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-Two African-American athletes each raised a black-gloved fist during the US national anthem.

-They said that this was a sign of human rights rather than a black power, however they received heavy criticism for their actions
-First Olympic Games to be staged in Latin America
- introduction of doping tests lead to the disqualification of Hans-Gunnar Liljenwall
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Black Power Salute Rocks 1968 Olympics - ABC News - October 17, 1968

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IOC banned Smith and Carlos from the Olympic Games for life, and Norman's omission from Australia's Olympic team in 1972 was allegedly as punishment who supported the protest by wearing human rights badge in podium

-The group saw the Olympic Games as an opportunity to agitate for better treatment of black athletes and black people around the world. Its demands included hiring more black coaches and rescinding Olympic invitations to Rhodesia and South Africa, both of which practiced apartheid.

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Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists on the podium at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. Courtesy of the Crawford Family U.S. Olympic Archives, USOC.

Nestled in the Crawford Family U.S. Olympic Archives at the U.S. Olympic Committee's Colorado Springs headquarters is perhaps one of the most famous portraits in Olympic history.

The year is 1968. The world has converged on Mexico City for the Olympic Games. And track and field stars Tommie Smith and John Carlos have just turned the apolitical ethos of the Games on its head.

In the photograph, two figures in navy blue track jackets stand atop a podium with their heads down and fists raised. They wear gold and bronze medals and a black glove apiece, two halves of a pair meant to draw attention to the plight of African-Americans back home in the United States.

"Getting on the victory stand, I had a heart feeling, but I didn't have the words to prompt the necessity of revealing, verbally, what I felt," said Smith, who earned gold in the 200-meter to place him on the podium that day along with Carlos, the bronze medalist, and Australian Peter Norman, who took silver and wore an Olympic Project for Human Rights badge to show his support for the protest.

"People didn't believe that what I was saying was necessary, as far as equality is concerned. But now things are changing."
Reflection spurs growth, progress
At the time, the reaction to Smith and Carlos's gesture was swift and without sympathy. After boos and jeers rained down on the pair at the University Olympic Stadium, the International Olympic Committee ordered the U.S. Olympic Committee to suspend Smith and Carlos and send them home.

They endured death threats stateside. They were ostracized from the athletic community.

But almost fifty years later, Smith and Carlos have found their place amongst the Olympic family once more as history reflects on their salute with newfound respect and admiration.

In 2016, USOC CEO Scott Blackmun invited Smith and Carlos to Team USA's White House visit and asked for their support and ambassadorship as the USOC works to strengthen its diversity and inclusion initiatives.

"He's moving forward on diversity," Smith said of Blackmun. "He's moving around, spreading the word of greatness and goodness among people and especially the Olympic Committee ... It's just a direct 180 now."

Carlos, who held a position on the organizing committeefor the 1984 Olympic Games in Los Angeles, called it an honor to meet Blackmun and to see his vision for the future of diversity at the USOC.

"For [Blackmun] to take the initiative to bring us back into the fold... I'll always use the metaphor that he dropped the drawbridge and extended his arms and invited us to come across and be a part of the family again," Carlos said. "It's like a dream come true. Fifty years ago, my chances of coming here to speak to the Olympic family ... it was never gonna take place in my lifetime."

To the Olympic family's benefit, Carlos was wrong about that. He and Smith were recently invited to Colorado Springs to deliver the opening and closing speeches to participants in the FLAME Program, the USOC's hallmark initiative for diversity and inclusion catered toward college-age professionals.

While he was in town, Carlos toured the Crawford Family U.S. Olympic Archives, made possible by the generosity of USOPF Chairman Gordy Crawford. The Archives are one of the largest private collections of Olympic footage, photographs, artifacts and documents in the world.

Among the carefully preserved history, Carlos saw the moment that defined much of his and Smith's lives - one that will serve as a living legacy of activism and courage at all costs.

"Perpetuity: I think that's what's in [donors'] hearts, and I think that spills over into the athletes of yesteryear," Carlos said. "We're thinking about perpetuity to the point where we want our legacies to live far beyond our lifespan."

Smith has his own personal collection of memorabilia, some of which he has given to the National Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, D.C. He intends to donate a few artifacts to the USOC, as well.

"We had someone who fulfilled a necessity to make a change, to do this so [the artifacts] can be preserved in perpetuity," Smith said. "So long after I'm gone, people, athletes and citizens who are not involved in athletics can see that athletics has a very important place in our society. It's an area of pride, an area of cultural involvement. It's a whole world within itself."
Leaving a legacy
The pair upheld their legacy as change-makers in the years following their 1968 protest. At Oberlin College in Ohio, Smith initiated the first women's basketball and track and field programs. Carlos was a high school counselor and track and field coach for a time.

In 2008, they received the Arthur Ashe Courage Award at the ESPYs for their black-gloved gesture - 40 years after they were removed from the Games for the very same thing.

And as ambassadors for the Olympic Movement and for the peaceful power of sport, Smith and Carlos have closely followed the progress the USOC and the sporting world at large has made toward inclusivity and acceptance.

In many ways, their gesture was a catalyst for the changes they now see. It made people begin to think differently about diversity and why it matters, something in which Carlos takes pride.

"My father explained something to me one time. He said, 'Son, I notice that any time your mother gives you and your brothers castor oil, your brothers will take that castor oil, but you always rebel against it. Let me tell you something: It doesn't have to taste good in order for it to be good for you,'" Carlos said. "And I feel like what I did, in my history in track and field and the Olympic Movement and so forth, I was like that castor oil.

"Yeah, I taste bad, you didn't like the flavor or the way I presented myself, but in the long run, you found that it made you a lot healthier down the line."

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1968 salute leaves lasting impact on social activism in Olympic Movement

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Tommie Smith and John Carlos raise their fists on the podium at the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City. Courtesy of the Crawford Family U.S. Olympic Archives, USOC. Nestled in the Crawford Family U.S. Olympic Archives at the U.S. Olympic Committee's Colorado Springs headquarters is perhaps one of the most famous portraits in Olympic history.

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- Host : Munich, West Germany
- Had 195 events following 21 sports
The Munich Massacre- An attack during the 1972 Summer Olympics, in which a Palestinian Terrorist Group named ' Black September' took Israeli Olympic team members hostage and killed them.

The Munich Games marked the return of olympics in a German city. Hence why people viewed it as a a platform for the promotion of Nazi Ideology.  It gained controversy for anti-semitism and racism against the Jews.

Pierre De Coubertin idealised the Olympics in relation to unity between continents to create world piece. This event contradicted that idea, and this emphasised the importance of safety and political sensitivity.

'Wake-up call' for future events to increase funding towards safety precautions and security to prevent political instability and terrorism threats.

Decrease in participation of Israelis because of the damage that this left on them.

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Munich Massacre - 1972 | Today In History | 5 Sept 17

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- Withdrawal of 25 African countries (Protesting NZ's sporting links with South Africa)  --> This boycott occurred due to the Olympic committee refusal to ban NZ   -->Events being cancelled or re-scheduled
- Athletics events affected as record holders such as Filbert Bayi (Tanzania and 1500m) was  withdrawn
- Fear that the African boycott would affect commonwealth games

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-French architect Roger Taillibert "The construction of the Olympic Park and stadium showed me a level of organised corruption, theft, mediocrity, sabotage and indifference that I had never witnessed before and have never witnessed since. The system failed completely and every civil engineering firm involved knew they could just open this veritable cash register and serve themselves."
-The olympics caused 1.6Billion CAD in Debt for Montreal
-Budget Under estimated at 120M CAD

-Workers went on strike for 30% of possible work time
-Inflation caused triple price in steel
-Several Corruption scandals (Regis Trudeau used his olympic contruction contracts of 6.9M to Buy a Chalet)
-French architect Roger Taillibert

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- The USSR boycott the olympics because of athlete's safety. Political instability between US and Soviet Union.(Lead to) the Soviet Union pulling out their athletes so 83 Gold medals were won by the US-
- Considered the most financially successful olympics as it was sponsored by Peter Ueberroth.
- In summary, US won 83 Gold medals, amassed more than $250M.
- Organisers violated the Olympic charter
- It was that the Soviet Union retaliated with the boycott.

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Claiming that its athletes will not be safe from protests and possible physical attacks, the Soviet Union announces that it will not compete in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Despite the Soviet statement, it was obvious that the boycott was a response to the decision of the United States to boycott the 1980 games that were held in Moscow.

Just months before the 1984 Olympic games were to begin in Los Angeles, the Soviet government issued a statement claiming, "It is known from the very first days of preparations for the present Olympics the American administration has sought to set course at using the Games for its political aims. Chauvinistic sentiments and anti-Soviet hysteria are being whipped up in this country." Russian officials went on to claim that protests against the Soviet athletes were likely to break out in Los Angeles and that they doubted whether American officials would try to contain such outbursts. The administration of President Ronald Reagan responded to these charges by declaring that the Soviet boycott was "a blatant political decision for which there was no real justification."

In the days following the Soviet announcement, 13 other communist nations issued similar statements and refused to attend the games. The Soviets, who had been stung by the U.S. refusal to attend the 1980 games in Moscow because of the Russian intervention in Afghanistan in 1979, were turning the tables by boycotting the 1984 games in America. The diplomatic impact of the action was quite small. The impact on the games themselves, however, was immense. Without competition from the Soviet Union, East Germany, and other communist nations, the United States swept to an Olympic record of 83 gold medals.
READ MORE: When World Events Disrupted the Olympics

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Soviets announce boycott of 1984 Olympics

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Claiming that its athletes will not be safe from protests and possible physical attacks, the Soviet Union announces that it will not compete in the 1984 Olympics in Los Angeles. Despite the Soviet statement, it was obvious that the boycott was a response to the decision of the United States to boycott the 1980 games that were held in Moscow.

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McDonald's 1984 Olympics Game Commercial