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During industrialization, ferries could no longer be relied on to rapidly transport commerce in Pittsburgh. Bridges were built to connect downtown with other areas of the city.

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Children playing in the slums of Pittsburgh (Lewis Hines)

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Children playing in the slums of Pittsburgh (Lewis Hines)

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The state of the working-class dwellings in Pittsburgh was deplorable. The poor children often entertained themselves through playing games in the street.

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Pittsburgh grew very fast, to the point at which it overtook the city of Allegheny, which was near Pittsburgh.

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Below, in this painting of Pittsburgh by Henry Warren, one can see the massive amount of pollution that despoiled the environment around Pittsburgh.

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Roman Catholic immigrants, especially from Poland, transformed the religious landscape of the city. Below is St. Stanislaus Kostka Church, named after the patron Saint of Poland.

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As part of the Great Railroad Strikes across the nation, the violence in Pittsburgh killed at least 40 people. Strikers burned down nearly buildings and destroyed thousands of rail cars.

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With immigration from southern and eastern Europe, Pittsburgh became more religiously diverse. Below is a Russian Orthodox Church near Pittsburgh.

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From 1870 - 1920, Pittsburgh's population grew seven times its size. Many were from Italy, the Balkans, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the Russian Empire. The new cultures led to development of a diverse society. Ethnic neighborhoods also developed.
South Side - Eastern European
Polish Hill - Polish
Bloomfield - Italian
Squirrel Hill - Jewish

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Pittsburgh's population skyrocketed from 1870-1920, reaching its peak in the 1950s.

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In the late 1800s, horses were the primary mode of transportation. They stood in stark contrast to the rising and modern buildings around them.

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Steel mills and factories around Pittsburgh released a large amount of pollution, causing life in the city and breathing the air to become very dangerous.

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Andrew Carnegie was an industrialist and steel magnate whose business dominated the city in the late 1800s.

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Pittsburgh had the highest typhoid fever mortality rate of any city in the nation between 1872 and 1908. Someone in Pittsburgh was three times more likely to die of typhoid fever than any other American at that time. Sewage discharge into the rivers was one of the contributing factors to the problem because this was also where the city drew its water supply. Pollution created unclean spaces where disease could spread rapidly.

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Pittsburgh present day (left) compared to Pittsburgh in the early 1900s (right).

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Hell with the lid off was a popular name for Pittsburgh due to the heavy pollution and smog present in the city.

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The towns around Pittsurgh were largely dominated by steel mills, and workers lived nearby in houses usually built by the company.

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By Thaddeus Mortimer Fowler

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The inclines around Pittsburgh were key ways for workers to get down from the high hills around Pittsburgh into the industrialized valley and urban center.

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During work hours, streets were often quiet and less busy.

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Slovak workers near Pittsburgh (Lewis Hine)

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Slovak workers near Pittsburgh (Lewis Hine)

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From 1870-1920, immigrants, especially from Eastern Europe, worked in steel mills around Pittsburgh. The workers below worked in a Carnegie Steel mill.