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RYN BRENDA JUNAIDY D20172080172
NURHIDAYAH ASSYAHADAH BT ADNAN D20172080187
DAYANG NUR HIDAYAH BT ABG MUIS D20172080186
ANNISA BASIRON D20172080168
NUR AFIKAH ILIA D20172080184

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VIDEO PROJEK BERKUMPULAN: OBJEK 3D
1. VANESSA GERRI ANAK MARCOS
2. NORSABRINA MARISSA BINTI MD SABRI
3. NUUR HAFIZA BINTI BAHARI
4. RACHEAL ANAK ATOS
5. EMELDA MISAK

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GROUP CACTUS 🌵

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https://youtu.be/jWLOreabbqM

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https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-yjMpCcpw8pepaUxkfR_aAhuuV3epQ6o

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Lukisan Kejuruteraan Teknik (Pembinaan Objek 3-D)

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Lukisan Kejuruteraan Teknik (Pembinaan Objek 3-D)

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Lukisan Kejuruteraan Teknik (Pembinaan Objek 3D)

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video lukisan kejuruteraan

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spatial visualization by isometric drawing

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Bina layer

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Membina dimensi

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Membina objek isometri

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Bina Border

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Tutorial 2

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Tutorial 1

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This chapter is from the book 

3.11 Making an Isometric Drawing

Rectangular objects are easy to draw using box construction, which consists of imagining the object enclosed in a rectangular box whose sides coincide with the main faces of the object. For example, imagine the object shown in the two views in the Step by Step feature at right enclosed in a construction box, then locate the features along the edges of the box as shown.

The Step by Step feature on the next page shows how to construct an isometric drawing of an object composed of all "normal" surfaces. Normal is used technically to mean "at right angles." A normal surface is any surface that is parallel to the sides of the box. Notice that all measurements are made parallel to the main edges of the enclosing box-that is, parallel to the isometric axes. No measurement along a nonisometric line can be measured directly with the scale, as these lines are not foreshortened equally to the normal lines. Start at any one of the corners of the bounding box and draw along the isometric axis directions.

Isometric drawings are not typically dimensioned. When they are, the dimensions should appear in the same plane as the isometric axes and read from the bottom of the sheet or aligned in the isometric planes. (Courtesy of Brandon Wold.)

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This chapter is from the book  Rectangular objects are easy to draw using box construction, which consists of imagining the object enclosed in a rectangular box whose sides coincide with the main faces of the object.

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2017 05 Isometri melibatkan bulatan Condong oblik

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Learn to Draw by Putting Things into Perspective

We've probably all heard (or even uttered) the phrase, "That really puts things into perspective." Perspective is all about relativity; when you pull back and look at the larger picture and take a different view, maybe things aren't so bad, or maybe there's a solution where it seemed like there wasn't before.

In the art world, perspective is still about your point of view, and the relationships of objects to one another. Only this time, it's more spatial. When you learn to draw, you learn the importance of perspective. It's all about how you look at the world, and that's exactly what Patrick Connors teaches in his video, The Artist's Guide to Perspective.

In Guide to Perspective Part 1, Connors shares basic perspective lessons and shows how you can learn to draw by seeing objects in a different way. In Part 2, Connors expands on those drawing lessons, demonstrating how to draw one- and two-point perspective; then, he applies those drawing techniques to complete a still life, step-by-step.

Below to learn some great instruction about perspective from another one of our favorite instructors, Thomas Schaller and apply what you learn as you continue on with Patrick as your guide.

Why Perspective and Perception Go Hand-in-Hand

Although the fundamentals of perspective drawing seem to be rather straight to the point, the possibilities of how you can apply perspective in your art are vast. In fact, perspective is nearly synonymous with perception.

What I mean by this is you can use the principles of this technique to create your own perception of the world around you through your art. You have the power of illusion, the ability to make the viewer see what you want them to see, literally at your fingertips. You can alter how your art is perceived-all by just conquering the basics of perspective drawing. How empowering is that?

If you are thinking, "OK, that all sounds great, but how can I learn how to draw in perspective?" Well, to start, let's go over a few key terms you should know before delving into perspective drawing pulled from the book, Perspective for The Absolute Beginner, by Mark and Mary Willenbrink.

Linear Perspective Terms

Visual depth is expressed through linear and atmospheric perspective, as well as color use. With linear perspective, depth is achieved through lines and the size and placement of forms. And though compositions can vary in complexity, the basic terms and definitions covered in this section are inherent to linear perspective drawings.

The horizon is the line for which the sky meets the land or water below. The height of the horizon will affect the placement of the vanishing point(s) as well as the scene's eye level.

The vanishing point is the place where parallel lines appear to come together in the distance. In the picture, below, you can see how the parallel lines of the road recede and visually merge to create a single vanishing point on the horizon. A scene can have a limitless number of vanishing points.

The ground plane is the horizontal surface below the horizon. It could be land or water. In the image below, the ground plane is level. If it were sloped or hilly, the vanishing point-created by the path's parallel lines-may not rest on the horizon and may appear as if it's on an inclined plane.

The orthogonal lines are lines which are directed to a vanishing point; the parallel lines of railroad tracks, for example. The word "orthogonal" actually means right angle. It refers to right angles formed by lines such as the corner of a cube shown in perspective.

The vantage point, not to be confused with the vanishing point, is the place from which a scene is viewed. The vantage point is affected by the placement of the horizon and the vanishing points.

One-Point Perspective. Linear perspective with just one vanishing point is one-point perspective. The vanishing point will typically appear in the center part of the scene.

Two-Point Perspective. Linear perspective that uses two vanishing points is called two-point perspective. Scenes in two-point perspective typically have the vanishing points placed at the far left and far right.

Multi-Point Perspective. Linear perspective doesn't have to be limited to one or two vanishing points. A scene could have multiple vanishing points depending on the complexity of the subject. For example, three-point perspective is similar to two-point perspective; it has left and right vanishing points on the horizon. Additionally, there is a third vanishing point either below or above the horizon.

With two-point perspective, these vertical lines remain straight up and down perpendicular to the ground plane. With three-point perspective, the vantage point either looks down or up at the subject. Instead of vertical lines, it has a third set of orthogonal lines that converge at a third vanishing point.

Atmospheric Perspective

Atmospheric perspective, also called aerial perspective, conveys depth through variations of values (lights and darks), colors and clarity of elements. Foreground elements in a composition have greater value contrasts, more intense colors and greater definition of details. With distance, the values and colors become neutral, the details are less defined and the elements take on a dull blue-gray appearance.

Atmospheric perspective occurs because particles in the air, such as water vapor and smog, affect what is seen. Forms viewed from a distance are not as defined and have less contrast because there are more particles in the atmosphere between the forms and the viewer. Likewise, the wavelengths of color are affected by distance. Blues bounce around, whereas the longer color wavelengths are not affected by particles in the same way. The result is that the blues remain more visible than the other colors in the spectrum.

The values are the lights and darks of a composition. Intrinsic to atmospheric perspective, values can influence the impression of depth in a scene. Highly contrasting values tend to appear forward of values with little contrast.

The lighting of a scene affects shadows and values of forms. It can also affect how those forms are perceived.

When drawing, depth can be expressed through both linear and atmospheric perspective as well as through the use of color. Combining all three will produce optimal results.

Create an Internal Box

Now that the basics have been covered, here's a fun step-by-step demonstration on perspective drawing, which plays into the power of illusion. This tutorial involves sketching squares with lines that recede to a single vanishing point. The depth in the finished drawing is implied through linear perspective and the use of values.

Materials needed to complete this demonstration:

Paper: 8" x 8" medium texture drawing paper; 8" x 8" medium-texture sketch paper

Pencils: 2B and 4B

Kneaded eraser

Lightbox or transfer paper

Ruler

Triangle

T-square

Step 1: Sketch the Squares

On a piece of sketch paper, use a 2B pencil to form a large square that is 8″× 8″ (20cm × 20cm). Sketch smaller squares inside the large square using a ruler to mark off the lines. The measurements should be the same from both top to bottom and left to right: ½", 2″, ½", 2″, ½", 2″ (1.3cm, 5cm, 1.3cm, 5cm, 1.3cm, 5cm). Draw the lines using a T-square and triangle to ensure they are straight and accurate.

Step 2: Add the Vanishing Point and Orthogonal Lines

Place a dot at the center of the paper for the vanishing point. Begin adding orthogonal lines from the corners of the squares to the vanishing point. Avoid sketching the lines over the forward surface that is to remain white.

Step 3: Add More Orthogonal Lines

Continue adding lines that converge at the vanishing point.

Step 4: Trace or Transfer the Image

Use a 2B pencil to lightly trace or transfer the structural sketch onto a sheet of 8" x 8" (20cm x 20cm) drawing paper. Leave out any unwanted lines.

Step 5: Add the Light Values

Add the lighter values with a 2B pencil. Make the values darker as the internal forms recede.

Step 6: Add the Middle Values

Add the middle values. Continue to darken the tunnel-like forms as they recede into the distance.

Step 7: Add the Dark Values

Add more darks and details with 2B and 4B pencils. Lighten any areas with a kneaded eraser, if needed.

Don't forget to sign your work!

Because your artwork is a unique expression of yourself, sign and date each drawing. This will give you a sense of accomplishment and also help you to track the progression of your artistic skills.

***
Article contributions by Mark Willenbrink and Mary Willenbrink, Vanessa Wieland and Maria Woodie
Want more free drawing lessons? Check this out!

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The Beginning Artist's Guide to Perspective Drawing

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We've probably all heard (or even uttered) the phrase, "That really puts things into perspective." Perspective is all about relativity; when you pull back and look at the larger picture and take a different view, maybe things aren't so bad, or maybe there's a solution where it seemed like there wasn't before.

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Can i? I know nothing about perspective.

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FEATURED ARTICLE

This article was co-authored by our trained team of editors and researchers who validated it for accuracy and comprehensiveness. Together, they cited information from 12 references. wikiHow's Content Management Team carefully monitors the work from our editorial staff to ensure that each article meets our high standards.

Categories: Featured Articles | Learning to Draw

In other languages:

Español: dibujar en perspectiva, Deutsch: Perspektivisches Zeichnen, Português: Desenhar em Perspectiva, Русский: нарисовать перспективу, 中文: , Français: dessiner en perspective, Italiano: Disegnare la Prospettiva, العربية: رسم المنظور, Nederlands: Perspectief tekenen, Bahasa Indonesia: Menggambar Perspektif

Thanks to all authors for creating a page that has been read 1,223,711 times.

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If you want to take your drawings to the next level, give them realistic depth. Choose vanishing points that you place on the horizon of your drawing. You'll make lines that extend from these points and use the grid that they make to...

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2-points

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How to Draw a Building in 2-Point Perspective: Step by Steps

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1-point

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How to Draw a Room in 1-Point Perspective for Beginners

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The sketch opposite is of a former and block that are used to bend perspex to 90 degrees. The perspex is heated until it becomes soft and then it is placed in the former until it cools. The diagram can be drawn quite quickly because the designer used a style of drawing called oblique projection. So long as basic rules are followed, oblique projection is quite easy to master and it may be a suitable style for you to use in a design project. The basic rules are outlined below.

EXAMPLE OF 'OBLIQUE PROJECTION'

Opposite is a cube with all edges the same length. To draw it in oblique projection follow three main rules:

1. Draw the front or side view of the object.

2. All measurements drawn backwards are half the original measurement.

3. 45 degrees is the angle for all lines drawn backwards.

STAGE ONE: Draw the front view and project 45 degrees lines from each corner

STAGE TWO: draw the back two lines of the cube in position. Go round the outline of the cube with a fine black pen or dark, sharp pencil.

Complete the three shapes shown below - in oblique projection.

Example of a basic design for a camera, drawn in oblique projection. Shade/colour has been added - see earlier sheets for shading and colouring techniques.

Draw an item of your choice using oblique projection - for example - a personal stereo.

CLICK HERE FOR GRAPHICS INDEX PAGE

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The sketch opposite is of a former and block that are used to bend perspex to 90 degrees. The perspex is heated until it becomes soft and then it is placed in the former until it cools. The diagram can be drawn quite quickly because the designer used a style of drawing called oblique projection.

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Isometric drawing, sometimes called isometric projection, is a type of 2D drawing used to draw 3D objects that is set out using 30-degree angles. It's also a type of axonometric drawing, meaning that the same scale is used for every axis, resulting in a non-distorted image. Since isometric grids are pretty easy to set up, once you understand the basics of isometric drawing, creating a freehand isometric sketch is relatively simple.

This post explains all you need to know about isometric drawing. You'll learn exactly what defines an isometric drawing, how it differs from one-point perspective, what to do to get started creating your own isometric projection, and even more. Elevate your art skills further by following the tutorials in our how to draw guide (which will teach you how to draw pretty much anything).

What is isometric drawing?

An isometric drawing is a 3D representation of an object, room, building or design on a 2D surface. One of the defining characteristics of an isometric drawing, compared to other types of 3D representation, is that the final image is not distorted and is always to scale. This is due to the fact that the foreshortening of the axes is equal. The word isometric comes from Greek to mean 'equal measure'.

(Image credit: Christophe Dang Ngoc Chan, Mike Horvath)

Isometric drawings are a good way to show measurements and how components fit together, and is used in technical drawing, often by engineers and architects. They differ from other types of axonometric drawing, including dimetric and trimetric projections, in which different scales are used for different axes to give a distorted final image.

In an isometric drawing, the object appears as if it is being viewed from above from one corner, with the axes set out from this corner point. Isometric drawings begin with one vertical line along which two points are defined. Any lines set out from these points should be constructed at an angle of 30 degrees.

Isometric drawing vs one-point perspective

Both isometric drawings and one-point perspective drawings use geometry and mathematics to present 3D representations on 2D surfaces. One-point perspective drawings mimic the human eye, so objects appear smaller the further away they are from the viewer. In contrast, isometric drawings use parallel projection, which means objects remain at the same size, no matter how far away they are.

(Image credit: Oliver Harrison - CC BY 2.5)

Basically, isometric drawing doesn't use perspective in its rendering (i.e. lines don't converge as they move away from the viewer). Isometric drawings are more useful for functional drawings that are used to explain how something works, while one-point perspective drawings are typically used to give a more sensory idea of an object or space.

The limitation of isometric drawings compared to 3D models is that you can't change your vantage point, you have to see the drawing from the top viewpoint.

How to draw an isometric cube

(Image credit: Cmglee)

The most common isometric drawing is that of a cube, and drawing a cube using isometric projection is very easy. You will need a piece of paper, ruler, pencil and protractor (or for the shortcut version, using gridded paper, jump to the next section).

Using the ruler, draw a vertical line on the page, and mark three equally spaced points along it. Draw a horizontal line through the lowest point, and using the protractor, mark out a 30 degree angle up from the line on either side. Draw a line back through the lowest point from the 30 degree angle on each side.

Repeat this step through the middle point and the same through the top point, but with the top point, mark out the angle downwards. The lines from the second and third point will cross at a certain point, and from this intersection, draw a vertical line down towards the angled lines coming from the bottom point. You should be able to see the form of the cube where all of the lines intersect.

Using an isometric grid

For all the cheats out there who don't have the necessary tools (or inclination) to create an isometric projection, there is a foolproof way to bash out your axonometric drawing: simply use an isometric grid. The pattern can be downloaded online, and will save you lots of time and effort, or you can have a play with the grid using this isometric drawing tool.

Alternatively, learn how to set up your own grid in Illustrator or Photoshop by following the video tutorial below.

Once your eyes become accustomed to the trickery of the triangular pattern, you will immediately notice how the isometric works. The super handy thing about the grid is that it already has all of the 30 degree angles set up for you. This tutorial walks you through how to draw a cube using an isometric grid.

The benefits of isometric drawing

Isometric drawings are very useful for designers - particularly architects, industrial and interior designers and engineers, as they are ideal for visualising rooms, products, and infrastructure. They're a great way to quickly test out different design ideas. They also illustrate the 3D nature of an object, without being drawn in 3D software, and measurements can be made to scale along the principal axes.

There are a number of other situations in which isometric projection is useful. In wayfinding systems, for example in museums or galleries, isometric wall maps can show visitors where they are in the building, what is going on elsewhere, and how to get to get around.

Some of the best infographics use isometric projection to enable them to show more information than would be possible in a 2D drawing. Some of the best logos also use this approach to create impact.

Exploded isometric drawings are useful for revealing parts of a product that might be hidden or internal. They're used by architects, engineers and product designers the world over to better explain the intricacies of a design. To create an exploded isometric, you need to know the detailed inner workings of whatever you are drawing, so they're are usually used at the final design stage for presentations to clients.

Isometric drawing examples

Illustrator and art director Mauco created this isometric map to represent the areas surrounding the SPECTRUM building in London. It shows just the main roads and landmarks to help people orientate themselves.

Jing Zhang is an illustrator working mainly with clients in the advertising industry. She's built a particular reputation for her detailed exploded isometric designs, including this creation for Slack. It's part of a series to accompany the brand's stories, focusing on elements such as a happy mobile workforce (above).

This design was created for an article in the The California Sunday Magazine, entitled The Tech Revolt and exploring political activism in the tech industry. In it, illustrator Tim Peacock uses isometric projection as a way of revealing the inner workings of a Silicon Valley office block.

MC Escher was perhaps the king of using isometric projections in his artworks. His use of parallel geometries to depict mind-bending staircases that go nowhere will be familiar to most. In Cycle (1938), shown above, is it clear how isometric projection comes into his work, from the pattern on the ground to the use of cubes that turn into steps.

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Everything you need to know about creating an isometric drawing.

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AHLI KUMPULAN:
1. NOR HASYKA
2. NUR AZIRAN
3. NUR ATIQAH
4. NUR RUSYDA IZZATI
5. SITI MAISARAH