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1. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5402930_Studies_on_Bacillus_subtilis_and_Lactobacillus_acidophilus_as_potential_probiotics_on_the_immune_response_and_resistance_of_Tilapia_nilotica_Oreochromis_niloticus_to_challenge_infections

2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC99697/

3.
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1050464808000831

4. http://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements/acidophilus/evidence/hrb-20058615

5.
http://pennstatehershey.adam.com/content.aspx?productId=107&pid=33&gid=000310

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the binary fission process diaagram

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This is a chart of how many bacteria would be in a colony over the course of one day, if each bacterium split every twenty minutes for an entire day.  On the y axis, it shows the numbers in scientific notation, a common way of showing large numbers.  At the end of 24 hours, there would be4,722,366,482,869,650,000,000, or 4.7 x 1021 bacteria in the colony.”

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This is a chart of how many bacteria would be in a colony over the course of one day, if each bacterium split every twenty minutes for an entire day.  On the y axis, it shows the numbers in scientific notation, a common way of showing large numbers.  At the end of 24 hours, there would be4,722,366,482,869,650,000,000, or 4.7 x 1021 bacteria in the colony.”

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Lactobacillus acidophilus reproduces using binary fission, a type of asexual reproduction.  Binary fission causes the bacterium to double its contents (DNA replicates), the daughter chromosomes moves to opposite poles, cell wall begins to divide, cytoplasm is divided and new cell walls are created, then binary fusion is complete with two separate daughter cells. It is the primary form of reproduction for all bacteria, and can increase the population of the colonies very quickly because each generation doubles. 

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Lactobacillus acidophilus reproduces using binary fission, a type of asexual reproduction.  Binary fission causes the bacterium to double its contents (DNA replicates), the daughter chromosomes moves to opposite poles, cell wall begins to divide, cytoplasm is divided and new cell walls are created, then binary fusion is complete with two separate daughter cells. It is the primary form of reproduction for all bacteria, and can increase the population of the colonies very quickly because each generation doubles. 

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Lactobacillus acidophilus is best known as a probiotic. They can grow optimally between 30°C to 40°C. L. acidophilus commonly inhabit the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, oral and vaginal regions of humans and animals.The suggested mechanisms responsible for the probiotic eff ect of L. acidophilus is adherence and colonization. Adherence and colonization of the intestinal epithelium can act in 2 ways:
1. Interaction with enterocytes.
2. Competition for space.

L. acidophilus has been suggested as a supplement for lactose intolerant, when taken orally in sufficient dosages, there is evidence for a decrease in symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This microbacteria that present in yoghurt can colonize the oral cavity because they are able to adhere to enamel. Next, it is known that L. acidophilus is already present in the vagina of healthy women and important in maintaining pH, they also protect against the 'bad' bacteria that cause disease. In GI tract, as a probiotic bacteria it has the potential to influence the existing microbial population in favor of the host's health. Presumably, the L. acidophilus colonizes the GI tract and contributes to the metabolism of lactose digestion and transit through the GI tract.

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1.0   Largest genus of lactic acid bacteria group
--> largest genus over 50 species of    lactic acid bacteria group

2.0   Commercially distributed as probiotic
-->  WHO defines probiotic as live microorganism which,when administered in adequate amounts,confer a health benefit on the host

3.0   Play important roles in industry
-->  contribute in production of various type of cheese,yogurt and many more.
-->  Lactobacilli that was produced inhibit the growth of other organisms ,then lowered the pH of the products
-->   their metabolic end products contribute the flavor of final food product
-->   some of their metabolic reaction intentionally manipulated to breakdown milk protein during cheese production

4.0   Promote beneficial effect on host
-->   it limits the growth of undesirable microorganisms
-->   it also modulate the immune system of the host

5.0   Homofermantative
-->   it promotes sugar into lactic acids
-->   then, lactic acid will lowers the pH of products

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Lactobacillus acidophilus is a homofermentative lactic acid bacteria (LAB) which produce lactic acid as the primary by-product from glucose fermentation.
It grows in anaerobic condition and under pH <3.5.
Since this microbe lacks of cytochromes, porphyrins and respiratory enzymes, it is unable to undergo respiration or oxidative phosphorylation.
Lactobacillus acidophilus is mostly found in high sugar abundance (ex: GI tract in humans & animals) due to its utilization of sugar substrates such as aesculin, cellobiose, galactose, lactose, maltose, salicin, sucrose, glucose and trehalose.
In addition to that, for 1 glucose molecule fermented will results in 2 ATPs of energy yield. Therefore, to generate sufficient energy for their growth, large amounts of substrate needed to be catabolize.
Apart from that, the sugar transport system is sugar-specific and carried out by PEP-PTS and permease system.

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Cell wall type:
Cell wall consists four important components include peptidoglycan, teichoic acids, S-layer, and polysaccharides. Peptidoglycan (murein) is an essential and specific component of the L. acidophilus cell wall (like othe Gram positive bacteria).  It is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane.

Endospore presence:
It is a nonspore forming organism because of the family Lactobacillaceae.

(Lactobacillus sp.)

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Size :
0.5-1.2 micrometers by 1.0-10.0 micrometers.

Shape:
consists of rods with rounded ends

Gram stain:
according to Bergey's manual. L. acidophillus, as well as all members of its genus, are Gram-positive.

Grouping:
This microorganism , "Lacto" means milk and "bacillus" means rod like. Acidophillus means it is acid loving.

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JOURNAL 4            Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

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JOURNAL 4            Effect of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 and Lactobacillus casei in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea

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Antibiotic-associated diarrhea is an important problem in hospitalized patients. The main objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy and safety of a fermented milk combining Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei that is widely available in Canada, in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea.Among 89 randomized patients, antibiotic-associated diarrhea occurred in seven of 44 patients (15.9%) in the lactobacilli group and in 16 of 45 patients (35.6%) in the placebo group (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.125 to 0.944; P=0.05). The median hospitalization duration was eight days in the lactobacilli group, compared with 10 days in the placebo group (P=0.09). Overall, the lactobacilli-fermented milk was well tolerated.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658588/

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Lactobacillus acidophilus

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Popplet is the best app for sharing visual ideas.

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JOURNAL 3      Influence of Micro-Encapsulated Probiotic Lactobacillusacidophilus R0052 on the Characteristics of Plain Yogurt 

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JOURNAL 3      Influence of Micro-Encapsulated Probiotic Lactobacillusacidophilus R0052 on the Characteristics of Plain Yogurt 

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Micro-encapsulation is a method of providing probiotic living cells with a physical barrier against adverse environmental conditions.  Lactobacillus acidophilus is one of the most effective forms of probiotic bacteria and is commercially available as pure culture and encapsulated form. The objective was to determine the influence of micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus on the characteristics of fat free plain yogurt.  Yogurts with micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus R0052 had significantly (P < 0.05) higher flavor scores, compared to yogurts with non micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus R0052. The L. acidophilus counts, apparent viscosity, pH and syneresis, of the yogurts with micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus R0052 were not significantly (P < 0.05) different from those of the yogurts with non micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus R0052. Use of micro-encapsulated L. acidophilus R0052 resulted in better tasting yogurts probably because of the taste imparted by the trace amounts of the micro-encapsulating material.
http://file.scirp.org/pdf/AiM20120300021_23015157.pdf

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JOURNAL 2             Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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JOURNAL 2             Effect of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium lactis on lipid profile in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

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Probiotic yogurt improved total cholesterol and LDL-C concentrations in type 2 diabetic people and may contribute to the improvement of cardiovascular disease risk factors.. In a randomized double-blind controlled trial, 60 people (23 males and 37 females) with type 2 diabetes and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) greater than 2.6 mmol/L were assigned to 2 groups. Participants consumed daily 300 g of probiotic yogurt containing Lactobacillus acidophilus La5 and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 or 300 g of conventional yogurt for 6 wk. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements and 3-d, 24-h dietary recalls were collected at the baseline and at the end of the trial. Probiotic yogurt consumption caused a 4.54% decrease in total cholesterol and a 7.45% decrease in LDL-C compared with the control group. No significant changes from baseline were shown in triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in the probiotic group.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-4128

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4. Two methods Motility Test
4.1 First Method- Hanging-drop wet method:
the slide is observed under a light microscope with 40x magnification to check the motility of the bacteria
4.2 Carigie's Technique
The bacteria is inoculated into the centre of a tube having motility medium using stabbing method. the medium is incubated at two different temperatures of 25 degrees celcius and 37 degree celcius for 48 hours. the Motility of the bacteria is inferren by observing the spreading growth in the incubated semisolid agar.

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3. Gram Staining Test
The isolated bacteria is examined using gram staining kit according to Collins and colleagues technique and is observed under light microscope with a magnification of 1000x.

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JOURNAL 1 Lactobacillus acidophilus Alleviates Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

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JOURNAL 1 Lactobacillus acidophilus Alleviates Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells

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Lactobacillus acidophilus, an important gut commensal, counteracted PAF induction of Bcl10-dependent NF-κB activation and IL-8 production in intestinal epithelial NCM460 and Caco-2 cells.Model below showing mechanisms implicated in alleviating PAF-induced NF-κB activation and IL-8 production in IECs by LA-derived soluble factors.
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0075664

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2. Catalese Test
- To perform this test, a single isolated colony was streaked on the glass slide and one drop of 3% hyrdogen peroxide was added on it. the efferverscence of oxygen indicated the positive response of the bacteria to catalese test.

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* Lactobacillus - a probiotic bacteria found in yogurt - can reverse depression symptoms and anxiety in mice, UVA researchers have determined.
* The researchers have identified a biological process responsible for the effect on mood. Based on this, they believe the findings should hold true in people.

* The researchers were able to induce depression symptoms in mice and then alleviate the symptoms simply by feeding them Lactobacillus.

* The discovery could open the door to new strategies for treating depression - one of the most common psychiatric conditions in the United States - as well as other conditions, such as anxiety.

* "The big hope for this kind of research is that we won't need to bother with complex drugs and side effects when we can just play with the microbiome. It would be magical just to change your diet, to change the bacteria you take, and fix your health - and your mood."

Researchers at the University of Virginia School of Medicine have reversed depression symptoms in mice by feeding them Lactobacillus, a probiotic bacteria found in live-cultures yogurt. Further, they have discovered a specific mechanism for how the bacteria affect mood, providing a direct link between the health of the gut microbiome and mental health.

Based on their findings, the researchers are optimistic that their discovery will hold true in people and are planning to confirm their findings in patients with depression.

"The big hope for this kind of research is that we won't need to bother with complex drugs and side effects when we can just play with the microbiome," explained lead researcher Alban Gaultier, PhD. "It would be magical just to change your diet, to change the bacteria you take, and fix your health - and your mood."

Treating Depression

Depression is one of the most common mental health conditions in the United States, with up to 7 percent of people experiencing a major depressive episode, Gaultier noted. "It's a huge problem and the treatments are not very good, because they come with huge side effects," he said.

The role of the gut microbiome - the bacteria that live inside us - has been of tremendous interest to researchers studying depression and other health conditions, both mental and physical. Gaultier, of the UVA Department of Neuroscience and its Center for Brain Immunology and Glia, set out to see if he could find a concrete link between depression and gut health. "When you're stressed, you increase your chance of being depressed, and that's been known for a long, long time," he said. "So the question that we wanted to ask is, does the microbiome participate in depression?"

The answer appears to be yes. Looking at the composition of the gut microbiome before and after mice were subjected to stress, Gaultier's team found that the major change was the loss of Lactobacillus. With the loss of Lactobacillus came the onset of depression symptoms. Feeding the mice Lactobacillus with their food returned them to almost normal. "A single strain of Lactobacillus," Gaultier observed, "is able to influence mood."

He and his team then went on to determine the mechanism by which Lactobacillus influences depression. They found that the amount of Lactobacillus in the gut affects the level of a metabolite in the blood called kynurenine, which has been shown to drive depression. When Lactobacillus was diminished in the gut, the levels of kynurenine went up - and depression symptoms set in.

"This is the most consistent change we've seen across different experiments and different settings we call microbiome profiles," explained researcher Ioana Marin, a graduate student who is finishing up her PhD. work. "This is a consistent change. We see Lactobacillus levels correlate directly with the behavior of these mice."

Testing in Humans

Gaultier was careful to call the symptoms seen in mice as "depressive-like behavior" or "despair behavior," as mice have no way to communicate that they are feeling depressed. But those symptoms are widely accepted as the best available model for looking at depression in creatures other than humans.

Based on the new findings, Gaultier plans to begin studying the effect in people as soon as possible. He intends to examine the effects of Lactobacillus on depression in patients with multiple sclerosis, a group in which the disorder is common. Promisingly, the same biological substances and mechanisms Lactobacillus uses to affect mood in mice are also seen in humans, suggesting the effect may be the same.

In addition to looking at the effects in people, the researchers are continuing to explore the important role of kynurenine. "There has been some work in humans and quite a bit in animal models talking about how this metabolite, kynurenine, can influence behavior," Marin said. "It's something produced with inflammation that we know is connected with depression. But the question still remains: How? How does this molecule affect the brain? What are the processes? This is the road we want to take."

While there is no harm in people with depression eating yogurt, people receiving treatment for depression should not stop taking their medications without consulting their physicians. More studies, the researchers noted, are needed.

###

For more on this discovery, including answers to questions such as whether the strain of Lactobacillus affects the effect on depression, visit the UVA School of Medicine's research blog, the Making of Medicine, at

Findings Published

The findings have been published online by the scientific journal Scientific Reports. This interdisciplinary study is the product of a collaboration among several laboratories and centers at UVA. The article is the work of Marin, Jennifer E. Goertz, Tiantian Ren, Stephen S. Rich, Suna Onengut-Gumuscu, Emily Farber, Martin Wu, Christopher C Overall, Jonathan Kipnis and Gaultier.

The research was made possible by an initial seed grant from UVA's Office of the Vice President for Research. The work then received financial support from the National Multiple Sclerosis Society and the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Mental Health, grant R21 MH108156.

The finding continues a streak of major discoveries from UVA's Department of Neuroscience that have generated headlines around the world.

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

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Probiotic found in yogurt can reverse depression symptoms, UVA finds

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Researchers have reversed depression symptoms in mice by feeding them Lactobacillus, a probiotic bacteria found in live-cultures yogurt. Further, they have discovered a specific mechanism for how the bacteria affect mood, providing a direct link between the health of the gut microbiome and mental health.

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1. Carbohydrate fermentation test
- Phenol red broth base medium is used as medium. different sugar substrates is added to 100ml of the medium and 5 ml of each mixture is transferred into each tube. for gas detection, durham tube is inserted into the test tube containing glucose. all the tubes are sterilized for 15 mins at 121 Celcius. The reaction of the bacteria is indicated by the changes in the colour of the medium.