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Right then. Classical conditioning. Stimuli and a response, basically. A situation that clicks in my mind would be best explained in a video game I play. Prepare for a lot of these, because I can find more viable examples in these, and tie that into many people use Video games as testing grounds for scientific and economic theories. I digress- One of the video games I play is called "Call of Duty Ghosts". In it, you're a soldier, who kills people using a variety of tech to achieve some kind of goal. In it, there's a tactical item known as an I.E.D. Well, it works like a trip mine. Walk in front of it, it gives of a loud beep, and then explodes. Now- If you prone (aka fall flat on your character's face) you can dodge the explosion and not die. Here's how it kicks- Every time I hear that beep, I press the button to crouch my character and then therefore dodge the explosion. That being said, I mostly die by some other reason once I prone and dodge the explosion. OH WELL.

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More Terms and Conditions. I'm surprised you've read this far. Most people just click the big "I Accept Button" at the bottom. I digress- Operant conditioning, focuses on voluntary behavior changes for a desired result. An example I come to think of is when I was a child, before I could play the Nintendo, I had to go and do this whole shpiel of things beforehand, and it just became second nature to do everything and then go play. Another example is when I'm at work, and we get bonuses for doing so well (I.E. a free pizza or drink from the boss). So we keep pushing.

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Reinforcement is a way of improving behavior and getting a desired result as a consequence. Two types, positive and negative, something given or taken as a result. A couple of examples that come up that I can think of are playing games. Basically, if you play well, you get shiny medals and bonuses, which is a positive reinforcement. A negative reinforcement is helping you play better by taking away stuff that would be advantageous from all players, and lets you do better without having an advantage. Basically kicking it from ground zero for everyone.

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Punishment, while positive or negative, is the adding or taking away to bring down a behavior. An example of negative punishment would be at work if they let people off early, and not as much work got done because of it. An example of Positive punishment would be if they let people play willy-nilly on their phones while they were on shift. Work obviously wouldn't get done efficiently like it would be if we didn't have our phones. Who would this be punishing in actuality? OUR BOSS.