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History of the Irish potato famine in 1mn

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History of the Irish potato famine in 1mn

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In 1845, Ireland was divided in counties. In each county, the various territories were the propriety of British landowners, mostly from the British aristocracy. The Irish were mostly peasants working as farmers or similar professions, and so they depended on British owners for their wages. Politically as well, Irish people were ruled over by Britain and by Queen Victoria, who was their political leader.

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Since the Irish potato famine, the Irish had started to want more rights (especially the Catholics, who were considered as second-rate citizens by the British). Some wanted the independence of Ireland. When World War I broke out, the Irish went to fight alongside the British against Germany. In exchange for their help, they expected to get independent. To accelerate this process, some men called the Irish Volunteers prepared an armed insurrection against Britain. On Easter Monday, 24 April 1916, they seized a number of public buildings in the center of Dublin. It only lasted a week, but the volunteers fought cleanly and honourably. The British saw them as rebels, and fought back. They devastated the city center and arrested the Irish Volunteers. When it was over, they executed 16 of the leaders. From the British point of view, it was perfectly logical. The leader had, after all, rebelled against the British army in the middle of a war. But in Ireland, the executions were denounced and gave Irish nationalism new martyrs. It reinforced the division between the British and the Irish.

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Irish immigration to America during the famine

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Irish immigration to America during the famine

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When the Great War (1914-1918) ended, there was a general election. The Irish Independent Party won the election, but the British refused to accept the result. A civil war started between the Irish Catholics, who wanted the independence, and the Irish Protestants, who wanted to remain in the UK. It was called the Irish war of independence. It mixed heroism and terrorism in equal measure. Finally, England gave independence to the Republic of Ireland in 1921. Ireland was divided in two: Northern Ireland, the richest part of the island, was still part of the United Kingdom (with Belfast as its capital), while the south was renamed the Republic of Ireland, with Dublin as its capital. But there were still Irish Catholics living in Northern Ireland who were segregated.

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In the 1960s in America, Black people started to rebel against Black segregation. This appeared on national TV. In Northern Ireland, Irish Catholics saw these events and started to realise they were also the victims of a religious form of segregation (they had much less civil rights than the Protestants). In 1968, following the example of the March in Selma, they started to demonstrate in the streets, but the British fought back in an extremely severe manner, sometimes using the army. A civil war started again, opposing the Irish Catholics to the Unionists (those who remain faithful to Britain). In reaction to the violent repression by the British army, the Irish started to join the Irish Republican Army (the IRA), which becomes somewhat of a terrorist association opposed to Britain.

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Bloody Sunday was one of the peaks of violence during the civil war. The British army opened fire on people demonstrating in the streets.

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Terrorist attacks, imprisonments and social protests had taken place for decades, with the British Prime Minister refusing to answer the Irish protests. It took until 1997 for the Irish and the British to be able to discuss peacefully in order to find a way out of the civil war. The IRA announced a ceasefire, and peace talks finally led to the Good Friday Agreement in April 1998. It put in place structures for the Northern Ireland Assembly and Executive, North South cooperation and British-Irish relations. The people of Ireland showed their overwhelming approval for the Agreement, voting in referendums. Northern Ireland was still part of the UK, but it enjoyed more political freedom, its own Parliament. Relations between Ireland and England are sometimes still difficult today, and the Queen did not visit Ireland until 2011.

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1998