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Me
US/French dual citizen, born in the US
Native English speaker
Learned Spanish & Portuguese
English dominant multilingual

My Parents
Beatrix: English dominant monolingual; US citizen; first language was German but she forgot most of it now; native English speaker

Phillip: English dominant multilingual; US/French citizen; native English speaker; fluent in French (but rarely uses it so he's rusty, he spoke it as a kid growing up in France)

Paternal Grandparents
Michele: French dominant multilingual; French citizen, naturalized US citizen later in life; native French speaker; learned English as her second language; fluent in German

Ted: English dominant monolingual; US citizen; native English speaker

Maternal Grandparents:
Renate: German dominant multilingual; German/US citizen; native German speaker; learned English as her 2nd language; moved to US later in life from Germany

Goetz: German dominant multilingual; German/US citizen; native German speaker; learned English as her 2nd language; moved to US later in life from Germany

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Eu gosto desse artigo porque tem varias maneiras diferentes para dizer “goodbye”. A maneira em que se pode dizer “goodbye” pode ser diferente depende com quem voce esta falando— como diz o artigo e também nosso livro.

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Fluent in 3 months - Language Hacking and Travel Tips

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by Benny Lewis

There are a few different ways to say "goodbye" in Portuguese. In this article, I'll cover everything you need to know.

Learn all the words and expressions below, and you'll have everything you need to say "farewell" in Portuguese - from formal situations to everyday, casual encounters on the street.

And while you're at it, make sure to check out our previous article on how to say "hello" in Portuguese!

"Bye" in Portuguese: Tchau

By far the most common way to say "bye" in Portuguese is tchau. It's widely used in both Brazil and Portugal.

Tchau comes the Italian word ciao, and is pronounced the same way.

Supposedly, tchau become a popular way to say "goodbye" in Brazilian Portuguese during the early twentieth century, when large numbers of Italians immigrated into Brazil. Since then, tchau has crossed back across the Atlantic and is also common in Portugal.

However, if you speak Italian, you should be aware of one important difference between tchau and ciao. In Italy, ciao can mean both "hello" and "goodbye". In Portuguese, tchau can only mean "goodbye", never "hello". So don't use it to greet someone!

Tchau is sometimes also written xau, txau, tiao, or chau, especially in "text speak" and on social networking sites. But tchau is considered to be the correct spelling.

"Goodbye" in Portuguese: Adeus

Adeus is a more formal way of saying "goodbye" that is rarely used in speech. It carries rather dramatic overtones: saying adeus implies that you won't see the other person again for a very long time, or that you won't see them again at all.

For that reason, you won't hear adeus very much in spoken Portuguese.

One way you might use it, however, is to emphatically end a conversation that you don't want to be in - sort of like saying "goodbye, and get lost!". For example, you might say adeus to a persistent door-to-door salesman right before you slam the door in his face.

Adeus originated as an abbreviation for a Deus vos recomendo - "I recommend you to God." Vos is an old-timey way of saying "you" that you'll rarely hear outside of the Bible. You may have noticed the similarity with the Spanish adios, which is widely used in English.

"See You Later" in Portuguese: Até mais

Até is usually translated as "until". As we'll see, there are many ways you can use até to say your goodbyes in Portuguese.

Let's start with até mais, which is a common way to say something like "see you around" or "see you later" in Portuguese. It comes from até mais ver - "until I see you again", or more literally, "until more to see".

Another variant is até mais tarde - "see you later!"

If someone says até mais to you, you can respond with a simple até!, or even just té!

As well as meaning "more", mais can also mean "plus". So sometimes you'll see people writing até mais online as t+. Geddit?

To say "see you soon" in Portuguese, use até logo.

Até logo is mostly used in the same situations in which you'd say "see you soon" in English. For example, if you're on the phone with someone whom you'll see later that day, you could sign off with an até logo.

Até logo can also be used in a more general sense to mean "goodbye", but this isn't very common, especially in informal, everyday speech.

Até breve is synonymous with até logo; however, it's not very widely used these days.

"See You Tomorrow" in Portuguese: Até amanhã

One more point regarding até. As you may have figured out, this word functions a lot like the English expression "see ya!" in Portuguese. And like in English, you can use it with a specific time-related word if you have a good idea of when you're going to see the person again.

So you could say até amanhã! ("see you tomorrow"), até a semana que vem! ("see you next week"), or até segunda/terça/quarta/quinta ("see you on Monday/Tuesday/Wednesday/Thursday/Friday"). And, of course, there are many more possibilities.

"I'm Outta Here" in Portuguese: Vou vazar / tô vazando

Vazar literally means "to leak". However, vou vazar has nothing to do with the English expression "to take a leak"!

In Brazil, vou vazar or tô vazando is a super-informal way to say that you're leaving. It's like saying "I'm getting outta here!" or "I'm taking off!" in English.

"May God Be With You" in Portuguese: Vai com Deus

We already covered adeus, but that's not the only religion-tinted expression you'll find in a country as Christian as Brazil.

Another phrase to know is vai com Deus - or the more formal alternative, vá com Deus - which literally means "Go with God!" It's kind of like saying "goodbye, and bless you!"; you're wishing blessings and good fortune to the person you're talking to.

A similar expression is fica com Deus - "be with God". This is something you might say when you're leaving a place to the people who are staying behind. You're blessing them and the place they're in. May God be with them!

"I'm Off" in Portuguese: Fui

Fui is the first-person singular past tense of ir, "to go". So it means "I went" or "I'm gone".

Use it when you're leaving a place - that is, if you don't feel the need to bless everybody with a fica com Deus!

It's like saying "I'm off!" in English.

Another Way to Say "Bye" in Portuguese: Falou

Falou literally means "you/he/she said (it)!" It's a highly informal way of saying "goodbye", and is very common among young people.

The implication behind falou is that you've already said everything that needs to be said; the conversation is over.

In text speak you'll often see this written as "flw". You might also see "vlw flw", which is short for valeu, falou - "thanks, bye!"

"I've Gotta Run" in Portuguese: Vou Nessa

Vou nessa is short for vou nessa onda - "I'm going on this wave". Strange as it may sound, this is yet another way to say "goodbye" in Portuguese.

In particular, vou nessa is the kind of thing you'd say if you're at a party or someone's house and you want to leave earlier than anticipated; sort of an apologetic "goodbye".

"Gente, vou nessa porque tô com muito sono" - "Guys, I'm 'going on this (wave)' because I'm really tired".

Formal Goodbyes in Portuguese: Bom dia/Boa tarde/Boa noite

Finally, it's time to examine three very common Portuguese expressions: bom dia, boa tarde, and boa noite, which respectively mean "good morning", "good afternoon/evening", and "good night".

All three are typically used as greetings, rather than as ways to say goodbye. You, of course, should only say them at the appropriate time of day (before midday for bom dia, between midday and 7pm for boa tarde, and after 7pm for boa noite. Note that bom dia is literally "good day" in Portuguese, but it's only used to mean "good morning".)

However, you might sometimes hear these three expressions being used to mean "goodbye" in certain formal situations. For example, on TV news, when the anchor is signing off at the end of the show, they might say bom dia or boa tarde.

Also, you can say boa noite to mean "goodbye" if it's late at night. The implication - just like in English - is that you, or the person you're speaking to, is about to go to bed. So it's just like saying the English "good night" in Portuguese.

And Now It's Time for Me to Say "Goodbye" in Portuguese!

Falou! I hope you've learned a thing or two. If there's anything you think we've missed, we'd love to know in the comments below.

And until the next time, tchau.

And finally... One of the best ways to learn a new language is with podcasts. Read more about how to use podcasts to learn a language.

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by Benny Lewis There are a few different ways to say "goodbye" in Portuguese. In this article, I'll cover everything you need to know. Learn all the words and expressions below, and you'll have everything you need to say "farewell" in Portuguese - from formal situations to everyday, casual encounters on the street.

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Isso é um blog (acho) sobre o idioma portuguesa, como ser um idioma diglossia. É interessante porque umas pessoas falam sobre o “high” e “low” versões do idioma portuguesa. A versão “low” esta descrito como “o primer idioma” dos falantes de português, porque é popular na cultura popular, como nos seriados.

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Brazilian Portuguese is a diglossic language | Antimoon Forum

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Diglossia is a term in linguistics, used to describe a situation where, in a given society, there are 2 (often) closely-related languages, one of high-prestige (H), which is generally used by the government and in formal texts, and one of low-prestige (L), which is usually the spoken vernacular tongue.

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**Exoneração** esse video é um pouco inadequado, mas em meu opinião… muito engraçado! Nesse video, um homen do Brazil pergunta ás pessoas americanas para adivinhar o significado dos ditos populares de Brazil. O livro descreve frases/palavras similares, que só têm significado num lugar particular (como no Brazil mas não em Portugal) e não necessariamente em outro.

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Essential Vocab: Brazilian (Portuguese) Slang

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On this episode of Essential Vocab, we have our reactors try to figure out the meaning of popular Brazilian slang terms. Did you know all these terms? Are there big ones we left out? Let us know in the comments below!

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Há muitas maneiras diferentes para dizer “you” em português. Eu não sei quando é o tempo apropriado para usar cada deles, dependendo na situação. Esse artigo descreve como oito tipos de palavras que significam “you”, e descreve também quando se pode usar cada um, porque as palavras têm diferença com respeito a quem usa quando esta falando com alguém.

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In English, the second person pronoun only has one person - whether talking to one person or several, whether talking to an intimate friend of someone we don't know at all, we say "you". However, as in many other languages, there are several forms of this word in Portuguese that each encompass different senses. In fact, there are EIGHT forms of the word "you" in Portuguese. They are listed below.

'Vós' is relatively uncommon nowadays, but 'tu' is still widely used in Portugal and in some areas of Brazil.

TU This form of "you" is very informal, and can be used only when talking to one person. That is to say, it is only used between friends, when addressing children, or in situations where a certain level of comfort has been established. It is mostly used in Portugal. In Brazil it is used in the southern states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, and in the states of North (except Rondonia and Tocantins) and Northeast (except Bahia and Sergipe). In Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo State's coast, tu can be also listen, but used in some specific social groups. Tu is conjugated with the SECOND PERSON SINGULAR conjugation (this means that when we use a verb, such as falar [to speak], to conjugate it in the present indicative you should use tu falas). In some regions of Brazil, tu is mostly used with a verb conjugated as if it was used with você in colloquial speech. For example, tu fala instead of tu falas. However, there are other regions in Brazil (such as Maranhão, Pará and Santa Catarina coast) where tu conjugated in the second person (canonic conjugation) is more frequently employed. VÓS This is the plural form of "you", or SECOND PERSON PLURAL. It is formal in Portugal and Brazil. It is hardly ever used in the spoken language; it is still occasionally used in (formal) written communication in Portugal and Brazil. It may also be encountered in literature, for example The Bible, in a similar way to some words such "Thee" and "Thou" in English. For example, Vós falais [you speak]. However, in Portugal it is common the colloquial use of the possessive pronoun "vosso/vossos/vossa/vossas" (which matches with "vós") instead of "seu/sua/seus/suas" (which matches with "vocês"). For instance, the sentence "Voltem (vocês) para as vossas casas!" is common in Portugal, instead of "Voltem (vocês) para as suas casas!". The use of "vosso" is less commoun in Brazil, but not inexistent.

These are the most common forms of 'you' in usage. If in doubt, they can be used in almost any situation.

VOCÊ This is a common used form of "you" and is used between employees, friends, people of the same age and social standing. Again, it can be used only when you are talking to one person. It can be both mildly formal (in Portugal) and informal (in Brazil). It is widely used in Brazil instead of tu. It uses the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR conjugation, which means we use the same form of the verb as with "he" or "she" - for instance, ele fala [he speaks] and você fala [you speak]. In Brazil, the use of "você" as informal speech is more frequent in the central areas of the country, including São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, middle-west states, in the northeast states of Bahia (specially around the capital), the northern states of Rondônia e Tocantins, and in the southern state of Paraná. As television is centered in the cities of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro, "você" is the pattern use on national television for informal situations. In some regions, like in Amazonas or Acre, the use of tu or você is interchangeable. One person can change from você to tu and vice-versa in the same speech. In Portugal, many people when employ "você" to adress formally to other people,they prefer to avoid the explict pronunciation of the word "você" and only use the conjugation in the third person since the explict use of the word can be considered as you are treating the listener as inferior. In Brazil, the use of "tu" and "você" does not have any difference of connotation like that and both uses are considered informal, and the difference of use between them is only regional. However, in regions where "você" is the pattern, it is common to use the object pronoun "te" (with matches with "tu") instead of "o/a" or "lhe" (which matches with "você"). For instance, the sentence "Você sabe que eu te amo" (You know I love you) instead of "Você sabe que eu o amo" is the colloquial pattern in Brazil. The exception is for reflexive verbs where the pronoun "se" (which matches with "você") is frequently employed. For instance: "Você se incomoda?" and never "Você te incomoda?" Also, in the imperative mode, the conjugation in the second person is the the most common. For instance: "Fala!" (imperative mode for "tu" when it is said: "Speak!") instead of "Fale!" (imperative form for "você"). This last form is not infrequent, but considered slightly formal. The possessive pronoun "teu/tua" (which matches with "tu") is common spoken in "você" regions instead of "seu/sua" (which mathces with "você") although both uses are frequent and equally colloquial.

VOCÊS This has the same level of formality as the singular você, however, it is used when talking to a group of people. It uses the THIRD PERSON PLURAL conjugation. That means that we use the same part of the verb as with 'they'. For instance, eles bebem [they drink] and vocês bebem [you drink].

These are the polite forms of 'you'. They are widely used.

O SENHOR and A SENHORA This is the formal version of "you" (one person), and is used when you don't know someone, or towards someone you should show respect to, for example, a boss or a teacher. O senhor is used when talking to a male, and a senhora when talking to a female. Like você, it uses the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR conjugation. So we can have Você fala or O senhor fala. "O senhor/a senhora" is widely used in Portugal and Brazil in the situations listed above.

OS SENHORES and AS SENHORAS These two forms are, as you have probably guessed, the plural forms of o senhor and a senhora, respectively. We use them in the same situations as with o senhor and a senhora - but when we are talking to more than one person.

And what if we are talking to a group which is mixed? We use os senhores if the group is mixed. These forms, like vocês, use the THIRD PERSON PLURAL conjugation. So we can have eles comeram [they ate], vocês comeram [you ate], os senhores comeram [you ate] and as senhoras comeram [you ate]

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Portuguese/Contents/How to say "you" in Portuguese

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In English, the second person pronoun only has one person - whether talking to one person or several, whether talking to an intimate friend of someone we don't know at all, we say "you". However, as in many other languages, there are several forms of this word in Portuguese that each encompass different senses.

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Gosto desse video porque tem musica gaucho no sul do Brasil. A musica tem influencia europeu, como com acordeão. E interessante porque são do sul do pais, perto de Argentina, onde existe coisas parecidos também.

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Nesse artigo, ha umas abreviaturas comuns no português brasileiro no mundo online. Muitos dessas palavras são comum para ‘texting’ ou comentando em social media posts. Acho que o mundo online esta cambiando as palavras vernáculas que as pessoas usam, como a palavra ‘vc’, que é comum no português escrito e que significa ‘voce’

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In this post you'll learn some very common Portuguese abbreviations and expressions that Brazilians use all the time for texting and social media.

They are also common on emails and some of them are also used in colloquial conversation. So let's have a look at 10 Brazilian Portuguese abbreviations and expressions.

10. KKKKKKK

This is normally used in text messages and comments on social media to show that you found a post or what the other person said in a previous message very funny. The name of the consonant k in portuguese is cá, so a lot of cás makes it cácácácácá, which resembles the sounds of someone laughing.

9. rsrsrsrsrs
Rs is the internet abbreviation of risos (laughs), so a string of rs also means that you found something funny. You're basically saying that you're laughing a lot.
8. blz

One way of informally greeting someone is to say Tudo beleza? the word literally means and the letters together is an abbreviation of the word beleza. You can also say beleza or write blz in a text message when you want to say OK to something that was proposed by the other person.

7. bjs
Another Portuguese abbreviation very common in text messages and emails. Short for beijos (kisses).
6. abs

Similarly we have this Portuguese abbreviation for abraços, which means hugs. Again, very common for people to write this at the end of emails and text messages.

5. vc

Another Portuguese abbreviation. This one is the abbreviation for você, which means you.

4. pq?

3. bora

This one can be found in lots of memes and it's also said by people in colloquial speech.

Bora, which is a short version of the word embora, and it's part of the common phrase Vamos embora - which can mean, Let's leave, but it can also mean Let's go.

In this meme, it translates as Let's go drink a few to cure the hangover.

2. partiu

Similarly we have ,comes from the verb partiu partir, which means to part, to divide, but also to depart, to leave. So, partir conjugated in the third person singular in the simple past is partiu. This is also very common in memes, hashtags and also said in colloquial conversation when you want to show you're excited about something that is about to start or has just started. In this meme - partiu sexta-feira - sexta-feira means Friday, so it's like saying Friday has started! or Friday is on!

People also use partiu in a question, when inviting someone to do something: Partiu cinema?

1. arrasou

This is the past tense of the verb in the third person singular, and it means to destroy, to demolish, and we can say that to someone when we want to pay them a compliment for something they've done well, or even the way the look. So, if you say to someone it means You killed it! or You nailed it!

Other similar posts:
Brazilian Portuguese Religious Interjections Expressions with the verb DAR Expressions with the word COISA Expressions with the word SACO

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10 Portuguese Abbreviations & Expressions for Texting and Social Media

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They are also common on emails and some of them are also used in colloquial conversation. So let's have a look at 10 Brazilian Portuguese abbreviations and expressions. This is normally used in text messages and comments on social media to show that you found a post or what the other person said in a previous message very funny.

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Esse tema é muito interessante para mi. Ha uma “Academia Brasileira de Letras”, que é uma agencia que regular o idioma portuguesa brasileira. Quase todos os idiomas do mundo têm uma agencia assim, que ditar as regras “correctas” do idioma. Esse artigo é interessante porque descreve as pessoas que estão na academia e porque; também, gostei que o artigo falou sobre a maneira que a ditadura militar no Brasil mudou o idioma e a literatura.

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Como descreve o livro, ha influencias do idioma Tupi-Guarani no Brasil. Eu foi interessante nesse tema, e escolhei um artigo de Culture Trip sobre os nomes de umas coisas (cidades, praias, etc) com nomes com influencia do idioma Tupi, povos indígenas do Brasil. O meu favorito é a palavra “Ipanema”, que significa ‘worthless water’ no ingles.

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Naturally, many of the most prominent Tupi words used in Portuguese are place names, as the naming of towns and rivers preceded the arrival of the colonizers in the 1500s. Of Brazil's 26 states (and one Federal District), 13 have names which originate from Tupi.

Some are fairly straightforward, such as Roraima, which translates as "Green Mountain"-joining rora (green) and imã (mountain)-and is surely a reference to the stunning tabletop mountain Monte Roraima, the state's highest peak. The northeastern state of Maranhão originates from the Tupi expression " mar'anhan," meaning "the river that runs."

Some of Brazil's states have more poetic Tupi names; for example, the state of Ceará-made from of the words cemo and ara- translates as "The Song of the Jandaya Parakeet," a tropical bird native to the area. The state of Sergipe, also in the northeast region, translates as "River of Crabs," after the Sergipe River which cuts through the state capital Aracaju.

Meanwhile, some names are less flattering. Pernambuco, one of the most populous states in the northeast region, translates literally as "Hole in the Sea"; its neighbor to the north, Paraíba, means "Bad River" in the native tongue. Both are in fact beautiful parts of the country, but this hasn't stopped the Tupi language in the past. Ibirapuera, as in the name of São Paulo's famous urban park, translates as "Sick Trees," while Rio de Janeiro's iconic Ipanema Beach means "Worthless Water," a compound of the words 'y (water) and panema (good-for-nothing).

Along the Rio de Janeiro coast, there is the beach town of Saquarema, which attracts tourists from all over as it's known as Brazil's surfing capital. However, much to the chagrin of the Saquarema tourist board, the city's name in Tupi has nothing to do with surfing, waves or sunshine. Saquarema comes from the indigenous words sakurá and rema, which translates into English as-wait for it-Smelly Periwinkles.

Tupi place names are some of the hardest words for Portuguese learners to pronounce correctly because of the language's use of sounds rarely seen in Romance or Germanic languages. For instance, the neighborhood of Anhangabaú in São Paulo (an-yang-ga-ba-OO) is a notorious tongue twister. Incidentally, the area used to be home to the Anhangabaú River, which, in Tupi, translates as "The Cursed River"-a claim some Paulistanos would probably agree with.

Place names aren't the only examples of Tupi words which still exist in modern Brazilian Portuguese. Many names of fruits, foods, plants, and animals used today in Brazil are in fact Tupi words. Pineapples in Portuguese are known as "abacaxi" (in Brazil) or "ananás" (in Portugal), both words incidentally having roots in Tupi. "Abacaxi" is a compound of the terms i'bá and ká'ti, meaning "fruit which smells pleasant and intense," while "ananás" comes from naná, which means "nice smell." Interestingly, pineapples are known as "ananas" in a number of languages around the world, including French, German, Russian, and Arabic.

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The Tupi Language and Its Influence on Brazilian Portuguese

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Naturally, many of the most prominent Tupi words used in Portuguese are place names, as the naming of towns and rivers preceded the arrival of the colonizers in the 1500s. Of Brazil's 26 states (and one Federal District), 13 have names which originate from Tupi.

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Eu estou interessada nos idiomas diferentes da Europa, especialmente idiomas que não sabia antes, como Leonesa. Não sabia antes que Leonesa existe, mas também, tem muitos falantes do Leonesa na peninsula Ibéria hoje. Por isso, eu queria saber que parece o idioma Leonesa. Esse artigo do Wikipedia tem umas palavras do Leonesa/gramática, e parece muito como Português.

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Leonese is a set of vernacular Romance dialects currently spoken in northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (the modern provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca) and a few adjoining areas in Portugal. In this narrow sense, Leonese is distinct from the dialects grouped under Asturian, although there is no clear linguistic division. In the past, it was spoken in a wider area, including most of the historical region. The current number of Leonese speakers is estimated at 20,000 to 50,000. The westernmost fringes of the provinces of León and Zamora are in the territory of the Galician language, although there is dialectal continuity between the linguistic areas.

The Leonese and Asturian dialects have long been recognized as a single language, currently known as Astur-Leonese or Asturian-Leonese and formerly known as Leonese. For most of the 20th century, linguists (including Ramón Menéndez Pidal in his landmark 1906 study of the language) 2008? discussed a Leonese language (or historical dialect) descending from Latin and encompassing two groups: the Asturian dialects on one hand, and dialects spoken in the provinces of León and Zamora in Spain and a related dialect in Trás-os-Montes, Portugal, on the other hand. Unlike Asturian, the Leonese dialects are not officially promoted or regulated.

Menéndez Pidal used "Leonese" for the entire linguistic area, including Asturias. This designation has been replaced by Ibero-Romance scholars with "Asturian-Leonese", but "Leonese" is still often used to denote Asturian-Leonese by non-speakers of Asturian or Mirandese.

In Leonese, any of five vowel phonemes, /a, e, i, o, u/, may occur in stressed position and the two archiphonemes /I/, /U/ and the phoneme /a/ may occur in unstressed position.

Leonese has two genders (masculine and feminine) and two numbers (singular and plural). The main masculine noun and adjective endings are -u for singular and -os for plural. Typical feminine endings are -a for singular and -as for plural. Masculine and feminine nouns ending in -e in the singular take -es for the plural.

Adjectives agree with nouns in number and gender.

Comparative table

Historical, social and cultural aspects

The native languages of Leon, Zamora, Asturias, and the Terra de Miranda in Portugal are the result of the evolution of Latin introduced by Roman conquerors in the region. Their colonization and organization led to the Conventus Astururum, with its capital at Asturica Augusta (present-day Astorga, Spain, the centre of Romanization for the indigenous tribes).

The city of Astorga was sacked by the Visigoths in the 5th century, and never regained its former prominence. The region remained unified until the seventh-century Islamic invasion. Around the 11th century, it began to be defined as Leonese territory roughly corresponding to the southern conventus. In medieval León, the Romance Galician, Asturian-Leonese, and Castilian languages evolved and spread south.

The first known text in Asturian-Leonese is the Nodizia de Kesos, written between 974 and 980 AD, an inventory of cheeses owned by a monastery written in the margin of the reverse of a document written in Latin. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Leonese reached its territorial zenith as the administrative language of the Kingdom of León, a literary language (es:Poema de Elena y María and the Libro de Alexandre), in the Leonese court, judiciary (with the translation of the Liber Iudicum o Liber Iudiciorum Visigoth into Leonese),[dubious ] administration, and organization.

After the 1230 union of Leon and Castile, Leonese had greater written and institutional use, although at the end of the 13th century Castilian began to replace it as a written language. Leonese became an oral, rural language with little literary development.

At the beginning of the 20th century, it survived in oral form only in mid-western León and western Zamora provinces. Its scientific study and a nascent cultural movement began in the province of Leon in 1906. During the 1950s and 60s, the number of Leonese speakers and the area in which it was spoken decreased.

Use and distribution

Although the Astur-Leonese linguistic domain covers most of the principality of Asturias, the north and west of the province of Leon, the northeast of Zamora, both provinces in Castile and León, and the region of Miranda do Douro in the east of the Portuguese district of Bragança, this article focuses on the autonomous community of Castile and León. Julio Borrego Nieto, in Manual de dialectología española. El español de España (1996), wrote that the area in where Leonese is best preserved, defined as "area 1", consists of the regions of Babia and Laciana, part of Los Argüellos, eastern Bierzo and La Cabrera; in Zamora, non-Galician Sanabria.

Borrego Nieto describes another geographical circle, which he calls "area 2", where Leonese is fading: " ... It is extended to the regions between the interior area and the Ribera del Órbigo ( Maragatería, Cepeda, Omaña ... ). In Zamora, the region of La Carballeda - with the subregion La Requejada - and Aliste, with at least a part of its adjacent lands ( Alba and Tábara). This area is characterized by a blur and progressive disappearance, greater as we move to the East, of the features still clearly seen in the previous area. The gradual and negative character of this characteristic explains how vague the limits are".

A "speaker of Leonese" is defined here as a person who knows (and can speak) a variety of Leonese. There is no linguistic census of the number of Leonese speakers in the provinces of León and Zamora, and estimates vary from 5,000 to 50,000.

* Refers only to the county of EL Bierzo and the valleys of Ribas de Sil, Fornela and La Cabrera.

Two sociolinguistic studies, in northern Leon and the entire province ( Estudiu sociollingüísticu de Lleón. Uviéu, ALLA, 2006, and II Estudiu sociollingüísticu de Lleón. Uviéu, ALLA, 2008) analysed the prevalence of Leonese and the linguistic attitudes of its speakers. According to the latter, maintenance of the language is the primary wish but opinions differ about how to do so. Almost 37 percent think that the language should be kept for nonofficial uses, and about 30 percent believe it should be on a par with Spanish. Twenty-two percent favour its disappearance. Nearly the population supports granting official status to Leonese by amending the Statute of Autonomy. About 70 percent favour linguistic coordination between León and Asturias, with 20 percent opposing. Leonese in education is favoured by more than 63 percent of the population, and opposed by about 34 percent. Institutional promotion of the dialect, especially by town councils, was favoured by more than 83 percent of respondents.

Recognition

The Statute of Autonomy of Castile and León, amended 30 November 2007, addresses the status of Spanish, Leonese, and Galician. According to Section 5.2, "Leonese will be specifically protected by the institutions for its particular value within the linguistic patrimony of the Community. Its protection, usage and promotion will be regulated".

On 24 February 2010, a parliamentary group from the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party presented a proposition to the courts of Castile and León to recognize the value of Leonese and implement a plan to protect and promote it. Although the proposition was approved unanimously by the plenary session of the parliament of Castile and León on 26 May, the government's position has not changed.

UNESCO, in its Atlas of Languages in Danger in the World, lists Leonese in the most at-risk category. The category's criteria are:

unofficial

without legitimized significant use in the news media

low levels of proficiency and use

poor social prestige

not used as a medium of primary education

not used in official toponyms

The Autonomous Community of Castile and León lacks a government agency to promote minority languages and a nongovernmental agency in an advisory capacity in matters pertaining to minority languages. The Academy of the Asturian Language has sponsored linguistic and sociolinguistic research, which encompasses the non-Asturian dialects of Asturian-Leonese. Two congresses about Leonese have been held, at which the following measures were proposed to move towards language standardization:

Based on articles 5.2 and 5.3 of the Statute of Autonomy, raise the legal status of Leonese to equal that of Galician.

Create an autonomous administrative organ under the Departament of Culture and Tourism responsible for protecting and promoting Leonese and Galician.

Introduce Leonese into adult and childhood education.

Recover native toponymy with bilingual signage.

Support cultural and literary Leonese and its publications and collaborate with associations which base their work on the recovery of Leonese, encourage Leonese in social media, and promote literary contests in the dialect.

Promote study of Leonese through the universities and centres of study and investigation such as the Institute of Studies in Zamora, the Cultural Institute in Leon, the Institute of Studies of El Bierzo and the Marcelo Macías Institute of Studies in Astorga.

Coordinate and cooperate with linguistic institutions, study centres, and administrations in the rest of the Asturialeonese linguistic area.

Require local governments to assume responsibility for the recovery of Leonese.

For about 15 years cultural associations have offered Leonese-language courses, sometimes with the support of local administrations in the provinces of Leon and Zamora. In 2001, the Universidad de León (University of León) created a course for teachers of Leonese. The dialect can be studied in the larger villages of León, Zamora and Salamanca provinces as courses, following an agreement between the Leonese provincial government and the organization. The Leonese Language Teachers and Monitors Association ( Asociación de Profesores y Monitores de Llingua Llïonesa) was created in 2008 to promote Leonese-language activities.

Leonese literature includes:

VV.AA. (Antoine De Saint-Exupéry), El Prencipicu (Translation of The Little Prince), 2009. ISBN 978-84-96872-03-5.

García Gil, Hector. 2008. Asturian-Leonese: linguistic, sociolinguistic, and legal aspects. Mercator legislation. Working Paper 25. Barcelona: CIEMEN.

Linguasphere Register. 1999/2000 Edition. pp. 392. 1999.

López-Morales, H.: "Elementos leoneses en la lengua del teatro pastoril de los siglos XV y XVI". Actas del II Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas. Instituto Español de la Universidad de Nimega. Holanda. 1967.

Menéndez Pidal, R.: "El dialecto Leonés". Revista de Archivos, Bibliotecas y Museos, 14. 1906.

Pardo, Abel. "El Llïonés y las TICs". Mikroglottika Yearbook 2008. Págs 109-122. Peter Lang. Frankfurt am Main. 2008.

Staaff, Erik. : "Étude sur l'ancien dialecte léonais d'après les chartes du XIIIe siècle", Uppsala. 1907.

Galmés de Fuentes, Álvaro; Catalán, Diego (1960). Trabajos sobre el dominio románico leonés. Editorial Gredos. ISBN 978-84-249-3436-1.

Gessner, Emil. "Das Altleonesische: Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Altspanischen".

Hanssen, Friedrich Ludwig Christian (1896). Estudios sobre la conjugación Leonesa. Impr. Cervantes.

Hanssen, Friedrich Ludwig Christian (1910). "Los infinitivos leoneses del Poema de Alexandre". Bulletin Hispanique (12).

Krüger, Fritz. El dialecto de San Ciprián de Sanabria. Anejo IV de la RFE. Madrid.

Morala Rodríguez, Jose Ramón; González-Quevedo, Roberto; Herreras, José Carlos; Borrego, Julio; Egido, María Cristina (2009). El Leonés en el Siglo XXI (Un Romance Milenario ante el Reto de su Normalización). Instituto De La Lengua Castellano Y Leones. ISBN 978-84-936383-8-2.

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Leonese is a set of vernacular Romance dialects currently spoken in northern and western portions of the historical region of León in Spain (the modern provinces of León, Zamora, and Salamanca) and a few adjoining areas in Portugal. In this narrow sense, Leonese is distinct from the dialects grouped under Asturian, although there is no clear linguistic division.

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Gosto desse artigo porque, se voce percorre abaixo, tem uma mapa da distribuição dos falantes do português nos Estados Unidos. Eu sei que sim, existem falantes do português nos estados unidos, como mencionou o livro, mas eu fui interessada onde eles moram. Eu encontrei essa mapa, e é interessante porque ha muitos em Texas, mas também em Florida e Nova Iorque.

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An interactive map released by the Census Bureau Tuesday tracks where in the country there is a high concentration of people who speak a language other than English at home. According to the data, 58% of U.S. residents age 5 and older speak English "very well" and also speak a language other than English at home.

Nearly two-thirds of people who speak a language other than English at home speak Spanish (37.6 million). The third most-spoken language is Chinese (2.9 million), followed by Tagalog (1.6 million), Vietnamese (1.4 million), French (1.3 million), German (1.1 million), and Korean (1.1 million).

That state with the highest percentage of people who speak another language than English at home is California, with 44%. West Virginia has the lowest, with 2%. Laredo, Texas, is the metro area with the highest percentage, with 92%.

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14 Maps That Show What Languages People Speak In The U.S.

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An interactive map released by the Census Bureau Tuesday tracks where in the country there is a high concentration of people who speak a language other than English at home. According to the data, 58% of U.S. residents age 5 and older speak English "very well" and also speak a language other than English at home.

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Como outros idiomas no mundo, porque os portugueses foram poderes colônias, ha muitos países no mundo hoje que têm palavras portugueses nos seus vernáculos. Um desses países hoje é Indonesia, que tem varias palavras emprestadas do português. Umas dessas palavras são kéju (queijo), geréja (igreja), e keméja (camisa), mas ha muitos mais.

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The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and other Austronesian languages.

Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Malaysia in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue. Indonesia functions as the lingua franca for speakers of 700 various languages across the archipelago.

Conversely, many words of Malay-Indonesian origin have also been borrowed into English. Words borrowed into English (e.g., bamboo, orangutan, dugong, amok, and even "cooties") generally entered through Malay language by way of British colonial presence in Malaysia and Singapore, similar to the way the Dutch have been borrowing words from the various native Indonesian languages. One exception is "bantam", derived from the name of the Indonesian province Banten in Western Java (see Oxford American Dictionary, 2005 edition). Another is "lahar" which is Javanese for a volcanic mudflow. Still other words taken into modern English from Malay/Indonesian probably have other origins (e.g., "satay" from Tamil, or "ketchup" from Chinese).

During development, various native terms (mostly Javanese) from all over the archipelago made their way into the language. The Dutch adaptation of the Malay language during the colonial period resulted in the incorporation of a significant number of Dutch loanwords and vocabulary. This event significantly affected the original Malay language, which gradually developed into modern Indonesian. Most terms are documented in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia.

The study of Indonesian etymology and loan words reflects its historical and social context. Examples include the early Sanskrit borrowings, probably during the Srivijaya period, the borrowings from Arabic and Persian, especially during the time of the establishment of Islam, and words borrowed from Dutch during the colonial period. Linguistic history and cultural history are clearly linked.

Early Hindu and Buddhist influence from India results in many Sanskrit words in Indonesian (and especially adopted through Javanese influence). Indian traders may have contributed words as well, in Tamil and Sanskrit-related languages.

Indonesian has evolved through trade with China since ancient times, including through significant numbers of Chinese immigrants migrating to Indonesia. As a result, some of the Chinese language, especially the Hokkien dialect, has been incorporated into Indonesian.

Muslim influence, originally through Arabic and Persian traders over a number of centuries, resulted in an extensive influence from the Arabic and Persian.

Portuguese contact, trade and colonization in the 16th century was the first contact between Indonesia and European culture, and had an influence that remains today, in spite of the relatively short time period of that influence.

Dutch colonization and administration, lasting from the 17th century to the 20th, extensively affected the vocabulary. As Dutch-trained linguists determined the rules for the official Indonesian language, Dutch thus affected the structure of the language as well. For example, suffixes such as "-asi" (e.g., administrasi = administratie) and "-if" (e.g., fiktif = fictief) were applied with consistency. Some loan words are still intensively used today, although Indonesian equivalents exist.

Modern Indonesian regularly adopts new words from other languages, particularly English. In contrast to the large number of mechanical terms borrowed from Dutch (e.g., automotive parts), hi-tech words are typically taken from English (e.g., internet).

But the processes may also be 'out of period'; for example, Indonesian words are still being concocted from Sanskrit, and the influence of the Dutch language certainly continued after the Dutch themselves left.

Indonesian has also generalized brand names into common (lower-case) nouns as generic name. For example, "sanyo" refers to any electrical well pump, regardless of manufacturer, "odol" as all of toothpastes, or "aqua" for mineral water. This is similar to the type of generalization that occurs in English words like "xerox" or "tampax" or "polaroid".

Most of Indonesian's vocabulary is natively derived from Malay, but some might ultimately be loanwords from the Minang language. Yet it is unclear, since Malay and Minang are closely related, and some might consider Minang to have been an ancestral dialect of Malay.

Compared to the Malay language spoken as the native regional language in Sumatra and the Malay peninsula or the standardized version of Malaysian, Indonesian differs profoundly by the large amount of Javanese loanwords incorporated into their already rich vocabulary. This is mostly contributed by Java's position as the center of Indonesian politics, education, and culture, since the capital is located in Jakarta on Java island, albeit in the area where the Javanese are not the majority. The disproportionate number of Javanese that dominate Indonesian politics is reflected by the fact that six out of seven Indonesian presidents have been ethnic Javanese. The result is that the Javanese began to pour their own vocabulary into Indonesian to describes terms and words that do not have exact counterparts in the Malay language. It is also important to note that most of Indonesian's Sanskrit loanwords have been transmitted through Old Javanese, a language whose Sanskrit borrowings number almost 50% of the total vocabulary.

Besides Javanese, Sundanese is another local language that has influenced Indonesian's vocabulary, albeit to a lesser extent. This can be attributed to the fact that the capital, Jakarta, was formerly a part of West Java, a province which, together with Banten, before it too was divided, constituted the Pasundan (Sundanese world), the most significant non-Javanese region in an otherwise Javanese-dominated Java island. Some of the most populous cities in Indonesia are also located in the Pasundan, including West Java's capital, Bandung, and Jakarta's four satellite cities ( Bekasi, Bogor, Depok, and Tangerang).

Betawi is a Malay-based creole that arose from influences by foreign traders who stopped at the capital, Jakarta, including those from China and Arabia. Most of its speakers are inhabitants of Jakarta, and its influence upon Indonesian is attributed to its frequent usage in Indonesian mass media, including radio and television. Its status as a "hip" language by other portions of Indonesian society is another contributing factor as well.

From Balinese

Balinese, or simply Bali, is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by 3.3 million people (as of 2000) on the Indonesian island of Bali as well as northern Nusa Penida, western Lombok and eastern Java.

Although Hinduism and Buddhism are no longer the major religions of Indonesia, Sanskrit, the language vehicle for these religions, is still held in high esteem, and its status is comparable with that of Latin in English and other Western Indo-European languages. Sanskrit is also the main source for neologisms; these are usually formed from Sanskrit roots. For example, the name of Jayapura city (former Hollandia) and Jayawijaya Mountains (former Orange Range) in the Indonesian province of Papua were coined in the 1960s; both are Sanskrit origin name to replace its Dutch colonial names. Some Indonesian contemporary medals of honor and awards, such as Bintang Mahaputra medal, Kalpataru award and Adipura award, are also Sanskrit derived names.

The loanwords from Sanskrit cover many aspects of religion, art and everyday life. The Sanskrit influence came from contacts with India long ago before the 1st century. The words are either directly borrowed from India or through the intermediary of the Old Javanese language. In the classical language of Java, Old Javanese, the number of Sanskrit loanwords is far greater. The Old Javanese - English dictionary by Prof. P.J. Zoetmulder, S.J. (1982) contains no fewer than 25,500 entries. Almost half are Sanskrit loanwords. Sanskrit loanwords, unlike those from other languages, have entered the basic vocabulary of Indonesian to such an extent that, for many, they are no longer perceived to be foreign.

Pali (Pāli) is a Prakrit language and belongs to the Indo-European language family together with Sanskrit. As Sanskrit is the language vehicle of Hinduism, Pali is the language vehicle for Buddhism, especially the Theravada tradition which is mainly adhered to by Buddhists within Indosphere Southeast Asia. Virtually every word in Pāḷi has cognates in the other Middle Indo-Aryan languages, the Prakrits. The relationship to Vedic Sanskrit is less direct and more complicated; the Prakrits were descended from Old Indo-Aryan vernaculars.

Hindi (Devanagari: हिन्दी, IAST: Hindī) is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindi is an Indo-Germanic or Indo-European language. It is descended from Sanskrit and is considered part of the New Indo-Aryan subgroup.

Loanwords from Tamil, while also an Indian language (though not Indo-European like Sanskrit), mainly exist in cuisine, like Chinese and unlike Sanskrit. It is a Dravidian language and not an Indo-Aryan language. However, Hinduism had great impact in Tamil, there are several Indo-Aryan loanwords in Tamil and they are possibility to list them in Indo-Aryan loanwords, such as Sanskrit.

Interaction between Tamil speakers and Malay speakers has been established from ancient time. Tamil influence has been around such as Palava usage as ancient script in Indonesia (Palava dynasty was existed on 275 CE-897 CE) and Chola invasion of Srivijaya in 1025. It mainly entered the lexicon of Malay (and by extension, Indonesian) with the immigration of South Indian traders who settled around the Strait of Malacca.

The loanwords from Arabic are mainly concerned with religion, in particular with Islam. Allah is the word for God even in Christian Bible translations. Many early Bible translators, when they came across some unusual Hebrew words or proper names, used the Arabic cognates. In the newer translations, this practice has been discontinued. They now turn to Greek names or use the original Hebrew word. For example, the name Jesus was initially translated as ' Isa, but is now spelt as Yesus.

The Chinese loanwords are usually concerned with cuisine, trade or often just exclusively things Chinese. According to the 2000 census, the relative number of people of Chinese descent in Indonesia (termed the peranakan) is almost 1% (totaling to about 3 million people, although this may likely be an underestimate due to an anti-Chinese sentiment that exists in some circles of the population), yet the peranakan are the most successful when it comes to business, trade, and cuisine.[citation needed ] Words of Chinese origin (presented here with accompanying Hokkien/ Mandarin pronunciation derivatives as well as traditional and simplified characters) include pisau (匕首 bǐshǒu - knife), mie ( T:麵, S:面, Hokkien mī - noodles), (潤餅 (Hokkien = lūn-piáⁿ) - springroll), teko ( T:茶壺, S:茶壶 = cháhú [Mandarin], teh-ko [Hokkien] = teapot), 苦力 kuli = 苦　khu (bitter) and 力　li (energy) and even the widely used slang terms gua and lu (from the Hokkien 'goa' 我 and 'lu/li' 你 - meaning 'I/ me' and 'you'). Almost all loanwords in Indonesian of Chinese origin come from Hokkien (福建) or Hakka (客家).

Japanese is an East Asian language spoken by about 126 million people, primarily in Japan, where it is the official language and national language. The influx of Japanese loanword can be classified into two periods, Japanese colonial administration period (1942-1945) and globalisation of Japanese popular culture (1980-now). As Indonesian is written using Latin script, Japanese romanisation systems influence the spelling in Indonesian.

In contrast with Chinese and Japanese, Korean loanwords are mostly related to Korean culture. These loanword is attributed to increasing popularity of South Korean culture. Since the turn of the 21st century, South Korea has emerged as a major exporter of popular culture and tourism, aspects which have become a significant part of its burgeoning economy. This phenomenon is called Korean Wave.

The European influence on Indonesian is largely related to European intervention and colonialism. The most significant consequence is the continued use of the Latin alphabet instead of various local scripts.

The Portuguese arrived first in the archipelago and influenced the original Malay language after their conquest of Malacca. Portuguese dominance over trade in the region and control of the spice islands of Moluccas significantly increased Portuguese influence, as did the introduction of Christianity in the region.

However, Dutch has had the most influence on the language, as a result of the Dutch having controlled Indonesia for 300 years after eliminating Portuguese influence in the archipelago. The Dutch language itself was not introduced into the archipelago before 1799, when the Dutch government took over the colony from the already bankrupt VOC (Dutch East India company). Previously, the Malay language had adopted by the VOC due to its trade and diplomatic benefit, which led to large numbers of loanwords being introduced into the language.

English has also exerted a certain influence on the archipelago's language, being the third most favored foreign language by the educated in colonial days. More recently, English has played an increasingly large role in the nation's official language as a result of globalization.

Alongside Malay, Portuguese was the lingua franca for trade throughout the archipelago from the sixteenth century through to the early nineteenth century. The Portuguese were among the first westerners to sail east to the " Spice Islands". Loanwords from Portuguese were mainly connected with articles the early European traders and explorers brought to Southeast Asia.

As Portuguese, Spanish loan word come from colonialism in East Indies. In 1606, the Spaniards established some form of trade links with the Maluku Islands. In 1529, Charles I of Spain relinquished all claims to the Spice Islands to Portugal in the treaty of Zaragoza. Thus, there are fewer loanwords from Spanish than Portuguese or Dutch.

The former colonial power, the Netherlands, left an extensive imprint on Indonesian vocabulary. These Dutch loanwords, as well as other non Italo-Iberian European language loanwords which were introduced via Dutch, cover all aspects of life. Some Dutch loanwords possessing clusters of multiple consonants pose difficulties for speakers of Indonesian. This problem is usually solved by the insertion of the schwa. For example, Dutch schroef [ˈsxruf] → sekrup [səˈkrup]. Many Indonesian vocabulary ending "-i" (e.g.:administras-i) can also be traced to the influence of Dutch vocabulary "-ie" (e.g.:administrat-ie). The months from January (Januari) to December (Desember) used in Indonesian are also derived from Dutch. It is estimated that 10,000 words in the Indonesian language can be traced back to the Dutch language.

It is notable that some of the loanwords that exist in both Indonesian and Malaysian languages are different in spelling and pronunciation mainly due to how they derived their origins: Malaysian utilizes words that reflect the English usage (as used by its former colonial power, the British), while Indonesian uses a Latinate form reflected in the Dutch usage (e.g. aktiviti (Malaysian) vs. aktivitas (Indonesian), universiti (Malaysian) vs. universitas (Indonesian)).

Many English words are adopted in Indonesian through globalization, due to this however many Indonesians mistake words that were originally adopted from Dutch with English due to the Germanic traces that exist in the two languages (both are Indo-European Germanic languages from the same branch, the West Germanic).

There are several words in Indonesian of German origin. German language is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. The three most prevalent West Germanic languages are English, German, and Dutch.

The North Germanic languages make up one of the three branches of the Germanic languages, a sub-family of the Indo-European languages, along with the West Germanic languages and the extinct East Germanic languages. The language group is sometimes referred to as the "Nordic languages", a direct translation of the most common term used among Danish, Swedish, Icelandic and Norwegian scholars and laypeople.

de Vries, Jan W., Grĳns, C.D. and Santa Maria, L. 1983 Indonesian : a check-list of words of European origin in Bahasa Indonesia and traditional Malay Leiden : Koninklĳk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde. ISBN 90-6718-004-1.

Badudu, J.S; Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Asing Dalam Bahasa Indonesia; Kompas, Jakarta, 2003

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, Balai Pustaka: 1999, halaman 1185 s.d. 1188 berisikan Pendahuluan buku Senarai Kata Serapan dalam Bahasa Indonesia, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Jakarta, 1996 (dengan sedikit penyaduran tanpa mengubah maksud dan tujuan seseungguhnya dari buku ini).

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The Indonesian language has absorbed many loanwords from other languages, Sanskrit, Chinese, Japanese, Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Portuguese, Dutch, English, and other Austronesian languages. Indonesian differs from the form of Malay used in Malaysia in a number of aspects, primarily due to the different influences both languages experienced and also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesians speak another language as their mother tongue.

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Neyma é uma cantora de Mozambique muito legal! Encontrei essa cantora quando procurei uns cantores de Mozambique, para ouvir o sotaque de Mozambique. Quero ouvir as diferenças entre o português do Portugal e do Mozambique; a verdade é que não pude entender muito nessa canção, talvez porque foi rápido. Mais eu gosto dessa cantora!

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Neyma part. Dina Medina  - Gosto do teu Beijo (Video Oficial)

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Estou bem chocado porque nunca ouvi o idioma galego (ou talvez não prestei atenção :/ ), mas esse video mostra um homem galego falando no idioma dele. Galego parece como uma mistura de espanhol e português, e é claro que—como diz o livro— o galego-português foi a mesma idioma no passado, mas agora são dois idiomas distintos.

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Luis speaking Galician | Romance languages | Wikitongues

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Escolhei esse site de Wikipedia porque queria saber mais sobre os raizes latinos nas palavras portuguesas. Esse site tem provavelmente um milhão das palavras—destacando o fato que latim foi o raiz do idioma portuguesa. Mais que isso, se você clica em uma palavra da lista, Wikipedia vai mostrar o tipo do latim o que é e mais.

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Category:Portuguese terms derived from Latin

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Fundamental " All languages " Portuguese " Terms by etymology " Terms derived from other languages " Indo-European languages " Italic languages " Latin

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Esse video é util e interessante porque é um video sobre a razão que o idioma portuguesa parece come o idioma russo ou o idioma polonesa (em términos dos sons, não em términos de inteligibilidade). O livro discute palatalização, um tema importante para as semelhanças entre russo e português. O video também fala sobre outros temas interessantes sobre a linguistica de esse capitulo, como ditongos, consonantes, e vogais.

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Why Does Portuguese Sound Like Russian?! (or Polish)

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Eu gosto esse site porque tem vários textos antigos que abrangem do latim de português medieval. É interessante porque eu posso ver vários textos antigos, e posso comparar as palavras e estrutura das frases. Como o livro discute, o idioma portuguesa evoluiu muito do latim, e esses textos são fontes úteis para ver isso.

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EuroDocs > History of Portugal: Primary Documents > Medieval

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Porque o infinitivo pessoal é uma tema confusa para mim, eu queria encontrar algo na internet que poderia explicar esse conceito com mais detalhe. No livro, se chama o “infinitivo infletido”, e é a mesma coisa. A explicação no livro foi, para mim, complicada. Mas, esse video de youtube é legal porque a mulher nos dá uns exemplos dos usos e a conjugação dessa forma peculiar.

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PERSONAL INFINITIVE | Learn Portuguese #49

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Esse fonte é util porque principalmente, tem uma explicação profunda do conceito do livro sobre “que” vs.”quem” e outros pronomes relativos. Mais ainda, o site tem muitos exemplos das frases assim e exercícios práticos para refinar seus habilidades com essas palavras. Tem as respostas das perguntas no final do site também para verificar suas respostas dos exercícios.

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Learn Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns And Speak Portuguese Like A Brazilian.

Olá, tudo bem?

Today we are going to learn about some Brazilian Portuguese pronouns, or in other words Direct Object and Indirect Object Pronouns.

What if I told you there are ways for you to make your speech to sound more fluent and appealing, when you speak Portuguese?

What if I told you that those ways are just small two- or three-letter words?

Check out this page to understand the Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns.

You may have already noticed that when Portuguese speakers talk to each other, they use certain words like "a", "lo", "la", "lhe", etc, after of before a certain verb which make their message to be expressed much easier and much quicker?

Those words are what we call Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns, and they exist to replace other words (names or nouns).

If you are mastering your language skills with the tool I have created to learn Portuguese - Rafa's Vocabulary Ticker - you may have come across with expressions like "Prazer em conhecê-lo" for instance.

The word "lo" is a Brazilian Portuguese pronoun that when used, makes your conversation sound more natural and more fluent and, at the same time, breaks the boredom of repetition and redundancy.

Brazilian Portuguese pronouns? What are you talking about Rafa? I can feel you whispering already... ;-)

Relax!

I know, Brazilian Portuguese Pronoun is a "buzz word". You may not like these terms (and I don't feel them very attractive either), but the truth is, if you grasp the concept, you can start using these little words in Portuguese with ease.

But the question is: What do these "lo", "la", "los" really mean?

And how can I use them?

As I said before, these little words in grammar terms are called "Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns", and a pronoun is no more than a word that REPLACES a noun or a name.

Exactly! When you say in English "Pleased to meet YOU", the word "YOU" is no more than a pronoun that replaces the name of a certain person - be it Peter, Joseph, Rafa, Maria, etc.

There are many types of Brazilian Portuguese pronouns. There are Personal Pronouns, Reflexive Pronouns, Direct Object Pronouns, Indirect Object Pronouns, etc.

Today we are going to concentrate our focus on the latter ones only - the Direct Object Pronouns and Indirect Object Pronouns.

In order for us to use Brazilian Portuguese pronouns properly, we need to take into account three things:
1. What exactly is the Brazilian Portuguese pronoun replacing,
2. Where to place them in a sentence,

3. What modifications (if any) shall the Brazilian Portuguese pronoun and the verb suffer.

On the one hand, Direct Object Pronouns (or in Portuguese "Pronomes de Complemento Direto") are words that allow you to ask a certain verb a couple of questions:

1. O que? (What?) and

2. Quem? (Who?)

On the other hand, Indirect Object Pronouns (or in Portuguese "Pronomes de Complemento Indireto") are words that reply to the question " A QUEM?" or " PARA QUEM" - "TO/FOR WHOM?"

O.K.

Say for instance you want to say in Portuguese "I see Maria twice a week". You would say "Eu vejo a Maria duas vezes por semana". Here, the question you ask is: " WHO do I see twice a week?" - So here you are asking the verb the question " WHO" (to see who? - Maria - is the answer)

When you carry on with your conversation you may say "Sometimes, I see HER three times a week". In this second sentence, you don't need to say "Maria" again, because everybody knows WHO you are talking about, so in Portuguese you say"Às vezes eu A vejo três vezes por semana" or even Às vezes eu vejo ELA três vezes por semana."

You see, here you are replacing the name Maria by the Brazilian Portuguese pronoun "a", which means "her". And "HER" answers the question "WHO?"

If you were talking about an object instead of a person, you'd be asking the question "WHAT?" - What do I see three times a week?

Do you get this? Interesting isn't it?

Anyway, there are only 8 pronouns under this category, and they are:

" ME", which corresponds to " ME" in English,

" TE", which corresponds to an informal " YOU" in English,

" O", which corresponds to " HIM" or " IT" when an object is masculine. In Brazilian Portuguese, sometimes people use also " Ele"

"A", which corresponds to "HER" or "IT" when an object is feminine. Sometimes people use " Ela" instead

However, sometimes you may find the pronoun after the verb separated by a hyphen.

In this case, there are changes that need to be respected, and they are:

1. If the verb you are using ends with the letters S, Z, or R, the last letters of the verb - S, Z or R - fall and you ad an L to the pronouns "o" "a", "os" "as". e.g. "Nós comemo S o bolo todo" (We eat all the cake) -> "Nós comemo-lo todo" (We eat it all).

In this case, we need to pay attention to 3 things:

a) When does a verb end with "S"? - When you use the persons "Nós" in the present tense, for instance. E.g. Nós chamamos o Manuel. -> Nós chamamo-lo.

b) When does a verb end with "Z"? - Only irregular verbs like Trazer, Fazer, end with "Z"in the 3rd person. E.g. "Ele traz o carro hoje."-> Ele trá-lo hoje. In this case, we need to place an accent on the "á" because the original word has its phonetic stress on the last syllable, so we need to keep the stress where it was originally.

c) When does a verb end with "R"? Always when it's in its infinite form e.g. comer, falar, beber, fazer, etc.. A verb will likely be in its infinitive form if this verb uses another verb as auxiliary, e.g. Eu vou COMER um bolo hoje; (I'm going TO EAT a cake today) -> Eu vou COMÊ-LO hoje (I'm going to eat IT today). Verbs in ER normally get a circumflex accent (^) on the last syllable, instead of an acute accent (´) because, as you know, any verb in its original infinitive form must be stressed in the last syllable.

I must say that when you learn Brazilian Portuguese it's always good to know these rules that apply to European Portuguese too, because the Brazilians you deal with might be highly educated and therefore are likely to apply these grammar rules.

The interesting thing of these Brazilian Portuguese pronouns is that you rarely use "o" or "a" as a pronoun. You'd rather use "ele" or "ela". So, as we see, Brazilian Portuguese is very flexible in this respect.

As an example, say for instance you hear the de same sentence as above: "Eu vejo a Maria três vezes por semana" then, as the conversation goes on you might hear someone saying "Eu vejo ELA duas vezes por semana." This is perfectly correct in Brazilian Portuguese, but you may also hear "Eu A vejo duas vezes por semana."

Do you understand?

So, these are all the rules for this kind of Direct Object Pronouns in Brazilian Portuguese. Obviously native speakers follow all these rules without realising, but when we are learning a language I believe we need to know why things are said in a specific way. In any case, in order for you to do some practice, I'm going to ad a few examples and exercises here. The solutions are at the end of this email. So lets go for it, and do them now.
Check these examples out:
1. O empregado de mesa trouxe a conta. (The waiter brought the bill) --> O empregado de mesa a trouxe. (The waiter brought it).

2. Você já fez o jantar? (have you made the dinner?) --> Você já o fez? (have you made it?)

3. Não compre esse casaco (Don't buy that jacket) --> Não o compre (don't buy it).

4. Ele me falou que faria o trabalho. (He told me he would do the job) --> Ele me falou que o faria. (he told me he would do it).

5. Ela precisa de comprar uma casa nova. (She needs to buy a new house) --> Ela precisa de a comprar nova. (She needs to buy it new).

6. Eu quero comprar um carro novo. (I want to buy a new car) --> Eu quero comprá-lo novo. (I want to buy it brand new) - please note that "comprar" is the main verb and it's in its infinitive form.

6. Ele faz o café muito bom. (He makes a very good coffee) --> Ele fá-lo muito bom (He makes it very good).
Now try to do these exercises:
1. Eu vou preparar O JANTAR às sete da noite. -> Eu vou __________ _________ às sete da noite.

2. Não vi os seus óculos. --> Não _______ _______.

3. Eles compraram os bilhetes hoje --> Eles _________ ________ hoje.

4. Vocês convidaram a Maria e o Carlos? --> Vocês ______ ________?

5. Eu fechei as janelas todas --> Eu _________ _________ todas.

6. Ele põe os pratos na mesa. --> Ele ________ _______ na mesa.

7. Ela já leu o jornal? --> Ela já ______ ______?

8. Você quer fazer o exercício? --> Você _________ _______ _______?

9. O José comprou um presente ontem. --> O José _______ ______ ontem.

10. Nós vimos as meninas na festa. Nós ________ ________ na festa.

Did you manage?

Great!

Let's carry on.

The other type of Brazilian Portuguese pronouns are Indirect Object Pronouns or in Portuguese "Pronomes de Complemento Indireto" which allow you to ask a certain verb only two questions:

A quem? / Para quem? - (To whom?) - Please note that if it is not possible to ask the verb the full question "TO WHOM", but only "Whom", the following pronouns DO NOT apply. The ones that apply are the ones above - Direct Object pronoun.

O.K.,

Under this category, there are the following Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns:

" LHE" or PARA ELE", which corresponds to " TO HIM" or " TO IT" when an object is masculine.

" LHE" or " PARA ELA", which corresponds to " TO HER" or " TO IT" when an object is feminine.

" PARA VOCÊS, which corresponds to the plural " TO YOU" (as TO YOU GUYS),

These pronouns, obey the same rules as the Direct object ones above, in terms of where they are placed in a sentence - BEFORE THE VERB.

Do you understand these too?

The good thing about these Indirect Object Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns is that regardless if they are before or after the verb, you don't need to cut any letters to the verb.

The more erudite a text is or the more educated a person is, it seems that the more likely it is that you'll find these grammar rules applied.

As before, let me give you a couple of examples first and then a few exercises for you to practice.
Exemplos:
1. Eu comprei um lápis ao Paulo --> Eu lhe comprei um lápis or Eu comprei um lápis para ele

2.Ela mandou um postal para mim --> Ela me mandou um postal - She sent me a post card
Exercícios:
1. Quem disse isso ao Manuel e à Sofia? --> Quem ____________________ isso?

2. Ela trouxe esse livro para nós. --> Ela ____________________ esse livro.

3. Eles já entregaram a carta para a Maria? --> Eles já ________________________ a carta ______________?

4. Nós demos um bonito presente de Natal ao José. --> Nós __________________ um bonito presente de Natal.

5. A Maria ligou para você hoje às 3 horas. A Maria ___________________ hoje às 3 horas.

Well, I think you understand this by now.

Soluções da primeira parte:

1. Eu o vou preparar or Eu vou preparar ele.

2. Não os vi / não vi eles.

3. Eles os compraram / Eles compraram eles.

4. Vocês os convidaram / Vocês convidaram eles.

5. Eu as fechei / Eu fechei elas.

6. Ele os põe / Ele põe eles na mesa.

7. Ela já o leu / Ela já leu ele.

8. Você o quer fazer.

9. O comprou ontem / Comprou ele ontem.

10. Nós as vimos / Nós vimos elas.
Soluções da segunda parte:
1. Quem lhes disse isso? / Quem disse isso para eles?

2. Ela nos trouxe esse livro.

3. Eles já lhe entregaram a carta / Eles já entregaram a carta para ela (BR)

4. Nós demos para ele.

5. A Maria lhe ligou / A Maria ligou para você (BR)

And that's it. I hope this page will help you improve your understanding of the Brazilian Portuguese pronouns.

Remember, Brazilian Portuguese pronouns are important for you to master your speaking and/or reading skills in Portuguese.

Ultimately if you use Brazilian Portuguese pronouns well, you will be much closer from speaking like a native Brazilian.

Até mais,

Rafael Tavares x

Go Back From Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns To Home Page.

Go Back From Brazilian Portuguese Pronouns To Brazilian Portuguese.

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Olá, tudo bem? Today we are going to learn about some Brazilian Portuguese pronouns, or in other words Direct Object and Indirect Object Pronouns. What if I told you there are ways for you to make your speech to sound more fluent and appealing, when you speak Portuguese?

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Como clarifica o livro, os verbos reflexivos existem em português, como em espanhol. O site dá exemplos dos verbos reflexivos mais comuns no idioma portuguesa, e também explica como funcionam os artigos reflexivos dependente da pessoa que esta falando ou age. Alem disso, o site nos dá uma explicação fácil que suplementa o que diz o livro.

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Reflexive verbs express what a person does to him/herself.

In other words, reflexive verbs are used when the person who performs the action is also the person who receives the action. For example: "I cut myself cooking". The action reflects back on the subject. That is why they are called reflexive verbs.

Being a reflexive verb does not give the verb a new verb tense or conjugation. You conjugate the verb in the tense that you need just like any other verb.

What indicates that it is a reflexive verb is the use of a reflexive pronoun.

Let me show you how to use reflexive verbs. There are 15 examples in this lesson and flashcards to help you learn 29 commonly used reflexive verbs.

Examples of Reflexive Verbs in Action
Example 1:
Eu me cortei cozinhando. = I cut myself cooking.

The verb Cortar is conjugated in the past tense. Nothing new here: Eu cortei.

Now notice that ME before the verb. That is the reflexive pronoun associated with Eu.

In this sentence, it works as "myself" in English.

Example 2:
Ana se cortou cozinhando. = Ana cut herself cooking.

The verb Cortar is conjugated in the past tense: Ana cortou.

Before the verb, you see the reflexive pronoun SE which is associated with Ele, Ela.

In English you use "herself" or "himself"

Often times a verb is reflexive in Portuguese, but not in English. That is, it would not take "myself", "himself", etc. in English, but it is reflexive in Portuguese.

Example:

As crianças se divertem no parque. = Kids have fun in the playground.

So how do you know when you need to use a reflexive pronoun?

You just know. There is no simple rule here. You need to learn which verbs are reflexive and when. Check out our flashcards below to learn 29 common reflexive verbs.

Usually you have the option to place the pronoun before or after the verb.

In writing, especially formal writing for business or school, the preference is to place the pronoun after the verb.

Ana cortou-se cozinhando. = Ana cut herself cooking.

Use a hyphen when you place the pronoun after the verb,.

In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, we usually put the reflexive pronoun before the verb:

Ana se cortou cozinhando. = Ana cut herself cooking.

With that said, there are a few situations in which you need to place the pronoun before the verb even in formal Portuguese. You don't have an option in these situations.

When You Need to Place the Pronoun Before the Verb

When you have a negative word in the sentence

Eu não me cortei. = I didn't cut myself.

Paulo nunca se diverte nas festas. = Paulo never has fun at the parties.

Ninguém se cortou. Que bom! = No one got cut. That's nice!

When you have a question word in the sentence

Quem se cortou? = Who got cut?

Quando Ana se cortou? = When did Ana cut herself?

After relative pronouns such as que and quem

Ana é a pessoa que mais se corta na cozinha. = Ana is the person who cuts herself the most in the kitchen.

There are a few other rules. These are the most common.

When you have two verbs in a row, you can place the reflexive pronoun:

1. between the two verbs; do not use a hyphen in Brazil

2. or after the second verb, using a hyphen

In spoken Brazilian Portuguese, it is more common to place it between the verbs.

Eu vou me vestir. = I am going to get dressed.

Eu vou vestir-me. = I am going to get dressed.

Diana quer se levantar. = Diana wants to get up.

Diana quer levantar-se. = Diana wants to get up.

You cannot start a sentence with a reflexive pronoun.

But I need to say that this may be the most disrespected grammar rule in spoken Brazilian Portuguese. In fact, I will even recommend that you break the rule in order to sound more natural in Brazil.

Chamo-me Luciana. = My name is Luciana. (This sounds very formal in Brazil)

Me chamo Luciana. = My name is Luciana. (This sounds more natural in Brazil)

Well, they should. But as you know, sometimes people develop different ways of speaking in different parts of the country.

The rules above are the official rules for the whole country. But in some parts of Brazil you will hear some reflexive verbs used without the reflexive pronouns.

Should you do the same? If you live in one of these parts of Brazil, you may find it easier to speak like everyone else. But keep in mind that it sounds wrong to those who use the reflexive verbs correctly.

= Cristina fell in love with Brazil.

João e Clara se apaixonaram à primeira vista.

= João and Clara fell in love at first sight.

Daniel se arrependeu de ter saído do emprego.

= Daniel regretted leaving his job.

Ana está se arrumando para ir ao casamento de Priscila.

= Ana is getting ready to go to Priscila's wedding.

Ana geralmente não gosta de se maquiar.

= Usually Ana does not like to put on makeup.

= Ana gets dressed quickly.

= João doesn't like to shave.

Eu te dei o endereço errado. Desculpe. Eu me enganei.

= I gave you the wrong address. Sorry. I made a mistake.

Eu me levanto às 7 durante a semana. E você?

= I get up at 7 during the week. How about you?

= What is your name? (Literally: How are you called?)

A gente se divertiu muito no casamento.

= We had a lot of fun at the wedding.

Cadê a Ana? Ela foi embora sem se despedir?

= Where is Ana? Did she leave without saying goodbye?

= I am not feeling very well today.
Tips to use the flashcards

Use the dropdown menu below the cards to choose a study mode.

In Flashcard mode, click Options on the top right side to enable sound and choose if you want to see the English or the Portuguese card first, or if you prefer to see both cards at the same time.

Try the different study modes to make it more fun and see what works better for you.

If you like games, choose Scatter or Space Race study modes.

We have more flashcards in our Portuguese Starter Kit. Check them out too!

Learning Tip

One of the best ways to retain new vocabulary and make sure that you are using your grammar correctly is to use it in context. Your brain will retain the new words better if it sees them in real-life use.

If you have a Portuguese instructor, practice the reflexive verbs with your teacher. A good instructor will facilitate your learning through carefully selected class activities and exercises.

If you are looking for a great Brazilian Portuguese instructor, Book a Trial Lesson with a Street Smart Brazil teacher to see how we can help you speak Portuguese comfortably and correctly.

Happy learning!

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Reflexive Verbs Made Simple in Portuguese | Street Smart Brazil

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Reflexive verbs express what a person does to him/herself. In other words, reflexive verbs are used when the person who performs the action is also the person who receives the action. For example: "I cut myself cooking". The action reflects back on the subject. That is why they are called reflexive verbs.

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Gosto desse video porque o homem explica a maneira de responder a uma pergunta “sim” ou “não” como um brasileiro autentico. O livro explica os tipos das frases que existem e como responder a perguntas positivas ou negativas. O vídeo é útil porque o homem claramente demonstra o conceito do capítulo.

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Fernando - Fun With Brazilian Portuguese

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HOW TO ANSWER YES AND NO QUESTIONS IN BRAZILIAN PORTUGUESE

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Esse site é util porque tem uma explicação das formas e regras do particípio passado. Tem também os particípios passados irregulares e os verbos que têm dois formas correctas do particípio passado. Acho que é difícil saber todos os verbos que são irregulares ou têm duas formas no particípio passado e por isso esse site é um lugar sucinto para encontrar isto.

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Olá! Tudo bem?

Hey

Today I'd like to talk to you about the concept of the "Portuguese Past Participle" and why it's so important that you understand exactly what it is and how to use it when you speak Portuguese.

Lately, I have been contacted by many of you with questions about many subjects, but among hundreds of them, this was the particular topic that has triggered me to write to you today.

I have noticed, over the years, that generally speaking, people are afraid of using it of even asking about how the Portuguese past participles work.

Does it ring a bell?

In order for you to understand the Past Participle in Portuguese, you need to understand what it is in your own language, so you can apply it to Portuguese as well.

To begin, I need to ask you a question:

Have you noticed that, in English for instance, you need to use a verb - a doing word - before you use the words "seen" (e.g. I have seen), "broken" (e.g. It was broken), "written" (e.g. She has written), etc?

Yes, the English words "seen", "broken" and "written" are no more than Past Participles, which are parts of a specific verb that can only be used with an Auxiliary Verb - Have, Was and Has respectively in these cases.

But what is an "Auxiliary Verb"? You might be wondering...

As the word implies, an Auxiliary Verb is a verb that helps another verb (the main verb of a sentence) to express itself.

In the sample phrases above, the verbs " Have" (I have seen), " Was" (It was broken), and " Has" (She has written) are auxiliary verbs.

So, on their turn, the words "seen", "broken" and "written" are the Past Participles of the main verbs of the sentence.

Do you get it?

In Portuguese this concept of Past Participle works exactly the same way as it does in English although with a few nuances.

So, in Portuguese you have 3 types of Past Participles:

1. Regular Past Participles,

2. Irregular Past Participles,

3. Double Past Participles.

Regarding Auxiliary verbs, you have 5 auxiliary verbs:

A.Ter (to have),

B. Ser (to be - permanent),

C. Estar (to be - temporary),

D. Ficar (to become / to stay).

E. Haver (equivalent to "To have" and used in Brazilian Portuguese).

Is this all clear so far? OK. Let's carry on!

_____________________________________________________

1.When it comes to regular Past Participles, you have a different ending for AR verbs and ER and IR verbs.

For AR verbs like "Falar", for instance, the ending of the Past Participle is "...ado" -> Fal ado (Said / Told).

For both ER and IR verbs the ending of the Past participle is "...ido -> so for Comer is "com ido" (eaten) and for "partir" is "part ido" (broken).

So in order for you to use the past participle well with these regular verbs you just need to juggle with the auxiliary verbs.

Let's see some examples:

O bolo que ele tinha comido era delicioso. - The cake he had eaten was delicious.

A casa foi construida por ele próprio. - The house was built by himself.

Os impostos foram cobrados pelo governo. The taxes were charged by the government.

Ela ficou chateada com os resultados do exame. - She became upset with the exam results.

Note: in Portuguese, the Past Participle agrees in gender and in number with the subject of the sentence when you use the Auxiliars SER, ESTAR or FICAR, but not with TER (which is always either "...ado" or "...ido"). That's why in the last sentence above you say "Ela ficou chateada" where "chateada" agrees with "Ela" (She).

Can you see the pattern here? Easy, isn't it?

2. Irregular Past Participles:

There are a few Past Participles that are irregular and some of the most important ones are as follows:

So with these you can make sentences like:

Ela tem gasto muito dinheiro. - She has been spending a lot of money.

Os prémios foram ganhos pelos Franceses. - The prizes were won by the French.

3. Double Past Participles.

Some other verbs have 2 Past Participles at the same time, one regular and one irregular.

The regular form ("...ado" / "...ido") is used when the auxiliary verbs is TER or HAVER, and the irregular form when the auxiliary verb is SER, ESTAR or FICAR.

Follows a list of the most common verbs with double Past Participles:

So with these ones you can make sentences like:

Eles tinham elegido muitos representantes. They had elected many representatives. (with auxiliary verb TER).

O presidente foi eleito. - The president was elected. (with auxiliary verb SER).

Eles tinham acendido as luzes. They had switched on the lights.

As luzes foram acesas. - The lights were switched on.

And that's it for today. I hope this email will help you improve your speaking and/or reading skills in Portuguese.
And yes, please don't forget, if you want to drastically master and enhance your Portuguese vocabulary during these upcoming Summer holidays, check out the language programme I have been creating for you - www.rafas-vocabulary-ticker.com

I'll call it a day for now.

Do some practice with this email and enjoy your learning, always bearing in mind how you can best use this information to help you achieve your goals.

I hope you have enjoyed this message as much as I have enjoyed writing it and I'll be back with more news soon.

Till then, boas férias (Enjoy your holidays).

Your friend,

Rafa x

PS 1: Questions about any topics? Success stories? Please let me know.

PS 2: Also, no matter how you do it, please spread the word... Tell your friends and family, colleagues at work, about Learn-Portuguese-with-Rafa.com!. This site grows purely by word-of-mouth, allowing many people to "improve their Portuguese", and to attract people just like you, to deliver value towards your success!

:-)

Tchau tchau!

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How to understand The Portuguese Past Participle.

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Olá! Tudo bem? Hey Today I'd like to talk to you about the concept of the "Portuguese Past Participle" and why it's so important that you understand exactly what it is and how to use it when you speak Portuguese.

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Gosto desse video porque a youtuber é brasileira que explica umas expressões idiomáticas no idioma português. Embora esse video não é cem por centro relacionado ao livro, ela discute umas expressões e palavras idiomáticas que são bem interessantes e engraçadas. Mas, eu escolhei esse video porque ela inclui dois idiomas, “mamão com açúcar” e “cara de pau” que demonstram o conceito do livro sobre as palavras compostas da seção 3.8. O livro tem uns exemplos das palavras similares que não têm tradução equivalente perfeito no ingles.

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10 BRAZILIAN EXPRESSIONS THAT SHOULD EXIST IN ENGLISH | Brazilian Portuguese Phrases | Ysis Lorenna

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Como diz o livro, há muitas palavras emprestadas no idioma português de outros idiomas do mundo. Procurei esse site de Wikipedia porque não só tem palavras emprestadas do idioma inglesa, sino também de um monte de outros idiomas. Acho que esse artigo não é exaustivo, mas gosto de todos as referencias aos outros idiomas que tem influencia no português. Por exemplo, há muitas palavras emprestadas do japonês, espanhol, e russo.

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Category:Portuguese semi-learned borrowings: Portuguese terms that are semi-learned loanwords, that is, words borrowed from a classical language into a modern language and partly reshaped based on later sound changes or by analogy with inherited words in the language.

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Eu escolhei esse site porque é uma boa referência para saber os gêneros dos substantivos. Às vezes, os substantivos masculinos ou femininos em português têm o oposto pronome. Existe no espanhol também, mas essas palavras no espanhol não são iguais a essas palavras em português; esse site tem uma lista desses substantivos diferentes no espanhol e em português. Também, o site tem as regras simples para distinguir entre um substantivo masculino e feminino.

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If you have been learning Portuguese, you already know that nouns have a gender in Portuguese: they are either masculine or feminine. And you probably do not like it too much, do you? 😉

In this lesson you will learn:

1. The main rules of masculine and feminine for the gender of nouns in Portuguese

2. Some exceptions to the rules

3. A list of commons words that are masculine in Portuguese and feminine in Spanish, and vice-versa

When you are done with the gender of nouns, visit my lesson on the gender of adjectives so you can match both properly and speak beautiful Portuguese.

Do not get all stressed out about this. I know that your friends probably correct any mix up of masculine and feminine nouns, therefore you would like to get this right once and for all.

However for those who do not have this gender distinction for nouns in their own languages, there will likely always be a word here and there that you mix up.

When you are in a spontaneous conversation, your brain is processing so many things at the same time that it might let a masculine escape in place of a feminine or vice-versa, even when you know the rules. It is OK. Really.

Learn the rules. Practice them. You will get better with time. But do not get too upset if you get a word wrong here and there. Your ability to communicate well does not depend on the gender of nouns.

Below are a few rules that will help you.

A couple of very common exceptions:

There are exceptions:

Here is a common exception:

There are exceptions. Some nouns ending in "or" are feminine:

This might be counter intuitive because of the "a" at the end:

It is almost the same as in Spanish.

However some nouns are masculine in Portuguese, but feminine in Spanish. Here are some commonly used examples:

And some nouns are feminine in Portuguese and masculine in Spanish. Some common words:

The book Ponto de Encontro brings a longer list of these words. It is a great book. I wrote a review of Ponto de Encontro. Visit it here.

If you are a Spanish speaker, you can also check out the book Pois não: Brazilian Portuguese Course for Spanish Speakers. It is pretty dense and not very easy to read (small font, not many pictures), but it is very informative.

The trick to speaking good Portuguese comfortably is practice.

There is no practice more effective than one-on-one lessons with instructors who are trained to help you learn Portuguese well at any level of your language journey.

The Street Smart Brazil Portuguese instructors are:

Native Brazilian Portuguese speakers

Fluent in English and additional languages

College-educated

Trained professionals with work experience in Brazil and abroad

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Feel Comfortable with the Gender of Nouns in Portuguese | Street Smart Brazil

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If you have been learning Portuguese, you already know that nouns have a gender in Portuguese: they are either masculine or feminine. And you probably do not like it too much, do you?

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Gosto de este site porque tem exemplos das vogais portuguesas com suas representações escritas também. Há exemplos da pronúncia das vogais nasais, vogais simples, e regras de acentuação. Outra razão que considero este site ser boa é porque ao final da página web, há vídeos de música em português europeu. Estes vídeos de música têm a letra ademais dos símbolos linguísticos abaixo deles para clarificar a pronúncia.

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Learn European Portuguese - Vowel Pronunciation Guide

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In this guide we explain everything you need to know to be able to read Portuguese with a correct pronunciation. With audio examples and IPA transcriptions.

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Esta fonte é útil porque é um site com uma explicação das palavras com quais se precisa de usar a pronúncia “H” ou “R” com a letra “R”. Este site é de português brasileiro. Também, o vídeo na site dá uns exemplos interessantes das pronúncias diferentes entre “H” e “R”, como na música.

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In this pronunciation lesson you will learn the pronunciation of the letter R in Brazilian Portuguese.

This video lesson is a part of the Street Smart Brazil Portuguese Starter Kit. In this series we give you important pronunciation tips to improve your pronunciation whether you are just starting out with Portuguese or want to improve your language skills.

The examples I will use in the lesson come from four Brazilian songs. Click the links below to get to the lyrics and videos:

The video for this pronunciation lesson is below. Boa aula!

The R as the first letter of the word

When the R is the first letter of the word, we pronounce it like the H in English, as in "hotel", or the J in Spanish, as in "Jose".

From the song Ao Meu Redor:

From Águas de Março:

The double R: RR

We also pronounce the double RR like the H in English, such as in "hotel", or the J in Spanish, as in "Jose".

From Ao Meu Redor:

From Águas de Março:

The R at the end of a word or syllable

When the R is the last letter of a syllable or a word, its pronunciation will vary with the different Brazilian accents. Marisa Monte and Elis Regina are from Rio de Janeiro, so they pronounce it like the English H, such as in hotel. But you will often hear this final R pronounced differently. Just keep your years open to the different ways Brazilians speak.

From Ao Meu Redor:

From Aquarela:

The R between two vowels

When you have a single R between two vowels, that is, when the R forms a syllable with the vowel that comes after it, the R is pronounced approximately like the American English T in words such as "party" or "quarter". This applies throughout Brazil.

From Ao Meu Redor:
Learn how to say the months of the year in Portuguese!
From Aquarela:

Pronunciation tip: Linking words

When we have a word the ends in R followed by a word that starts with a vowel, we tend to put those together. In other words, that final R will form a syllable with the vowel that starts the next word. This happens throughout Brazil. I show you two examples in the video lesson for this post - see below!

Have fun observing the R in Brazilian Portuguese. I encourage you to learn with songs. For great tips and strategies to learn language using music and other media resources, check out Susanna Zaraysky's book Language is Music. It is available in English, Spanish, and Portuguese on Amazon.com.

Street Smart Brazil teaches Portuguese via webcam. Please visit our website to meet our amazing team, learn about our teaching approach, and book a trial session with us.

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Brazilian Portuguese Pronunciation: The Letter R | Street Smart Brazil

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In this pronunciation lesson you will learn the pronunciation of the letter R in Brazilian Portuguese. This video lesson is a part of the Street Smart Brazil Portuguese Starter Kit.

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A pesar de que há muitas palavras neste Quizlet de que não (provavelmente) precisamos neste curso, eu encontrei este Quizlet porque quando estava lendo o livro, eu estive um pouco confusa. Não sabia muitas destas palavras porque nunca tomei antes um curso da linguística. São palavras específicas à linguística, e por isso encontrei este Quizlet para aprender bem todas as palavras relacionadas com a linguística, especificamente as palavras relacionadas à transcrição fonética das palavras.

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Start studying Linguistics terms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

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Este site é um gerador das transcrições fonéticas em português. É legal porque se pode digitar alguma palavra portuguesa na caixa de texto, e o site vai Ilze-Dizer a transcrição fonética desta palavra (ou frase). Também, é possível seleccionar o dialeto preferido (o português brasileiro ou  europeu) da palavra, e vai estar no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional (IPA). O site é simple e útil porque se pode procurar alguma palavra e o site vai reconstruir os conceitos do livro sobre a pronúncia e como ler as transcrições fonéticas.

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Learn faster in high performance state (4 min.)

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Timur Baytukalov. A Complete Guide to Language Learning. Part 1: Learning Pronunciation Free Webinar "Phonetic transcription for fast language learning" (20 min.)
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Highlighting of high-frequency Portuguese words

A special option allows you to highlight high-frequency Portuguese words. The words from different frequency intervals will be highlighted in the following colors:

If you want to make the frequency analysis of your text and obtain the detailed statistics, please use Portuguese word frequency counter.

Check our Portuguese phonetic subtitle converter and obtain something like this:

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Portuguese Pronunciation Tool - IPA Phonetic Transcription

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Learn faster in high performance state (4 min.) Your browser does not support HTML5 video! Timur Baytukalov. A Complete Guide to Language Learning. Part 1: Learning Pronunciation Free Webinar "Phonetic transcription for fast language learning" (20 min.) Do you need to quickly learn a foreign language?

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Português brasileira vs. português europeu

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Português brasileira vs. português europeu

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Escolhei este vídeo porque quero enfatizar as diferenças entre os sotaques brasileiros e europeus. O livro diz que são o mesmo idioma, mas é claro que existem diferenças. Para enfatizar esta diferença, eu encontrei este video com uma pessoa do Brasil falando com outro de Portugal. O sotaque do português europeu é difícil para entender para mim. Por isso eu queria saber mais sobre o sotaque do português europeu para entender-lo melhor.

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Brazilian Portuguese vs. European Portuguese | Speaking Brazilian

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Eu gosto deste artigo de Britannica porque expande no tema de independência brasileira na época das guerras napoleônicas. O livro introduz este tema, mas é muito interessante saber mais porque foi um evento raro em contraste com outros movimentos de independência na America Latina. A independência de Brasil do Portugal foi relativamente suave.

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BBC linha do tempo da história  de Timor Leste

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BBC linha do tempo da história  de Timor Leste

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O livro discute o tema das colônias antigas do Portugal. Uma colônia destes era Timor Leste, na Ásia. Eu sou interessada nas colônias antigas do Portugal porque muitas vezes, os legados do colonialismo ainda são vivos e afectam os países colonizados. Eu escolhi este artigo por BBC porque demonstra a história recente do Timor Leste que reflete os problemas associado com colônias antigas.

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1600s - Portuguese invade Timor, set up trading post and use island as source of sandalwood.

Xanana Gusmao: Former guerrilla leader and first president

Captured by Indonesian forces in 1992 and jailed

Released in February 1999, returned from exile in October 1999

Won presidential elections in 2002

Profile: Xanana Gusmao
1749 - Timor split following battle between Portuguese and Dutch. Portuguese take the eastern half.

1942 - Japanese invade, fighting battles with Australian troops. Up to 60,000 East Timorese are killed. Japan in control until 1945.

1974 - Revolution in Portugal leads to promise to free colonies, encouraging parties to prepare for new future.

1975 - August - Portuguese administration withdraws to offshore island of Atauro.

1975 - October - Five Australian-based journalists killed along border with West Timor, allegedly by Indonesian troops.

1975 - November - After brief civil war, Fretilin (Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor) declares East Timor independent.

Indonesian invasion

1975 - December - Indonesia invades, using its fight against communism as a pretext. It annexes territory as its 27th province, a move not recognised by the UN.

Strong resistance to Indonesian rule followed by repression and famine in which 200,000 people are thought to have died.

1981 - Xanana Gusmao becomes leader of Falintil (Armed Forces of National Liberation of East Timor), the armed wing of Fretilin.

1991 - Santa Cruz cemetery massacre in which troops fire on mourners at a funeral in Dili of Fretilin supporter, killing more than 100 people.

1992 - Setback for the resistance as Gusmao is captured near Dili. In 1993 he is convicted of subversion and given a life sentence which is later reduced.

1993 - Groups of East Timorese enter foreign embassies in Jakarta over the next few years seeking political asylum.

1995 - 20th anniversary of the Indonesian invasion marked by protest by 112 East Timorese and sympathisers who enter Russian and Dutch embassies in Jakarta.

1996 - Acting Bishop of Dili, Carlos Belo, and resistance leader Jose Ramos-Horta jointly awarded Nobel Peace Prize, raising international awareness of the East Timorese independence struggle.

1998 - Indonesian President Suharto resigns. Replaced by Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, who suggests territory may be given special status within Indonesia.

Indonesia's grip loosens

1999 January- Indonesia says it will consider independence for East Timor if people reject autonomy.

1999 February-April- Gusmao moved from Jakarta prison to house arrest. In response to increasing violence by anti-independence activists, Gusmao orders guerrillas to resume independence struggle.

1999 May- Indonesia, Portugal sign agreement to allow East Timorese to vote on their future. Deal endorsed by UN.

1999 30 August- Almost 99% of 450,000-strong electorate votes in UN-organised referendum.

1999 September - Result of referendum shows 78% voters favoured independence.

Violence erupts as anti-independence militia helped by the Indonesian military resume campaign of terror, leaving up to 1,000 dead. A quarter of the population flees, mainly to West Timor. Martial law imposed. Gusmao freed.

Australian-led peacekeeping force arrives, gradually restores order. Many militia members flee to West Timor to avoid arrest. Indonesian parliament recognises outcome of referendum.

1999 October- Gusmao released. UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) established.

1999 December- International donors at a Tokyo conference agree to provide US $520 million in aid to help rebuild East Timor.

2000 September- UN evacuates staff from West Timor after murder of three refugee agency workers by pro-Indonesian militia gangs. An Indonesian court jails six men for up to 20 months for the killings, earning international outrage for being too lenient.

2001 July- East Timor, Australia sign memorandum of understanding over future revenues from oil, gas fields in Timor Sea under which East Timor would get 90% of revenues.

2001 August- Election of 88-member Constituent Assembly; Fretilin party wins, taking 55 seats.

2002 January- Truth and reconciliation commission opens to try and heal wounds of past.

Indonesia inaugurates human rights court to hold military accountable for atrocities in East Timor after 1999 independence vote.

2002 February- East Timor assembly approves draft constitution envisaging government run along parliamentary lines.

East Timor and Indonesia sign two agreements aimed at easing relations.

2002 April- Xanana Gusmao wins presidential elections.

2002 20 May- UN Security Council sets up UN Mission of Support in East Timor (Unmiset) to help East Timorese authorities.

Independence

2002 20 May- Independence: VIP guests including former US president Bill Clinton and Indonesian President Megawati Sukarnoputri join celebrations in Dili.

2002 September- East Timor becomes 191st member of UN.

2004 January- Portugal announces $63m (50m euros) aid package.

2004 February- Production at offshore gas field begins; Bayu Undan project is expected to earn $100m a year.

2004 November- End of two-year process under which 18 people were tried by Indonesian court for human rights abuses in East Timor during 1999 independence drive. Only one conviction - that of militia leader Eurico Guterres - is left standing.

2005 April- East Timor, Indonesia sign landmark border agreement during Indonesian President Yudhoyono's first visit to Dili since coming to power.

2005 June- Remaining Australian peacekeepers leave.

2005 August- Truth commission, set up by East Timor and Indonesia, holds its first meeting. The body, which has no power to prosecute, will examine the violence that accompanied East Timor's independence in 1999.

2006 January- East Timor and Australia sign a deal to divide billions of dollars in expected revenues from oil and gas deposits in the Timor Sea. Under the agreement, talks on a disputed maritime boundary are postponed.

Report on alleged atrocities during Indonesia's 24-year rule is presented to the UN. It finds that the occupation was directly responsible for the deaths of more than 100,000 East Timorese.

Fighting

2006 May- Foreign troops arrive in Dili to try to restore order as clashes involving former soldiers, who were sacked in March, descend into wider factional violence as well as looting and arson. At least 25 people are killed and about 150,000 take refuge in makeshift camps.

2006 June-July- Prime Minister Alkatiri resigns over his handling of the violence. Jose Ramos-Horta is named as premier.

2006 August- Non-military peacekeeping mission, the UN Integrated Mission in East Timor, or Unmit, is set up.

2007 January- Former interior minister, Rogerio Lobato, goes on trial on charges of arming civilians during 2006 unrest.

2007 May- Prime Minister Jose Ramos-Horta wins presidential election.

2007 June- Fretilin, led by former prime minister Mari Alkatiri, wins the highest number of votes in parliamentary polls but not the majority needed to govern alone.

2007 August- Xanana Gusmao is named prime minister, prompting violent protests.

2007 November- An Australian court rules that five Australian-based journalists were deliberately killed by Indonesian troops in 1975 to stop them exposing the invasion of East Timor.

Ramos-Horta attack

2008 February- President Jose Ramos-Horta is shot in the stomach by renegade soldiers in an attack on his Dili residence. Rebel leader Alfredo Reinado is killed in the attack.

2008 April- Gastao Salsinha, new leader of the rebel group that tried to assassinate the president, surrenders together with 12 of his men.

2008 May- President Ramos-Horta asks United Nations to keep its mission in the country for a further five years, citing security concerns.

2008 July- Final report by joint Indonesian-East Timorese Truth Commission blames Indonesia for the human rights violations in the run-up to East Timor's independence in 1999 and urges it to apologise. President Yudhoyono expresses "deep regret" but stops short of an apology.

2009 May- UN peacekeeping mission returns control of a district back to local police for the first time since the 2006 unrest.

2009 August- President Ramos-Horta dismisses an Amnesty International report that accuses the government of failing to deliver justice to citizens who suffered in the 1999 violence. He acknowledges failure to address poverty.

2009 September- Indonesia says ties with Australia may be harmed by a war crimes inquiry into five Australian journalists who died during the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975.

2010 February- East Timor's first anti-corruption commissioner, Aderito Soares, is sworn in to investigate repeated accusations of corruption against officials.

2010 March- A court convicts rebels over the attempted assassination of the president in 2008, jailing them for up to 16 years. President Ramos-Horta later pardons them or commutes their sentences.

2011 March - East Timor officially applies to join the South East Asian regional grouping, ASEAN.

2012 April - Former armed forces chief Taur Matan Ruak wins the second round of presidential elections.

2012 July - Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao's National Congress for Timorese Reconstruction beats the opposition Fretilin in parliamentary elections, but falls short of a majority. Coalition government continues.

2012 November - Hundreds of Australian soldiers pull out of East Timor, ending a six-year stabilisation mission.

2012 December - UN ends its peacekeeping mission.

2014 December - Ties with Australia are severely strained when East Timor accuses Australian intelligence officers of secretly bugging its cabinet meetings to gain an advantage in oil and gas negotiations in 2004.

2015 February - Prime Minister Xanana Gusmao makes way for Fretilin's Rui de Araujo, who forms a coalition government with Mr Gusmao's National Congress in an effort to ease political tensions and stabilise the country.

2015 June - East Timor drops a UN court case against Australia related to a spying scandal after it returns documents seized during a December 2013 raid

2016 September - The Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague takes up the decade-long maritime border dispute between Australia and East Timor over lucrative oil and gas reserves in the Timor Sea.

2017 January - Australia signals it will accept East Timor's move to rescind arrangements demarcating their maritime border.

The Asian Football Confederation bans East Timor from participating in the Asian Cup in 2023 for using fake documents to include players born in Brazil in its national team. It is also fined 76,000 US dollars.

2017 May - Former independence fighter Francisco Guterres (aka Lu Olo) is sworn in as president.

2017 July - Parliamentary elections. Fretilin and CNRT - already coalition partners in a government of national unity - win the most seats, but neither has enough support to govern alone.

2017 September - Australia and East Timor reach a breakthrough agreement on their maritime border, ending a decade-old row.

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1600s - Portuguese invade Timor, set up trading post and use island as source of sandalwood. Xanana Gusmao: Former guerrilla leader and first president Captured by Indonesian forces in 1992 and jailed Released in February 1999, returned from exile in October 1999 Won presidential elections in 2002 Profile: Xanana Gusmao 1749 - Timor split following battle between Portuguese and Dutch.

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Gosto de este vídeo porque é um exemplo de umas pessoas falando em crioulo cabo-verdiano. O homen cabo-verdiano, no vídeo, explica que o crioulo cabo-verdiano é uma mistura do idioma portuguesa e também uns idiomas africanas. Este tema foi um tema discutida no livro; os idiomas crioulos são descendentes dos idiomas “pidgin”.

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My attempt to learn some Cape Verdean Creole