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Main structures of the diencephalon include the hypothalamus, thalamus, epithalamus (including the pineal gland), and subthalamus. ... The diencephalon relays sensory information between brain regions and controls many autonomic functions of the peripheral nervous system.

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The pons is part of the brainstem, and in humans and other bipeds lies inferior to the midbrain, superior to the medulla oblongata and anterior to the cerebellum.

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(involuntary) functions ranging from vomiting to sneezing. The medulla contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting and vasomotor centers and therefore deals with the autonomic functions of breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

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the cerebellum plays an important role in motor control, and it may also be involved in some cognitive functions such as attention and language as well as in regulating fear and pleasure responses,[2] but its movement-related functions are the most solidly established

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The brainstem (or brain stem) is the posterior part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata. Sometimes the diencephalon, the caudal part of the forebrain, is included.[1

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It is also key to being able to comprehend, or understand meaningful speech. In fact, we would not be able to understand someone talking to us, if it wasn't for the temporal lobe. This lobe is special because it makes sense of the all the different sounds andpitches (different types of sound) being transmitted from the sensory receptors of the ears.

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the occipital lobe makes sense of visual information so that we are able to understand it. If our occipital lobe was impaired, or injured we would not be able to correctly process visual signals, thus visual confusion would result.

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The parietal lobe is where information such as taste, temperature and touch are integrated, or processed. Humans would not be able to to feel sensations of touch, if the parietal lobe was damaged.

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The frontal lobes are involved in motor function, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior.

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a structure in living tissue that closely envelops another.
"the fatty sheath around nerve fibers"

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In humans there are 31 pairs: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal. Each pair connects the spinal cord with a specific region of the body.

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the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action including at its simplest a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synapse between.

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The spinal cord is located in the vertebral foramen and is made up of 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. A pair of spinal nerves leaves each segment of the spinal cord. The length of the spinal cord is about 45 cm in men and 43 cm in women.

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Axons | Dendrites
Take information away from the cell body | Bring information to the cell body
Have a smooth surface | Have a rough surface
Only one axon per cell | Many dendrites per cell
No ribosome | Have ribosome
Have myelin | No myelin
Branch far from the cell body | Branch near the cell body

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a short branched extension of a nerve cell, along which impulses received from other cells at synapses are transmitted to the cell body.