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In the early 1700's, James Figg, one of England's most famous athletes, introduced modern boxing. In Figg's day, boxing involved a lot of wrestling. Figg insisted on punching instead of wrestling. In 1719, he opened a boxing school in London and began to teach his style of bare-knuckle (or gloveless) fighting.

Figg's boxing rules were brutal. For example, one rule required that boxers continue to fight without rest periods until one man could not go on. In 1743, Jack Broughton, another British boxer, introduced new rules. Under Broughton's rules, a fight ended when one man was knocked down and could not get up within 30 seconds. Broughton's rules became the standard for all bouts. They were known as the London Prize Ring Rules and helped make boxing less savage.

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The Piano (1709)
The Steam Engine (1712)
The Fire Extinguisher (1722)
The Thermometer (1724)
The Dictionary (1755)
Carbonated Water (1767)
The Steam Engine (1769)
The Telegraph (1774)
The Flush Toilet (1775)
The Submarine (1776)
Bi-focal Glasses (1780)
The Hot Air Balloon (1783)
The Guillotine (1789)
Gas Lighting (1792)
The Cotton Gin (1794)
The Soft Drink (1798)
The Battery (1799)

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1791

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RACING REACHED GREAT POPULARITY

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Jane Austen was an English novelist known primarily for her six major novels (Pride & Prejudice; Emma; Sense & Sensibility; Northanger Abbey; Mansfield Park; Persuasion) which critique and comment upon the British landed gentry at the end of the 18th century. Her writing encouraged other women to become writers as well. Many followed in her high-heeled footsteps.

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The Castle of Ursel, Belgium, asked me to make a video about a day in the life of children in the 18th century. The video will be used as an introduction for children's workshops in the castle itself.

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And you thought you were late to school...

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Le Lever - getting dressed in the 18th century

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Fortune telling by using a deck of cards became popular in the 1700's throughout Europe.

Sample meanings/significance of the cards:
Suit: Hearts...

Ace: The home, love, friendship, joy the start of a romance. A love letter.

Two: Success and prosperity. An engagement or partnership.

Three: You need to be cautious. Don't say something you'll regret.

Four: A change, a journey or a move of house/business. A late marriage.

Five: Jealous people around you. Take your time to make any decisions.

Six: Unexpected good luck. Someone helping you out.

Seven: An unfaithful or unreliable person. Broken promises.

Eight: Visits and visitors. Invitations out or attending a party.

Nine: The wish card. Dreams come true.

Ten: Good luck and happiness.

Jack: A close friend or a good-natured, fair-haired youth.

Queen: A kindly fair-haired woman.

King: A good-natured, fair-haired man. Good advice.

Cards were spread out in a pattern...like this Nine Card Spread using three cards for the past (top row), three cards for the present (middle row) and three cards for the future (bottom row).
1    2    3
4    5    6
7    8    9

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And popular stage plays...

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18th-century dress is renowned for its opulence. The period saw fashions for elaborate wigs, rich embroidery, and full skirts.

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“In London, there are a great number of coffeehouses”, wrote the Swiss noble César de Saussure in 1726,
“…workmen habitually begin the day by going to coffee-rooms to read the latest news.” Nothing was funnier, he smirked, than seeing shoeblacks and other riffraff poring over papers and discussing the latest political affairs.

Scottish spy turned travel writer John Macky was similarly captivated in 1714. Sauntering into some of London’s most prestigious establishments in St James’s, Covent Garden and Cornhill, he marvelled at how strangers, whatever their social background or political allegiances, were always welcomed into lively convivial company. They were right to be amazed: early eighteenth-century London boasted more coffeehouses than any other city in the western world, save Constantinople.

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His music still influences listeners & composers today, as Mozart remains one of the most popular and important musicians the world has ever known. Listen for yourself!

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Requiem Mass in D minor, KV 626 - Lacrimosa. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Mozart's Requiem is his last work, written right up to his death in late 1791. It was completed by his pupil, Franz Xaver Süssmayr, and it is this version that is best known today, much due to its authenticity.

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His music has inspired the "Baby Mozart" trend of the 1990's...

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1756-1791

Austrian composer Wolfgang Mozart created a string of operas, concertos, symphonies and sonatas that profoundly shaped classical music.

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Mini Biography

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart learned the piano at the age of three, and soon developed his skills in all musical forms. Widely recognized as one of the greatest