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Paired fins

Paired nostrils

Scales

Two-chambered hearts

Skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone. Cartilage is supportive tissue that does not have as much calcium as bones, which makes bones rigid. Cartilage is softer and more flexible than bone.

Well developed jaws and paired fins

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The 1,000 or so species of cartilaginous fish which are subdivided into two sub classes:

Sharks

Rays and Skates

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Are defined by their skeleton that are made up of hard, brittle, highly calcified bones

Hinged jaw, gill arches, gill filaments, and gill rakers.

They also have an operculum for pumping water across the gills and swim bladders to control buoyancy

As well as mucous-lined scales.

Ossified endoskeletons

(calcium phosphate)

Skin is made of flat boney scales.

Lateral Line System

Gills covered by a protective flap

Operculum

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Ray Finned Fish

Lobe Finned Fish

Lung Fish

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Keritin scales waterproof the skin

Obtain all of their oxygen through lungs

Lay shelled amniotic eggs

Use behavior to regulate body temperature

Ectothermic: of or relating to an organism that regulates its body temperature largely by exchanging heat with its surrounding environment.

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Lack teeth and use a gizzard to grind food

Some lack organs (having one ovary)
Hollow bones decrease weight.

Feathers made of keratin.
Endothermic for increased metabolism.

Four chambered heart is efficient in blood circulation.

One way air flow in respiratory track.

Large Keel to anchor pectoral muscles.

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Milk production

Hair made of keratin
Endothermic

Live births
Placenta: tissue developed to give nutrients to the embryo.

Generally have larger craniums so more and complex behaviors.

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Major Groups Within Class/ Distinction of How Groups are Different

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Major Groups Within Class/ Distinction of How Groups are Different

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Crocodilia: crocodiles and alligators

Squamata: lizards, snakes and amphisbaenids

Testudines: turtles and tortoises

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Carnivora: dogs, wolves, bears, cats, seals, otters

Artiodactyls: sheep, pigs, cattle, deer

Cetaceans: whales, dolphins, porpoises

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Sharks are some of the most frequently studied cartilaginous fish. Sharks are distinguished by such features as:

The number of gill slits.

The number and type of fins.

The type of teeth.

The size of their jaws.

Body shape.

Their activity at night.

An elongated, toothed snout used for slashing the fish that they eat, as seen in sawsharks.

Teeth used for grasping and crushing shellfish, a characteristic of bullhead sharks.

A whisker-like organ named barbels that help sharks find food, a characteristic of carpet sharks.

A long snout (or nose-like area), characteristic of groundsharks.

Rays:

Developed larger pectoral fins.

Many have a venomous barb on the end of their tail used to avoid predation.

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Ray Finned Fish

Have spines that protrude into the fin for support.

Lobe Finned Fish

Have fins that are supported by skeletal extensions.

Lung Fish

Have the ability to gulp air into lung sacs connected to the digestive system but mainly use gills for gas exchange.

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Crocodiles have four chambered hears

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Carnivorous: posses sharp, pointed canine teeth and molars for shearing

Artiodactyls: posses hooves with an even number of toes on each foot; herbivorous

Cetaceans: marine forms with fish-shaped bodies, paddlelike forlimbs and no hind limbs; thick layer of insulating blubber

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Major Groups Within Class/Distinction of How Groups are Different

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Major Groups Within Class/Distinction of How Groups are Different

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Strisores: nightjars, frogmouths, and other nocturnal birds, along with diurnal swifts and hummingbirds.

Columbaves: turacos, bustards, cuckoos, pigeons, sandgrouse, and mesites.

Gruiformes: cranes, rails, crakes, Sungrebe, flufftails, and others.

Aequorlitornithes: shorebirds, flamingos, grebes, gulls, tropicbirds, penguins, and other waterbirds.

Inopinaves: all landbirds, including hawks, owls, toucans, falcons, parrots, and songbirds.

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Bony skeleton

Laterally flattened

Five pairs of gills protected by an operculum

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Caudal fin

Propulsion with undulations of the body.

Dorsal fin

Stabilizes the organism from roll.

Pectoral and Pelvic Fins

Used for lift in the water column.

Shalp vision but can’t distinguish colors

Very good Olfaction (smell)

Lateral Line System:

Allows to sense water vibrations

Electrical fields through pores in the skin

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Shark eggs are fertilized internally through claspers found on male sharks.

Three types of gestation

Oviparous: eggs laid outside of mother in thick mucus layer

Ovoviviparous: retention of the eggs within the uterus but only the eggs nourishes the embryo.

Viviparous: placental formation in the uterus.

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Reproduction is mainly oviparous

eggs laid outside of mother in thick mucus layer