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Published A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792. disagreeing with Rousseau's idea that women's education should be secondary to men's. She thought women should be taught the same as men so they could become useful, and should be in the same positions as men in medicine and politics.

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A philosophe is the French word for philosopher. It is what social critics came to be known as in France.

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Rousseau was committed to individual freedom. He had many ideas like Locke, but his idea of a democracy was broader than Locke's. He strongly disagreed with many Enlightenment thinkers. He thought that civilization corrupts people, and that "Man is born free." He felt that the only good government is the one freely governed by the people and guided by society. This idea was the idea of a direct democracy. He wrote about his ideas in The Social Contract. His views of the social contract differ from Hobbes's views because Hobbes's social contract was an agreement between the people and government, where Rousseau's social contract was an agreement between free individuals to create a society.

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Devoted to political liberty. He believed that Britain's government was the best in Europe. The power was divided among different branches, and Montesquieu called it the separation of powers. He oversimplified the government though because it was not actually separated in the way he thought. He published a book about how the British government kept one person from becoming too powerful, and how power should be a check to power.

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With the pen name Voltaire, François Marie Arouet  was one of the most influencial philosophers of the Enlightenment. He published over 70 books criticizing his opponents using satire mainly against the clergy, aristocracy, and government, before going to jail twice. He was exiled to England for two years after his second time in jail, but continued to fight for what he believed.
“I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.” - Voltaire.

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A time of political controversy and change. Consisted of characters such as Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Voltaire. they wrote about their feelings about the government, and how they thought it should run. They were very influential and caused lots of controversy among people.

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He had a view of people that was much more positive than Hobbes's. He believed all people could learn from experience and improve themselves from it. He thought that humans had the right to look after their welfare of society. He criticized Hobbes's absolute monarchy and favored self-government. He believed all humans were born with the rights life, liberty, and property. He said that the purpose of a government is to protect these rights, and if they fail, have the right to be overthrown.

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Created by Thomas Hobbes it is

the idea that people agreed on a person to govern their community. Hobbes thought that an absolute monarchy would be the best form of government because he thought of people as acting in bad ways, and needed one powerful person to watch over them all.

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Believed that all humans were wicked at nature, and published the Leviathan in 1651 expressing these emotions. He believed that all people should be governed by a powerful leader to keep themselves from killing each other. He called the agreement on a government by the people a social contract. He believed that best form of government was an absolute monarchy because people acted on their own accord, and needed a person with complete power.

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Created by Isaac Newton it states that every object in the universe is effected equally by the same attracting force, and that force's power is determined by mass and distance from another object.

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A mathematician who studied Brahe's works and concluded that mathematical laws governed planetary motion. One of the laws said that planets rotated around the sun in eliptical patterns instead of perfect circles. His work proved that Copernicus's ideas were true.

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A second century Greek astronomer and mathematician who created the idea of the geocentric theory. His theories caused a lot of controversy and argument among scholars. The geocentric theory lasted for about another 1400 years despite the arguments. Many of his ideas, including the geocentric theory were expanded upon by Aristotle, another controversial person of his time.

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Created the idea of the heliocentric theory but did not publish his works until 1543 only a couple years before his death because he was worried the clergy and most scholars wouldn't believe him since his works didn't completely describe how the planets orbited the way they did.

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A logical procedure of gathering and collecting ideas. It is how scientists conduct experiments. First comes a question, or problem from observing. Then scientists predict what they think will happen, or create a hypothesis which is then tested and data is gathered to form the final conclusion which either confirms or proves the hypothesis wrong. It was first developed from Bacon and Descartes who perfected it.

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An English scientist that brought together the theories and discoveries of Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo under one theory of motion. Came up with the law of universal gravitation which stated that all things in the universe were all effected equally by the same force, gravity which extended from everything. How strong the pull is depends on the objects mass and distance from another object. He explained the Universe as a great piece of clockwork that could be explained mathematically, but also believed that god, the almighty clockmaker, made the universe and set everything into motion.

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An Italian astronomer who expanded on the newly created theories of astronomy. He heard of a Dutch astronomer who made a telescope, so he made his own and used it to study the stars. In 1610 he published Starry Messenger listing and explaining his discoveries that shattered Aristotle's ideas.

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The theory that the sun is in the center of the galaxy. It is said that an 8th century muslim but they didn't have enough proof to make anyone believe it. It was later proposed by Nicholas Copernicus who had enough evidence to prove it.

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A period from 1600-1700s when many great scientists like Galileo, Newton, and Copernicus questioned Aristotle's and other old theories and discovered most of them were wrong.

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The theory that the Earth is at the center of the Universe. First It was thought this because everything looked like it moved around the the Earth. This was later proven incorrect by Copernicus.