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Studying the sciences brought more perspective and insight into the lives of all Muslims.
-Felicity

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1) Map of the Arabian Peninsula Showing the Ancient Trade Routes before the year of 630 C. E.

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1) Map of the Arabian Peninsula Showing the Ancient Trade Routes before the year of 630 C. E.

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-Mahek

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THE FIRST TRANS-REGIONAL CIVILIZATION - ppt download

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The Arabian Peninsula is mainly a desert which stretches from Yemen to the Iraq. There are mountains southwest in the peninsula which receive more rainfall than any other region in the Arabian Peninsula. Harrat ash Shaam is another feature of the Arabian Peninsula and is a volcanic field that covers  the northwestern  part of the peninsula and extends towards southern Syria. There are very few lakes or rivers, making the region extremely hot and arid.
-Felicity

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Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr was one of Muhammad's adviser and when Muhammad died, he restored the faith of Islam in many Muslims' hearts. He was chosen by an assembly of tribal leaders to be Muhammad's successor.
He was able to accomplish extending the Muslim empire and stop revolts against Islam. He died in 634 and named Umar, another adviser of Muhammad, to be the next caliph.
-Felicity

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Umar
Umar was named as caliph by Abu Bakr in 634. A notable feature of his rule is that he encouraged the Muslims to conquer many lands. He ruled for ten years and created a council to elect the next caliphs to come. In 644, Umar passed on to heaven.
-Felicity

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Uthman
Uthman was elected by Umar's council. He was also one of Muhammad's adviser. He, like Umar,   took over many civilizations. Uthman was able to seize part of North Africa and Persia. However, the empire's rapid growth created many obstacles such as difficulty communicating with Medina and incompetence in the government. Tired of the disorganization, a crowd of citizens pushed Uthman off the brink of life.
-Felicity

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The Dome of the Rock is one of the many buildings created in the Islamic Golden Age. This building was meant to honor Islam and  brought more faith into Muslims.
-Felicity

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Ali
Ali was Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin. During most of his reign, he was plagued by Muawiya, a relative of Uthman and governor of Syria. Muawiya labeled Ali as an incompetent ruler since he would not punish Uthman's murderers. Ali reluctantly opposed him and before both sides fought each other, Ali attempted to negotiate but failed. He ruled for several more years until he was murdered like the caliph before him.
-Felicity

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The Abbasid Empire was founded in 750 and included the Middle East, Northeastern Asia, and western Asia as part of their territory. The Abbasid Empire is also known for having a large role in the Islamic Golden Age. One of the empire's  first leaders, al-Mansur, moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad where art, poetry, and science began to become an important part of the Abbasid culture. Knowledge was emphasized as very important and encouraged during the Abbasid rule. The fifth caliph, Harun al-Rashid was a large supporter of the sciences and arts. Thus, the empire grew and the empire was able to create new technologies with the help of traded materials from bordering civilizations. Over time, the language Arabic evolved, geometry and astronomy were founded, and methods to grow crops and transport water were improved. Abbasid's decline took a large amount of time since most caliphs were skilled and worked hard to educate the people. The massive size of the civilization created problems for the government since it was harder to rule and depleted the amount of authority. With the little amount of power, the caliph could not collect as many taxes as before and could not solve many problems. Furthermore, an Abbasid caliph, al-Mu'tasim hired a group of guards to protect the caliph. These guards acted superior to the people, angering them, and many riots erupted around the empire. The caliph of the Abbasid Empire would be manipulated by the guards to do what they wanted and if a caliph would not comply, the guards would simply kill them. With little budget and corruption, the empire was invaded by the Mongols who ended the Islamic Golden Age.
-Felicity

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-Mahek

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The Ottoman Empire rose in 1299 AD under the reign of Osman I. On July 27, 1302, the Ottomans  had their first war against the Byzantines.  Bursa became the capital of the empire in 1326.  After Osman died, Osman's son, Orhan, the next ruler, took control of Thrace in 1345.  Orhan's son, Murad I, set up the system to train ex-slaves into elite soldiers known as Janissaries when he ruled. He died in battle defeating the Serbians in 1402. The ruler after, Bayezid extends the empire and when he dies, the empire is split between his sons. Bayezid's sons fight for the throne until 1413 when Mehmed wins, and dies in 1421. Mehmed II took control of the Byzantine Empire in 1453. From 1520-1566, the most well-known emperor, Suleyman I helped reached the empire reach it's peak. After Suleyman I died, his son did not reign very well, and the empire began to slowly decline. The Ottomans fought with Persia from 1606 until 1639. The Ottomans failed to conquer Venice in 1683. In 1697, Ottomans had to give up their land to the  Austrians. Greece revolted in 1821 against the Ottomans and eventually gained their independence in 1830. The Balkan Wars (1912-1913) removed the European lands under the Ottoman's possession. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire sides with the Central Powers. They lose the war, and peace treaties cause the empire to fade away. (1914-1923)
-Bernadette

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4) Important Dates, Events, and Leaders of the Umayyad Empire

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4) Important Dates, Events, and Leaders of the Umayyad Empire

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-Mahek

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-Bernadette

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-Bernadette

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This is the flag of the Ottoman Empire during World War 1.
-Bernadette