# data[].attributes.body
Whole theory comes down to audience positioning...

Mulvey believes that the perspective used in Hollywood narrative cinema is a heterosexual male one. Films are about 'men' looking at 'women'. Women are reduced to an object. Men assume a position of power.

Laura Mulvey suggests that cinema is a way for males to dominate women in society.

# data[].attributes.body
Is a set of accepted rules that govern visual communication. They were developed by man and have been used by man. Representational bias, occurs because through tradition these techniques that have come to dominate Hollywood film making.

# data[].attributes.body
Mulvey sees these rules as social oppression, if these films take place through the act of film making then it perpetuates negative portrayals of women. Her biggest concern is "how to fight the unconscious structured like a language while still caught within the language of patriarchy," Mulvey wants to create "A new language of desire"

Mulvey is a Freudian theorist, she says,
Men have a castratian anxiety and degrade women in imagery/story telling.

Women are forced to conform to by using or wearing objects of oppression (forced upon women) which are used to "replace" the missing phallus (cigarets, launderay, stilettos, a dress etc)

If the female character doesn't conform she will be punished or save by the male character (ROM COM)

# data[].attributes.body
A film about a character (like Rey in Star Wars) who defy's sexual objectification but doesn't fall into being a Mary Sue.

# data[].attributes.body
"Oedipus was a greek man who wanted to kill his father and marry his mother"

Penis = Power

"Women do the same opposite, to kill their mother to marry their father"

This means Men take over in power and women who don't have power/a penis, will take it from a man (sexual motivations).

# data[].attributes.body
Freud’s life work was dominated by his attempts to find ways of penetrating this often subtle and elaborate camouflage that obscures the hidden structure and processes of personality.

Freud was the founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and also a theory which explains human behavior.

Psychoanalysis is often known as the talking cure. Typically Freud would encourage his patients to talk freely (on his famous couch) regarding their symptoms and to describe exactly what was on their mind.

# data[].attributes.body
He theorised audiences can make a different in readings:
- Preferred
- Negotiated
- Oppositional

Hegemony:
{Representations of Ethnicites - Minority Cultures} Limited Good Representations in Film
e.g. Young Black American men are portrayed usually as gangsters and drug dealers (Example L.A. Noire Portrays 1930's black men as liars and drug peddlers)
Black men are less likely to go into media due to these portrayals.

# data[].attributes.headline
The Producer Encodes a Meaning into their Text/Media Products.

# data[].attributes.subject
The Producer Encodes a Meaning into their Text/Media Products.

# data[].attributes.body
Use their cultural background to understand/decode the text and choose to take bits that fit with their lifestyle

# data[].attributes.body
The audience rejects the media product and go against it's views.

# data[].attributes.body
People accept the text's message.

# data[].attributes.body
Talked this morning with my mum about how the radio only play either songs from last month or songs from the 70's to 80's. This is because the people who run the radio and choose the songs are in their 50's and 40's meaning there isn't a young person to represent the modern generations (1990 to 2017)

# data[].attributes.body
https://youtu.be/Qt5MjBlvGcY

# data[].attributes.body
1. Summarise the theory in 150 words...
This is the media feed the audience a message(s) to influence the audience itself.

- Passive Audience - They seem to not question anything, usually, that the media feeds them.
- Active Audience - More opinionated and seem strong-willed about their opinions.

2. When was the theory created?
The theory was created in the 1920s and 1930s.

3. Are the audience active or passive?
Passive, the audience do not question the message.

Passive Audience - They seem to not question anything, usually, that the media feeds them.
Active Audience - More opinionated and seem strong-willed about their opinions.

4. What effects does the theory predict? How will people behave?
That the audience are submissive and accept the message, never questioning if it's true or false. It suggests people are merely insects flying into a mosquito zapper, not questioning the dangers the light holds.

5. What are the problems associated with this theory?
Most of the public aren't submissive and don't accept the message, they question and learn to understand it in a new light.

# data[].attributes.body
1. Summarise the theory in 150 words..
Blumer and Katz's uses and gratifications theory suggests that media users contribute and have an active role I'm the media.

2. When was the theory created? 1974.

3. Are the audience active or passive?
Active, the audience discuss and question the message instead of simply accepting it.

4. What effects does the theory predict? How will people behave?
That the audience question their choices and discuss with one and other about if its right or wrong.

5. What are the problems accciated with this theory? Some people such as younger viewers find it difficult to form their own opinion and not give in to the hypodermic theory.

# data[].attributes.body
- Discuss the history of film production/editing and technological developments
- Research a range of film editing and production techniques
- Define continuity editing and discuss how it might be used by editors
- Define 'montage' and discuss how it might be used by editors
- Compile an electronic resource (padlet) to camera/filming techniques
- Identify and describe camera work/technique
- Identify issues of representation in editing (gender)

# data[].attributes.body
1. What part of the production process does an editor work in?
Post-Production.

2. What tasks do editors do? Put the clips into coherent scenes, lighting tint to give the film a specific feel in post, cut scenes that don't fit in coherency or for the limited time, Shot log

3. How much does an editor get paid?  £1000 to £2000.

4. What qualifications and skills do you need? College Education, storyboarding skills to know how to make a coherent scene.

5. E.D.L = Edit Decision List.

# data[].attributes.body
OLD FILM EDITING WAS JUST GETTING THE STRIP, CUTIN OUT THE SCENES YOU WANT REMOVED AND TAPING IT BACK TOGETHER.

# data[].attributes.headline
LINEAR EDITING...When things have to be done in order...

# data[].attributes.subject
LINEAR EDITING...When things have to be done in order...

# data[].attributes.body
Pre 1950, moving images recorded to film and use projectors.

Post 1950, in 1951 the first video the recorder var captured live images from television camera by converting the informations into electrical impulses and saving

1990's and today,

# data[].attributes.body
recording the video you took previously in the order you want.

# data[].attributes.body
The art of editing is to make yourself disappear, so the audience is enthralled in the film and forget the editor is even there. This is called Continuity Editing.

# data[].attributes.body
Continuity editing is the most common style of film editing. The purpose of continuity editing is to create the illusion of smooth continuous action and helps to keep the audiences’ attention to the story. The viewer will not notice the transition between shots.

Non-continuity editing is when shots are mismatched to disrupt the impression of time and space. This draws the audiences’ attention to the process of cutting and disturbs the illusion of ‘reality’. An example is the use of flash backs.

# data[].attributes.body
parallel editing, is cutting between tow or more separate scenes that are happening at the same time in the story.

Elliptical editing, is a type of editing that cuts unnecessary actions from a sequence. This means the sequence is shorter than real time and so doesn't last as long. This can be a positive because if a scene last (for example) a few hours it would cut it down to only a few minutes. However it does have to be done properly or it would look too much like jump cuts and might start to get confusing for the audience.

Link to http://bca2media2013group3.blogspot.co.uk/2012/10/elliptical-editing.html

# data[].attributes.body
What is continuity editing? Why do we use it? Continuity editing is a system of cutting used to maintain continuous and clear narrative action by following a set of rules:
There must be an; establishing shot, reverse shot, 180 degree rule, 30 degree rule, cross cutting, match on action, eyeliner match, and a re-establishing shot.
The benefits of this style of editing are that the narrative has structure, the shot sequences flow seamlessly into each other, and it makes it easy to watch the film.

What is a jump cut? Who has used the effect? A jump cut is where two succession from the exact same angle causing the footage to almost jump forward in time. Psycho has used the effect during the shower scene murder to make the kill less expected and more jarring.

What is montage? What different types are there? What effect does montage produce? Montage is a compilation of fragmented clips and audio to produce a new scene, that serves to cut down time. Usually used for flashback scenes to cut down on multiple scenes and establish connections, Travel Montages e.g. Indiana Jones flying across the globe, and the infamous Training Montage from Rocky.

What is linear editing? Linear video editing is a video editing post-production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined, ordered sequence.
What does non linear editing mean? Nonlinear narrative, disjointed narrative or disrupted narrative is a narrative technique.
When did digital editing become the norm?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of non linear editing?

# data[].attributes.body
Reverse storyboarding is a technique for studying how a film, animation, or video was constructed by the film-makers.  You start with the completed film/animation/video.  Then, shot by shot, you sketch storyboard panels to illustrate and analyze what is happening in each shot.

# data[].attributes.headline
Analysing 30 secs of the opening of, Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark...

# data[].attributes.subject
Analysing 30 secs of the opening of, Indiana Jones Raiders of the Lost Ark...

# data[].attributes.body
Key Light: On Idol/Focus point is Indiana jones face and the idol.

Fill light: Gives the rest of the temple lighting to show of the set.

Back Light: Gives the impression of the sunlight from the ceiling falling onto Indiana's hat and shoulders.

# data[].attributes.headline
KEY LIGHTING, FILL LIGHTING AND BACK LIGHTING

# data[].attributes.subject
KEY LIGHTING, FILL LIGHTING AND BACK LIGHTING

# data[].attributes.body
Public Ownership: Where tax's/ a license fee goes into paying for the property e.g. BBC. The public have their say since everyone has a piece of ownership through the tax but in the negative side some people won't want to pay the tax to pay for it.

Private Ownership: Where a company owns the property e.g. ITV. Meaning the company has all rights to it and can choose what they want but it also can mean too much work and/or too much power.

# data[].attributes.body
A part or portion of a larger amount which is divided among a number of people, or to which a number of people contribute.

# data[].attributes.body
An amount of money paid by an individual or business to a government agency for the privilege of performing a certain service or engaging in a certain line of business. What Happens when you don't pay or register as not needing a tv license?TV Licensing has a policy to visit some addresses reported as not needing a licence. If you’re found to be watching TV illegally you risk being prosecuted and fined up to £1,000.

# data[].attributes.body
Founded: 1920
Owners: The British Public
(40p a day in License Fee)
Revenue: £4.963 billion
Net Worth: £59 million
Public Ownership
Funded By: Public Tax's

# data[].attributes.body
Founded: 1955
Owners: Independent Television Companies Association
Revenue: £452 million
Net Worth: £3,064 million
Private Ownership
Funded By: Advertisements

# data[].attributes.body
Founded: 1982
Owners: Channel Four Television Corporation and The British Public
Revenue: £938 Million
Net Income: £38.6 Million
Public Ownership
Funded By: Advertisements

# data[].attributes.headline
Local Media Company Research - Mansfield 103.2

# data[].attributes.subject
Local Media Company Research - Mansfield 103.2

# data[].attributes.body
Founded: 1999
Owners:

Murfin Music International (Muff Murfin)

Private Ownership

Funded By: Advertisements

# data[].attributes.headline
Analysing The Opening Sounds Of Apocalypse Now...

# data[].attributes.subject
Analysing The Opening Sounds Of Apocalypse Now...

# data[].attributes.body
- The music gives out a somber feeling due to the slow guitar and song lyrics.
- He's remembering his time in Vietnam, the noises from the room e.g. the fan remind him of his time there.
- The helicopter noise fade in and fade out matches the beat of the music.
- The soundtrack adds to the scene by showing us more emotion, without sound it's a lot more sad and shows more of the horror of war. The song in a way contradicts that despite it's lyrics; the guitar playing a slow and meaningful tune, whilst the singer is singing a somber song about how his time is up.
The song is dated and sounds similar to White Rabbit, a song from the 70's, dating the film setting and song to the 70's.
- Instruments:
*Tambourine = Yellow Smoke
*Whooshing sound that fades in and out = Helicopter

# data[].attributes.body
What is Foley? Foley is the reproduction of everyday sound effects that are added to film, video, and other media in post-production to enhance audio quality. These reproduced sounds can be anything from the swishing of clothing and footsteps to squeaky doors and breaking glass.

What Do They Do? They Recreate sounds from a scene to enhance the film's audio quality.
What Tools Do They Use? Every day objects or specific objets to recreate sounds e.g. a horse trotting = Two coconuts.

What Qualifications Do They Need? There’s no set educational path for a Foley artist, but some come to the profession after a diploma or other qualification in audio production or recording arts.

How Much Do They Get Paid? £31.61

# data[].attributes.body
Sound Space...
Diegetic and Non-Diegetic: Diegetic is sound whose source is visible on the screen or whose source is implied to be present by the action of the film. Where as Sound whose source is neither visible on the screen nor has been implied to be present in the action.
Ambient: Ambient sound is background sounds, which are present in a scene or location.

Synchronous/Asynchronous Sound: Synchronous sound is sound that is matched to certain movements occurring in the scene e.g when footsteps correspond to feet walking. Asynchronous sounds match the action being performed however is not precisely synchronised with the action.

Music...
Soundtrack: Several songs that play throughout a film or show.
Score: The original music written specifically to accompany a film.
Incidental Music: Music used in a film or play as a background to create or enhance a particular atmosphere.
Theme music: Theme music is a piece that is often written specifically for a radio program, television program, video game or movie, and usually played during the intro, opening credits and/or ending credits.
Sound/Musical Motifs: Musical fragment or succession of notes that has some special importance in or is characteristic of a composition. e.g. Darth Vader - Star Wars.

Sound Effects...
Background music: Music in the background to makes atmosphere.
Foley sounds: sounds that are made by

Dialogue...
Voice-over: It is the voice of an unseen narrator.

Mode of address: How the media speaks to the audience (e.g. 1st and 3rd person)

Direct Address: When direct terms are used in speech (e.g, you)

Accent: a distinctive way of pronouncing a langauge

Tone: a musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch.

Rhythm: a repeated sound pattern.

Overlapping dialogue: where there is dialogue or noise coming from two locations at once.

Sound Editing Transitions...
Fade In:
Fade Out:
Sound Bridges:
Edit on the beat:
Edit on the cut:

Audio Effects...
Reverberation:
Delay:
Distortion:
Echo:
Wet mix:
Dry mix:

# data[].attributes.body
There's a joke in the Simpsons where Homer asks why their using a cow instead of a horse for a film and the film guy goes, "Doesn't look like a horse on film."

# data[].attributes.body
What is Graphic Design? Visual communication:
- Camera Work
- Colour Choice
- Font
- Actions
- Menu
- UI
- Character Design
- Animation

Three Good Interface Design Features:
- Clear Visuals (Less about mechanics and more natural progression and common sense)
- Keeping to the theme (The style of stranger things uses the same font style as Steven King's book, doing it to the 1980's. Keep the colour scheme and style matching accordingly to the show or game.)
- Fitting UI (In a game having diegetic UI is a plus e.g. Fallout (where the pip boy is your inventory. Also contrast is a god send, the issue everyone had with fallout 3 and New Vegas was the colours looked the same desert mud colour and it stopped contrast. Then fallout 4 came along and made it too bright taking away any bit of horror the game had. A good mix of the two would be keeping the bright blue contrasting suit and shiny weapons but keep the environment dusty and war torn for the original good atmosphere.)

Three Bad Interface Design Features:
- Bad Menu Layout (Clunky, where every option is fighting for your attention like a popup)
- Bad typography (Through using consistent spacing in letters, fonts and colour choices it makes a game look neater and much smoother. Also keep the framing at the same size, it's jarring seeing a film or game go from one screen size to a different screen size.)
- Messy (The style for a bad menu is when it isn't; relative, is messy, has bad place and all the above, LOOKS TOO BUSY AND PACKED)

LINK TO THE VIDEO
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bE_ZuNp1CTI

# data[].attributes.body
First person: View point from the main character e.g. Someone recalling the details of a story from their view.
An excellent version of this is in Batman The Animated Series when three cops are arguing about recalling the details of seeing Batman. One believes he's a menace, one was amazed but terrified, the other wants to solve the case and thinks he's trying to too. In games such as gtav you can view the world from the characters view as if your in the game.

Third person: An outsider looking into a story. e.g. We the audience watching a film, another version of this is story based games where you can play as several characters e.g. TellTale's The Walking Dead, you may mainly play as Lee but the view isn't from his it's an outside camera like your with them. A film example of this is in Pulp Fiction where the camera moves with the two main guys and you feel like your joining their crime and fun time.

Scrolling: In which you you can expand upon the world via a map and scroll to look at certain places e.g. Skyrim's map. OR the world moves alongside the main character e.g. Super Mario

Aerial: A high view point where you can scroll and see the world e.g. Sim or Sims City.

Context-Sensitive: Ability of a computer 'Help' program to provide clarification or suggestions on the basis of the user's position in the application program (when the help function is invoked) e.g. When you approach the edge of the world in Fallout or Skyrim to prevent you from going into an invisible wall.

# data[].attributes.body
• Sizing:
- Image Manipulation = Photo manipulation involves transforming or altering a photograph using various methods and techniques to achieve desired results.- effects.
- Juxtapositions = Two things being seen or placed close together with a contrasting effect.

• Design Elements:
- Line = Line also communicates emotion and states of mind through its character and direction. The variations of meaning generally relate to our bodily experience of line and direction.
- - Horizontal line suggests a feeling of rest or repose.
- - Vertical lines communicate a feeling of loftiness and spirituality.
- - Diagonal lines suggest a feeling of movement or direction.
- - Horizontal and vertical lines in combination communicate stability and solidity.
- - Deep, acute curves, on the other hand, suggest confusion, turbulence, even frenzy, as in the violence of waves in a storm, the chaos of a tangled thread, or the turmoil of lines suggested by the forms of a crowd.
- - Curved lines do vary in meaning, however. Soft, shallow curves suggest comfort, safety, familiarity, relaxation.
- Shape = In a image the shape of an object to make it 3D instead of 2D can be achieved via lighting and contrast. If you look up at my notes, you can see how lighting can change a scene's shape. If you talk about animation or drawings, shape is achieved via lines and curves fitting the mood and main piece of the scene.
- Direction = The direction of the main focus and the placement of the camera can add exponentially to a scene e.g. seeing a main characters emotions in an intense moment where you feel empathy for them, or showing the surroundings of the scene. But it can also take away from a moment if the wrong focus is given during a characters scene e.g. focusing on the environment rather than the character (Scenery chewing) or having not placing focus on the environment when introducing a new location.
- Size = Size can be manipulated in editing and during a scene. You can put a character close to the camera to enhance their size and make them more imposing with low shots or have someone seem meek, pathetic and small via low shots. Size is important when establishing a character. Take example if your writing a relatable main protagonist, if he's too tall he's imposing but if he's too small then he's too weak to cheer on.
- Texture = Texture is the quality of an object which we sense through touch. It exists as a literal surface we can feel, but also as a surface we can see, and imagine the sensation might have if we felt it. Texture can also be portrayed in an image, suggested to the eye which can refer to our memories of surfaces we have touched.
- -
- -
- -
- -

- Colour =
- 2D =
- 3D =

• Design Principles:
- Balance Alignment =
- Repetition =
- Contrast =
- Space =

• Page Layout:
- Font =
- Hierarchy of Type =
- Typography =
- White space =

• Page Composition:
- Consistency =
- Visual Hierarchy =

# data[].attributes.body
Why didn't purple hair tell Poe or anyone that Leia gave orders to leave.

Why did Leia and her have to degrade him for trying to make the right call.

Poe was trying to help there's no need to treat him so poorly.

We talk about women being in high power and how thats a positive but it feels as though Poe has turned into Leia's character from the original trilogy, helping but not having control.