# data[].attributes.body
1- The sample was too small for it to be generalized.
2- The participant was deceived about the stage of sleep he was being woken in.
3- They could not give informed consent to which stage of sleep they should be woken as they were never informed about the stages.
4- Low ecological validity;
People who drink coffee or alcohol before sleep must have experienced a different sort of dreams as they were restrained.
Sleepin in the laboratory, connected to a machine and under observation is different from sleeping in their normal bed. This could have made the sleeping behaviour less typical.

# data[].attributes.body
1- Laboratory experiment was used so the extraneous variable was controlled.
2- Loud bell woke each participant at the same time.
3- The participants were not told about their EEG patterns which avoided the DEMAND CHARACYERISTICS.
4- Additional experiment comparing 5 and 15minutes REM were conducted in order to explore the correlation in a more controlled way.
5- Definition of dream was clearly operationalized. This increased the validity.
6- Participant variables was reduced as the time was controlled.
7- EEG is an objective way to investigate dreaming as it is a biological measure. It is also a very reliable measure because it is unaffected by the personal views.
8- The narration of the dream was subjective in nature.
9- The study collected both quantitative and qualitative data which helped to provide more reliable data.

# data[].attributes.body
1- Dreaming is reported from REM but not nREM sleep.
2- Participants can judge the length of their dream duration and REM patterns related to dream content.
3- Dreaming is more likely at the end of the night, as REM stages are longer.
4- The occasional recall from nREM is due to dreams being recalled from the REM phase.
5- As REM occurs in phases it suggests that participants who were woken randomly in other studies may not have reported dreaming.
6- It could be they were woken only nREM phase or were dreaming about some distant objects so had few REM's, making accurate detection difficult.
7- Measurement of eye movements and brain waves has shown that dreams progress in 'real time'.

# data[].attributes.headline
III- ARE EYE MOVEMENT PATTERNS RELATED TO DREAM CONTENT?

# data[].attributes.subject
III- ARE EYE MOVEMENT PATTERNS RELATED TO DREAM CONTENT?

# data[].attributes.body
1- They were found to be related to dream content.
2- It was based on 35 awakenings from nine participants.
3- Periods of only vertical or horizontal were very rare.
4-There were only 3 dreams with mainly vertical eye movements.
5- 10 dreams had little or no eye movements.
6- 2 of these awakenings also had several large eye movements to the left just a second or 2 before the awakening.
7- 21 of the awakenings had mixed eye movements.
8- The eye movement patterns recorded from the awake  (control) participants were similar in amplitude and pattern to those occuring in dreams.
9- There was no eye movement while watching a distant acivity.
10- Vertical eye movements were rare in awake participants.

# data[].attributes.headline
II- IS THERE A +CORRELATION B/W SUBJECTIVE ESTIMATES OF DREAM DURATION & LENGTH OF REM PERIOD.

# data[].attributes.subject
II- IS THERE A +CORRELATION B/W SUBJECTIVE ESTIMATES OF DREAM DURATION & LENGTH OF REM PERIOD.

# data[].attributes.body
1- Accuracy of 5 and 15 min. of REM was very high (88% & 78% respectively).
2- REM duration & the no. of words in the narrative were significantlly positively correlated.
3- r= 0.4 to r = 0.7, indicating moderate to strong + correlation.
4- The result was based on 1-35 dreams per participant, with a total of 126 dreams.
5- The narratives from after 30-50mins. of REM sleep were not much longer than 15mins. REM.
6- The reason for this was they did not remember all the details of the dream.
7- 1 participant often underestimated the dream duration as he only remembered the end of the dream.

# data[].attributes.headline
I- DOES DREAM RECALL DEFERE B/W REM and nREM SLEEP?

# data[].attributes.subject
I- DOES DREAM RECALL DEFERE B/W REM and nREM SLEEP?

# data[].attributes.body
1- Participants frequently described dreams when woken from REM but rarely from nREM.
2- From REM 79.6%(152/191) of awakenings produced dream recall.
3- From nREM 93% (149/160) of awakenings did not produce dream recall.
4- In 17 nREM awakenings soon after the end of REM stage (within 8 minutes), 5 dreams were recalled (29% of occasions).
5- From 132 awakenings following priods longer than 8 minutes after REM stage only 6 dreams were recalled(less than 5% of occasions).
6- In nREM awakenings, participants described their feelings but not specific dream content.
7- They were least likely to report a dream when woken from a nREM sleep.
8- Absence of dreaming in REM was common early in night.
9- Of 39 awakening when dreams were not reported , 19 occured in the first 2hrs. of sleep, 11 from the second 2 hours, 5 from the third and 4 from the last 2 hours.
10- Awakenings from the nREM always produced low incidence of recall.
11- Participants did not become any more acuurate over time i.e. they did not improve with practice.

# data[].attributes.body
Uninterrupted dream stages : FINDINGS -
1- Lasted 30-50 minutes (mean of 20 min. approx).
2- Longer in the night
3- Intermittent bursts of around 2-100 rapid eye movements.
4- No REM  during the onset of the sleep even thiugh the EEG showed similar brain waves as produced during REM sleep.
5- The cycle length varied between particioants but was consistent within individuals i. e from 1 REM stage to another the REM sleep time was 70mins. shortest and 104 min. longest with a mean of 92 mins.
6- Woken from nREM sleep participants returned to nREM sleep.
7- Woken from REM sleep they typically did not dream again until the next REM phase (except sometimes in the final REM phase of the night).
8- The pattern of REM and nREM periods were very similar in experimental and control group participants.

# data[].attributes.body
1- The doorbell was sufficiently loud to rouse them immediately from any sleep stage.
2- The questions were asked only after the recording was done.
3- Reports were not counted as 'dreams' if they couldn't record the contents of the dream.

# data[].attributes.body
7- Woken up after 5 mins or 15mins in REM sleep.
8- Participant had to guess the duration of their dreaming. Longer period were also allowed.
9- The no. of words in the dream narrative was counted.
10- Direction of eye movement was detected using EEG electrodes around the eyes.
11- They were woken after single eye movement pattern that lasted for more than a minute and asked to report their dream.
12-Eye movement pattern detected were : 'mainly vertical', mainly horizontal', 'both vertical & horizontal' and 'very little or no movement'
13- Comparison EEG Records were taken from awake participants, 20 naive and 5 of the experimental sample, who were asked to watch distant and close-up activity.

# data[].attributes.body
1- Each day participants ate normally excluding caffeine-containing drinks.
2- They were made to sleep in a dark, quiet room with electrodes attached deside the eyes and the scalp (EEG) which led into the experimenters room.
3- Participants were woken by a doorbell at various times during the night.
4- Once awake they were asked to describe their dream if they were having one, then returned to sleep.
5- They were not told about their EEG pattern and whether their eyes were moving.
6- Participants were either woken up in REM or nREM sleep. They weren't told which.
Different ways was decided for waking :

Random number table

In groups of three REM and three nREM.

By telling the participant they will be woken in REM but actually waking them in REM pr nREM randomly.

No specific order.

# data[].attributes.body
7 Male and 2 Female adults were used.

Out of them 5 were studied in detail.

The remaining four were used to confirm the results of the first five.

# data[].attributes.body
1- LABORATORY EXPERIMENT
2- REPEATED MEASURE DESIGN
IV - Whether the participant was woken from REM or nREM sleep.
DV- Whether they recalled a dream or not.
3- The relationship between dream duration and the length of the REM period was correlational (although the comparison between estimates of 5 and 15 mins. was another repeated measure design).
4- To study the relationship between eye movement and dream content, self-reports were used.

# data[].attributes.body
1- It produces a chart showing how brain waves vary, i.e how the frequency and amplitude (height) of electrical activity changes over time.
2- The chart record changes which indicate the sleep stage a person is in.
3- It can also be used to detect activity in the muscles moving the eyes, can be used to measure eye movement. (ElectroOculogram).

# data[].attributes.body
1- Physiological measures of sleep to explore the relationship between sleep and dreaming.
2- Electroencephalograph (EEG) to record brain activity and eye movements
3- It showed that we have several stages during the night.
4- Alternating between REM and nREM sleep.
5- They found that participants woken from REM sleep were more likely to report a vivid, visual dream than when woken in other stages.

# data[].attributes.body
1- Does dream recall differ between eye movement (REM) and quiescent (nREM) stages of sleep?
2- Is there a positive correlation between subjective estimates of dream duration and the length of the REM period before waking.
3- Are eye movement patterns related to dream content?