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Aseptic environments can be achieved by sterilisation

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Aseptic environments can be achieved by sterilisation

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e.g: boiling, radiation, disinfectant, incinerating, autoclaving, dry heat, flamming  and baking.

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Monoculture is the continuous production of one type of crop that is often genetically uniform. Doing this in a large field means harvesting by machinery can be done efficiently. 

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Monoculture is the continuous production of one type of crop that is often genetically uniform. Doing this in a large field means harvesting by machinery can be done efficiently. 

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http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/21c/life_on_earth/biodiversityrev2.shtml

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In the study of microorganisms, a mixed culture is one that contains more than one type of organism growing in a sterile medium

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Colony morphology is a way scientists can identify bacteria

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Colony morphology is a way scientists can identify bacteria

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BACTERIAL COLONY MORPHOLOGY. Bacteria grow on solid media as colonies. A colony is defined as a visible mass of microorganisms all originating from a single mother cell, therefore a colony constitutes a clone of bacteria all genetically alike.

http://delrio.dcccd.edu/jreynolds/microbiology/2421/lab_manual/colony_morph.pdf

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Crystal violet (primary stain)

Iodine solution/Gram's Iodine (mordant that fixes crystal violet to cell wall)

Decolorizer (e.g. ethanol)

Safranin (secondary stain)

Water (preferably in a squirt bottle)

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"

1. Cells are stained with crystal violet dye. Next, a Gram's iodine solution (iodine and potassium iodide) is added to form a complex between the crystal violet and iodine. This complex is a larger molecule than the original crystal violet stain and iodine and is insoluble in water.

2. A decolorizer such as ethyl alcohol or acetone is added to the sample, which dehydrates the peptidoglycan layer, shrinking and tightening it. The large crystal violet-iodine complex is not able to penetrate this tightened peptidoglycan layer, and is thus trapped in the cell in Gram positive bacteria. Conversely, the the outer membrane of Gram negative bacteria is degraded and the thinner peptidoglycan layer of Gram negative cells is unable to retain the crystal violet-iodine complex and the color is lost.

3. A counterstain, such as the weakly water soluble safranin, is added to the sample, staining it red. Since the safranin is lighter than crystal violet, it does not disrupt the purple coloration in Gram positive cells. However, the decolorized Gram negative cells are stained red."

http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/microscopy/gramstain.html

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Chemicls used in gram staining- Applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed smear of a bacterial culture. ... •The addition of iodide, which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell.•Rapid decolorization with ethanol or acetone.•Counterstaining with safranin.

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Chemicls used in gram staining- Applying a primary stain (crystal violet) to a heat-fixed smear of a bacterial culture. ... •The addition of iodide, which binds to crystal violet and traps it in the cell.•Rapid decolorization with ethanol or acetone.•Counterstaining with safranin.

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Free from contamination caused by harmful bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms (surgically sterile or sterilized)

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A staining technique for the identification of bacteria, in which a violet dye is applied, followed by a decolorizing agent and then a red dye. The cell walls of certain bacteria retain the first dye and appear violet, while those that lose it, appear red.

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Colony Morphology- What scientists would be looking for

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Colony Morphology- What scientists would be looking for

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Although bacterial and fungi colonies have many characteristics and some can be rare, there are a few basic elements that you can identify for all colonies:

Form - What is the basic shape of the colony?(circular, filamentous)

Elevation - What is the cross sectional shape of the colony?

Margin - What is the magnified shape of the edge of the colony?

Surface - How does the surface of the colony appear?  (smooth, glistening, rough, dull (opposite of glistening), rugose (wrinkled))

Opacity - How clear is it? transparent (clear), opaque, translucent (almost clear, but distorted vision, like looking through frosted glass), iridescent (changing colors in reflected light), etc.

Chromogenesis- pigmentation

http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_ideas/MicroBio_Interpreting_Plates.shtml