was found in onset temperature of treated p-DCB as compared to control, but end set temperature was increased by 11.24°C as compared to control. Furthermore, in this process, control sample lost 42.16% and treated p-DCB sample lost 60.29% of its weight, which could be due to vaporization of p-DCB into its gaseous form. Besides, DTG thermogram data showed that Tmax was found at 94.5°C in control whereas, it was increased to 100°C in treated p-DCB ( Table 2). It indicates that Tmax was increased by 6.26% in treated p-DCB. DTG data showed that control sample lost its weight at 29.69 mg/°C during vaporization, whereas treated samples lost its weight at 25.90 mg/°C. It shows that the weight loss per degree celsius (°C) in treated p-DCB was decreased by 12.77%, as compared to control ( Figure 5). Furthermore, the reduction in weight loss per °C and increase in Tmax in treated p-DCB may be correlated with increase in thermal stability of treated p-DCB sample after biofield treatment which might reduce the problem of health hazards related with it. Hence, it is hypothesised that biofield treatment might enhance the intermolecular interaction in p-DCB, which probably resulted into the increase of T max and reduction in weight loss per °C.

T max: temperature at which maximum weight loss occur; TGA/DTG: Thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetry

Table 2: Thermal decomposition (TGA/DTG) analysis of control and treated samples of p-dichlorobenzene.
UV-Vis spectroscopic analysis
The UV spectra of control and treated sample of p-DCB are shown in Figure 6. The UV spectrum of control sample showed two absorption peaks i.e. at 201 and 223 nm, and the spectrum was well supported by literature data [ 29]. The UV spectrum of treated sample of p-DCB also showed similar absorption peaks as compared to control. It suggests that biofield treatment could not make any alteration in the structure of chromophore groups present in p-DCB which are mainly responsible for absorption of light.

Conclusion

This work was evaluated to see the influence of biofield treatment on physical, thermal, and spectroscopic properties of p-DCB. XRD result showed that crystallite size was increased by 4.93% in biofield treated p-DCB as compared to control, which might be due to decreasing nucleus densities caused by biofield treatment. The alteration in crystallite size might affect the rate of chemical reaction of p-DCB and make it more useful as an intermediate compound. Thermal analysis data revealed that latent heat of fusion was reduced by 8.66% in treated p-DCB as compared to control and melting point was reduced by 3.54%. TGA/DTG studies showed that T max was increased by 6.26% and weight loss per degree celsius (°C) was decreased by 12.77% in biofield treated p-DCB as compared to control sample. Hence, it was hypothesized that overall thermal stability of treated p-DCB sample increased which could be related to its stability at high temperature and reducing the risk of health hazards associated with products released after vaporization. Therefore, it is assumed that biofield treatment might alter the physical and thermal properties of p-DCB that may be helpful to use it more effectively as an intermediate in the production of various pharmaceutical products.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge the whole team of Sophisticated Analytical Instrument Facility (SAIF), Nagpur, Maharashtra and MGV Pharmacy College, Nashik for providing the instrumental facility. We are very grateful for the support of Trivedi Science, Trivedi Master Wellness and Trivedi Testimonials in this research work.

References

1. Popp P, Bruggemann L, Keil P, Thuss U, Weiss H (2000) Chlorobenzenes and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in the atmosphere of Bitterfeld and Leipzig (Germany). Chemosphere 41: 849-855.

2. Acton QA (2013) Chlorobenzenes-Advances in Research and Application.ScholarlyEditions, Atlanta, Georgia.

3. Rossberg M, Lendle W, Pfleiderer G, Togel A, Dreher EL, et al. (2006) Chlorinated hydrocarbons. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry (7thedn) Wiley-VCH, Verlag, Germany.

4. Fahey DR, Ash CE (1991) Mechanism of poly(p-phenylene sulfide) growth from pdichlorobenzene and sodium sulphide. Macromolecules 24: 4242-4249.

5. Katiyar VMH, Prasanna V, Dhanapal E (2014) Comparative study of ceruminolytic effect of distilled water and 2% para dichlorobenzene. Int J Med Sci Public Health 3: 696-699.

6. Carballo LM, Wolf EE (1978) Crystallite size effects during the catalytic oxidation of propylene on Pt/γ-Al2O3. J Catal 53: 366-373.

7. Mackinson FW, Stricoff RS, Partridge LJ, Little AD (1981) Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 81-123, Washington, DC, U.S.

8. Djohan D, Yu J, Connell D, Christensen E (2007) Health risk assessment of chlorobenzenes in the air of residential houses using probabilistic techniques. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70: 1594-1603.

9. Ogata M, Taguchi T, Hirota N, Shimada Y, Nakae S (1991) Quantitation of urinary chlorobenzene metabolites by HPLC: Concentrations of 4-chlorocatechol andchlorophenols in urine and of chlorobenzene in biological specimens of subjects exposed to chlorobenzene. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 63: 121-128.

10. NIH (2008)National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. CAM Basics. Publication 347.

11. Rae A (2006) Quantum Physics: A beginner's guide. One world publications.

12. Thomas AH (2012) Hidden in plain sight: The simple link between relativity and quantum mechanics. Swansea, UK.

13. Trivedi MK, Bhardwaj Y, Patil S, Shettigar H, Bulbule A (2009) Impact of an external energy on Enterococcus faecalis [ATCC-51299] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-an experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 5: 119-130.

14. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Staphylococcus epidermis [ATCC-13518] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions-an experimental study. J Accord Integr Med 4: 230-235.

15. Trivedi MK, Patil S (2008) Impact of an external energy on Yersinia enterocolitica [ATCC-23715] in relation to antibiotic susceptibility and biochemical reactions: An experimental study. Internet J Alternat Med 6: 13.

16. Shinde V, Sances F, Patil S, Spence A (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and yield of lettuce and tomato. Aust J Basis Appl Sci 6: 100-105.

17. Sances F, Flora E, Patil S, Spence A, Shinde V (2013) Impact of biofield treatment on ginseng and organic blueberry yield. Agrivita J Agric Sci 35: 22-29.

18. Lenssen AW (2013) Biofield and fungicide seed treatment influences on soybean productivity, seed quality and weed community. Agricultural Journal 8: 138-143.

19. Altekar N, Nayak G (2015) Effect of biofield treatment on plant growth and adaptation. J Environ Health Sci 1: 1-9.

20. Patil SA, Nayak GB, Barve SS, Tembe RP, Khan RR (2012) Impact of biofield treatment on growth and anatomical characteristics of Pogostemon cablin (Benth.). Biotechnology 11: 154-162.

21. Trivedi MK, Tallapragada RR (2008) A transcendental to changing metal powder characteristics. Met Powder Rep 63: 22-28.

22. Dabhade VV, Tallapragada RR, Trivedi MK (2009) Effect of external energy on atomic, crystalline and powder characteristics of antimony and bismuth powders. Bull Mater Sci 32: 471-479.

23. Trivedi MK, Nayak G, Patil S, Tallapragada RM, Latiyal O (2015) Studies of the atomic and crystalline characteristics of ceramic oxide nano powders after bio field treatment. Ind Eng Manage 4: 161.

24. Pavia DL, Lampman GM, Kriz GS (2001) Introduction to spectroscopy. (3rdedn), Thomson learning, Singapore.

25. Rashidi AM, Amadeh A (2009) The effect of saccharin addition and bath temperature on the grain size of nanocrystalline nickel coatings. Surf Coat Technol 204: 353-358.

26. Gusain D, Srivastava V, Singh VK, Sharma YC (2014) Crystallite size and phase transition demeanor of ceramic steel. Mater Chem Phys 145: 320-326.

27. Moore J (2010) Chemistry: The molecular science (4thedn) Brooks Cole.

28. Trivedi MK, Patil S, Tallapragada RM (2013) Effect of biofield treatment on the physical and thermal characteristics of silicon, tin and lead powders. J Material Sci Eng 2: 125.

29. Hellmann M, Bilbo AJ (1953) The preparation of two fluorinated p-dihalobenzenes. J Am Chem Soc 75: 4590.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Physical, Thermal and Spectroscopic Studies on Biofield Treated p-Dichlorobenzene

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
1 Trivedi Global Inc., 10624 S Eastern Avenue Suite A-969, Henderson, NV 89052, USA 2 Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt. Ltd., Hall-A, Chinar Mega Mall, Chinar Fortune City, Hoshangabad Rd., Bhopal- 462026, Madhya Pradesh, India *Corresponding Author: Snehasis Jana Trivedi Science Research Laboratory Pvt.