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1.Relationship to Muhammad: Father-in-law
2. How did he become caliph: Chosen by a group of Muhammad's advisers.
3. Lost Caliph position because of his death

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1. Relationship to Muhammad: Long time friend and adviser
2. How did he become caliph: Appointed successor by Abu Bakr
3. Lost Caliph position because of his death

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1. Relationship to Muhammad: Long time friend and adviser
2. How did he become caliph: Chosen by council
3. Lost Caliph position because he was murdered

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1. Relationship to Muhammad: Muhammad's most trusted and loyal companion; blood related
2. How did he become caliph: He was the natural choice of leadership
3. Lost caliph position because he was murdered by third Muslim party

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1. Relationship to Muhammad: None- relative to Uthman- friend of Muhammad
2. How did he become caliph: survived the third party murder plan
3. Lost caliph position because he was murdered

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1. Sunni and Shiite conflict. After Muhammad's death, most Muslims either became Sunni or Shiite. Sunnis believed that the caliph should be elected wile the Shiites believed that the caliph should be related to Muslim through Ali's family.

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Map of Arabian Peninsula with trade routes before year 630 CE

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Map of Arabian Peninsula with trade routes before year 630 CE

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Established by Muawiyah after 1st Muslim civil war.
Ruled Islamic Empire from 661 to 750 CE
The Umayyad Empire was destroyed when Abbasids took control

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Most of the Arabian Peninsula  is desert. However, part of the region in the southwest are mountain ranges which generally receive more rainfall than the other areas. Most of the elevation in the Arabian Peninsula is below 1000 meters, but some places can go as high as 2500 meters.

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Many people thought that the Umayyad Empire wasn't following the ways of Islam. In 750, a new rival, the Abbasids, overthrew the Umayyad Empire.

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Muawiyah: Established the capital of the Empire in the city of Damascus.
Adb La Rahman: Fled to the Iberian Peninsula, which is Spain, where he established to own empire in the city of Cordoba which flourished until the 1400s.

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Created by Osman I who ruled Turkish tribes in Anatolia in the year 1299 CE
The empire ended in 1923
Osman expanded his kingdom uniting independent tribes under his rule
Osman also established a formal government and excepted religious tolerance over conquered lands and people
In 1453 Ottoman empire captured Constantinople, the capital of the strongest empire at their times- the Byzantine Empire
Renamed Constantinople to Istanbul which was burned in a fire in 1569.
From 1520 to 1566, the Ottoman Empire captured Eastern Europe which included

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Osman I: United the Independent States to make one big empire-The Ottoman Empire
Mehmed II: Ruler of Ottoman Empire- Conquered Constantinople and overthrew the Byzantine Empire
Suleiman the Magnificent: Reached peak of empire under this ruler. Expanded the empire and captured Eastern Europe containing Greece and Hungary

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Decline: Faced economic competition from India and Europe
Poor Leadership led to a low and steady decline

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The Abbasid Empire had two important periods. The first one lasted from 750 to 1258 CE. The second one lasted from 1261 to 1517 CE. This was caused when the first period was taken over by the fierce Mongols and were forced to hide in Egypt.
1st period: Controlled a huge amount of land and created a culture frequently called the Golden Age
2nd Period: Had authority over the Islam religion while the Mamluks. Ruled this area until 1517 where they were defeated by the Ottoman empire.

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1st Period: Were surrounded by the Monguls and eventually surrendered.
2nd Period: Were losing their gain when the Ottoman Empire, a fierce rival, took over their lands.

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Al-Musta'sim: Last caliph of the 1st period. Thought that his empire could fight off Monguls- He was wrong, was put into siege and when he surrendered, he was rolled in a carpet and was stomped on by horses until he died.