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(Topography) The Arabian Peninsula is south of Europe and in western Asia. It has a wide dry and hot landscape. It has pockets of life at oases, rich spots in a desert that can have water. These spots are how it's possible to sustain people and where most settlements are made. In addition, there are routes where natives could be able to travel, so they could trade goods.

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After the death of the prophet Muhammad, questions of who will lead the Islamic people were complicated. There first ones were the Rashidun Caliphs, a term of what Sunnis used to describe the reign of the first four caliphs.

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The father-in-law of Muhammad, Abu Bakr was the first of the four of the caliphs. A council chose him to be caliph. He was able to cover Muhammad's political and administrative abilities. Abu Bakr is commonly known as "The Truthful". His reign was only two year, from 632 CE to 634 CE, until he got ill and died.

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After the death of the first caliph, Umar was to be his successor, reigning from 642 CE to 644 CE. He did many grand campaigns on other nations, such as the Sassanian Empire, taking it over, and the Byzantine Empire, taking two thirds of their land. The attacks on the Sassanian Empire would lead to their conquest of Persia.  He would eventually lose his life to a Persian named Piruz Nahavanadi.

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Uthman was the successor of Umar. He did multiple good economic reforms. Uthman also expanded the empire into present day Iran and some areas of present day Afghanistan. His rule was unstable, soon leading to revolt, leading to his death by assassination.

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The Umayyads were the first ones to make an Islamic empire, stretching from the Arabian heartland to the territory of Spain. They originated from a mainly merchant family in the Quraysh tribe. When civil war broke out in Ali's rule, the son, Muawiyah, of the leader of the Umayyads, Abu Sufyan, was able to take control, giving himself the title of Umayyad caliph. After this, two branches of family would rule this nation, the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan), from 661 CE to 684 CE, and the Marwanids (descendants of Marwan I), from 684 CE to 750 CE.

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Ali was chosen as Caliph, due to him being the cousin of Muhammad, but his rule was full of civil war. Soon leading to his death as well by assassination while he was praying, as reigning from 656 CE to 661 CE.

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During the reign of Uthman, instability soon grew, making Ali a threat to the caliph's power. The two fought and fought, until a neutral group asked for a peace meeting of the men. In reality, they wanted to wipe the two of them out to make a clean slate. They were partially successful, but they only killed Uthman. Ali was able to reign, but restlessness was still there, where Ali soon followed Uthman, ending the reign of the Rashidun Caliphate.

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After the death of Muawiyah I's grandson, Muawiyah II, he was named his successor and became ruler of the Umayyad Empire, becoming the first Marwanid. Before that, he was known to try to make a stable rule for Muawiyah's bloodline, but it soon trembled, leaving him to rule. He would die less than a year later, due to old age.

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After is rise to power, he conducted many campaigns and raids on the Byzantines. He was able to continue a welfare state from Umar and Ali. Muawiyah I did many good things, like religious tolerance and being a great politician. He died from illness on 680 CE.

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Abd al-Malik (Notable Umayyad Caliphs #3)

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Abd al-Malik (Notable Umayyad Caliphs #3)

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When Abd al-Malik came into power, the Umayyad reached it's peak under his rule. He  used the Empire's army to take over most of Spain, parts of India, and other regions. He created a larger sense of culture of the nation, replacing Persian and Greek officials with Arab officials, as well as making Arabic the national language.

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The Fall of The Umayyad Empire & The Birth of The Abbasid Empire.

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The Fall of The Umayyad Empire & The Birth of The Abbasid Empire.

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The fall of the Umayyad Empire was due to multiple emperors that caused many cracks in the nation. Umar II made a financial crisis, hurting the military and causing infighting. Hisham further destroyed the military in multiple battles against France and the Turks. After his reign, the empire started to fracture, as they gathered under one faction on 747 to revolt against Umayyad rule. They overthrew Marwan II, the last Umayyad caliph, making a new caliph, a descendant of Muhammad's uncle, and creating the Abbasid Empire.

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After they came into power, they knew they had to make changes to not meet the same fate as their predecessors. The empire started to focus east, moving their capital to the new city of Baghdad. They changed their mindset of nationality to a mindset of religion and faith, being less tight towards non-Arab Muslims. The empire also promoted industry, arts, and science.

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It began as al-Mu'tasim hired non-muslim men into the empire's personal army. This caused a lose of power, unrelated to power over faith, having new military officers just assassinating caliphates to get their way. In addition, a group called the Buyids made this situation that lead to smaller royal dynasties ruling most of the land of the empire under the main royal family.

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As the empire was struck with a sense of fracture, they were easily taken over by the Seljuks, taking temporal power, but allowed the Abbasids to keep power over faith and religion. This created a sense of unity again, as the caliph was given authority again to leaders like al-Mustarshid and an-Nasir, but it would soon end as the Mongols made their conquest of most of Eurasia. Burning Baghdad, the empire's land soon fell over Mongolia's control.

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After the destruction of a nation occurred, power was divided among many principalities, states lead by a monarch titled "Prince" or "Princess". One of these were lead by Osman I. He was able to make his territory reach to the Balkans and Asia Minor. Osman's descendants would continue the Empire's rise, until it would fall into civil wa

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After the death of a former leader of the Ottoman Empire, four brothers fought for the throne. First Mehmed and Isa duked it out, fighting each other, and soon Isa was assassinated by Mehmed's agents. Soon came Suleyman stepped up to the plate, but faced his other brother Musa instead. Musa had one, having Suleyman executed on his orders. Mehmed and Musa fought, but with help, Musa was killed in battle and Mehmed became leader.

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Also known as the Lawgiver, Suleiman was known for his laws and his military campaigns. With his companions, they have walked together a path of destiny.

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Extra History: Suleiman the Magnificent - YouTube

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Suleiman the Magnificent - VI: Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques - Extra History

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After Suleiman, multiple governmental problems popped up. These problems lead to corruption and favoritism. In addition, the economy was crippled, starting in the late 16th century. Multiple reforms were made to help all of this, but it wasn't that effective. Then came the huge amounts of land lost during 1875 to 1878. All of this lead to the first constitution, that soon kicked out the royal family out of power, ending the reign of the Ottoman Empire

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Sufyan Asari (1040299