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Cause: king was demanding higher taxes -> nearly bankrupt communities

This angered the people of the country especially those of the 3rd estate in the Estates General; they decided to break off and form their own assembly

Result: ended the monarchy and led to the creation of the French Republic

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Cause: Ottoman Empire started to decline; was an attempt to save it

was a series of government reforms that sought to centralize and rationalize Ottoman rule and to get more tax revenues to support the military

Result: Ottoman Empire continued to be economically weak, then eventually ceased to exist

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Cause: rich landowners wanted to change in trade laws

Result: gained independence from France

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two consecutive revolutions

Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks - promoted communist beliefs

Cause: people were suffering and wanted to fix it

Result: Bolsheviks took over the provincial government with minimal fighting; civil war between reds and whites

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Cause: disagreement among social classes; people were fed up with the Spanish who ruled them

Series of revolts against Spanish government

Result: all countries in Latin America ruled by Spain are now freed from it; class divisions and violence in many present-day countries

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Cause: Nationalist Party vs. The Chinese Communist Party - they had opposing opinions about how China should be governed

started with an alliance between the two groups, but then the NP broke off

civil war broke out

Result: CCP won; division in China; China is run by the Republic of China (created by CCP)

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Cause: British colonists in North America wanted freedom from British tax laws and eventually all of Britain

Result: United States of America is formed after gaining independence from Britain

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1750-1914

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social movement for equal rights

Cause: women wanted to be treated equally

Result: led to (more) equal pay; women can have abortions legally

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Why was Europe different than the Middle East or Asia?

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Why was Europe different than the Middle East or Asia?

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Elaborate legal system distinct from catholic Church; People speak out more easily against Church because it wasn't as connected to the government
Large universities in Europe allowed independent study

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Carried out by the elite people, commoners still (sort of) governed by Church and government

Made people see themselves and the universe differently

Pulled heavily on the previous teachings of the Islamic World.

started with Nicholas Copernicus and his proposal that stated that the sun is actually the center of the solar system, not the Earth. THE CHURCH DOESN'T AGREE WITH THIS.

Many scientific thinkers of the time followed in his path

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Cultural Renewal

The Renaissance is the rediscovery of art forms, scholarship (Greek and Roman), social science, and philosophy.

FOCUS IS ON THE HUMAN FORM (THE INDIVIDUAL)

Began in Italy due to its increasing wealth from trade with the Ottoman Empire

Ideas were pulled from regions of the Middle East

Really, only the small class of elite people (scholars, artists, mathematicians) in society experienced the Renaissance. Normal people weren't affected by or didn't notice it. The Church wasn't really involved either

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come to conclusions about the world on your own

superior sources, in addition to one's peers, is not necessary

Important figures: Adam Smith & John Locke

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worked to fix problems that started reformation

Focused on individual spirituality and personal piety

Jesuits = religious group dedicated to the renewal of the Catholic Church

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Huguenots (Protestant minority group) being killed in France

division of the Protestant faith into further subdivisions

30 Years War

Counter Reformation

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Why did Luther have success in creating his new religion?

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Why did Luther have success in creating his new religion?

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printing press

translated the Bible to German

appealed to common folk

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indulgences are wrong

one should be able to interpret the bible on his/her own

the pope doesn't have authority

clergy can marry

"saints" refer to all christians

"sola fide" - faith alone

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started by Martin Luther, a German and Catholic priest

He wrote the 95 Theses in protest

Pope Leo X was pope at the time of the Reformation

Martin Luther protests indulgences, corruption, and abuse of the Church

When the Church makes no changes, he breaks off and creates a new religion

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1450-1750

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China started to only accept silver for its goods

Spain discovered silver in Potosi and set up a mine there

deadly conditions for workers

China was called the Silver Drain

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linking of regions throughout the world

Small % of African women gained power/wealth through cross-cultural marriages

slowed Africa's population growth

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Slaves were taken from Africa to the Americas and other parts of Africa, Asia, and the Mediterranean

Africans didn't sell their "own" people into slavery because they did not identify themselves as 1 group of Africans. They were split up into rival groups.

slavery lost legitimacy in the 19th Century

12.5 million slaves were taken away from their homelands

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the belief that there is a limited amount of wealth in the world

Colonies gather raw materials, send them back to the mother country, then the mother country makes them into finished products.

Laws were passed that stated if you live in the colony, you can only buy from and sell to the mother country

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monopolized the spice islands

used force

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traded in India

received approval from Mughal Authorities to set up trading posts

eventually conquered India, making it a British colony

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colonized the Philippines

named after the Spanish king of the time, King Phillip II

region first encountered by Ferdinand Magellan

Why here?

proximity to China and the spice islands

only inhabited by small, militarily weak societies

lack of competing powers

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large population decrease of fur-bearing animals

natives began relying on European goods because they could afford them more easily (had easy access to furs)

warfare in native communities due to competition for furs

Russia grew in wealth from its large quantities of exported furs

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Why did it become prominent on the global scale?

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Why did it become prominent on the global scale?

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Mini ice age occurred around 1600; furs were

European population growth led to high demand of furs

major affect on environment - population decrease of fur-bearing animals

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1450-1750

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expanding land connected to existing territory

Peter the Great:

worked to make Russia more European through a process called Westernization

Strong military leader

furs were a major part of Russian trade

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lower death rate

less demand for slaves

bad conditions

little to no racial mixing

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high death rate

terrible conditions

more slaves needed frequently

slaves worked on harvesting sugar

much racial mixing

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set up a trading post empire in the Indian Ocean and fought to control the spice trade

sold Asian goods and their shipping services to the people of India and Asia

trading post empire was in steep decline by 1600 and eventually ended

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conquered the land of modern day Florida and the southern parts of in North America

conquered the lands of the Aztecs and Incas

conquered some parts of the Caribbean

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1. European Immunity to Disease

disease killed many natives

2. Animals

introduction of horses to natives caused some to switch to nomadic lifestyle

3. Plants

Potatoes, beans, and corn sent over from new world to old world led to a high calorie diet in the old world. This caused the population to increase.

4. People

more racial mixing

overpopulation causes movement to new world

slave trade

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Christopher Columbus

wanted to arrive in the East

arrived in the Americas

Vasco da Gama

traveled around the southern tip of Africa into the Indian Ocean

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pastoral = nomadic

mainly in Asia and Africa

example -> mongols

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villages separate from major empires

agricultural societies

no social class system

2 major groups: Igbo and Iroquois

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hunter-gatherer societies

resisted agriculture

pushed out by agricultural societies

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Defined as revolutionary trade of goods, plants, animals, people and disease between Europe, Americas, and Africa

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European Advantages:

immunity to disease

closer to the Americas

oceanic winds worked in European favor

Missionary efforts pushed the spread of Christianity

overpopulation made people want to leave for new lands

China and India made minimal efforts to expand

spread to the east coast of North America

set up colonies (not trading post empire)

expansion prompted the start of the Colombian Exchange

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governed conquered people

required that conquered peoples incorporate Incan deities into their religion

demanded service of their conquered people

conquered the majority of societies living in the Andean Mountain Range

conquered people forced into resettlement program to disperse them across the empire

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conquered people were not governed

demanded tribute from conquered peoples

took some conquered people to sacrifice them

saved some areas of land for "flower wars" where they would gather more sacrifices

didn't impose religion on conquered people

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Located in the Andean Mountain Range

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Located in Meso-America near Lake Texcoco

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15th Century

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led by Zheng He

mission was not to explore, but to gain power and prestige

wasn't looking to conquer new lands because China had very stable government and religious systems

fleet of 300 ships

Yongle died, then Zheng He's maritime efforts ended

Portuguese enter Indian Ocean and set up trading post empire

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1. Comparing European and Chinese Societies in the 15th Century

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1. Comparing European and Chinese Societies in the 15th Century

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1450-1750