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Constitution of 1791 Many challenges and struggles came in the face of the National Assembly due to financial struggles throughout France. The National Assembly created the Constitution for their ability to voice concerns in the population and find an escape from absolute monarchy of the Ancien Regime. King Louis XVI was forced into accepting the Constitution of 1791 after he and his family were arrested. It allowed the National Assembly to be heard and also gave the king royal veto power for votes as well as the ability to appoint ministers, later being criticized as a weak form of rule.

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Abolishment of Feudalism
With the Great Fear rattling the entire peasant population, the National assembly decided to step in and abolish feudalism once and for all in France. This lead to the end of the Great Fear, with peasantry at ease with their new found form of freedom. They were not completely on their own yet since the order of estates still made them unable to take place in government actions, but they still got away from being mistreated under a landlord who robbed them of their pay. The abolition of feudalism was a large step in moving forward for the French Revolution since the peasantry made up a massive portion of the population. They were the most powerful in a sense, and now had some control over that power.

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Storming of Bastille
The revolution struck Paris when angry mobs of Third Estate peasantry took to the streets. They were frustrated with all of the unemployment, food shortages, and threats of military violence in their communities. The stormed the royal prison not only to acquire weapons but with the hopes of bringing down what it stood for: the oppressive nature of the monarchy. The fall of Bastille acted as the basis of the Revolution on which the peasantry would constantly try to build until they had some influence in the government.

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
The National Assembly passed this in hopes of setting new standards for the national government and equal individual rights for people in all estates. It was an attempt at further expanding the new rules on feudalism yet it mostly protected the individual rights of mostly rich white males with property. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen was sponsored by Lafayette, who had been influenced by Enlightenment thoughts and ideas which inspired the Revolution. It was an important document because it set the stage for France's three constitutions.

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The Great Fear
Just five days after the storming of Bastille, peasants once again took to the streets to start a rebellion. It was for the mistreatment and misery peasants had to go through because of their landlords, and they took action. Peasantry all across France armed themselves and attacked. These small peasant militias were usually very disorganized and spontaneous, while in some villages they had assigned representatives which would assist in assembling a strike. The Great Fear lead to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, and also put into perspective the new treatment of the Third Estate during the Revolution.

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Role: They were a Representative government consisting of the Third Estate & a few parish priests who paved the way for the lower class, aimed to achieve equality among all classes, and took steps to reform the government system.
Accomplishments/Failure: The National Assembly did numerous of acts that benefitted the French society. The National Assembly moved forward with its reforms, starting with the Declaration of the Rights of Man & of the Citizen. They also abolished feudalism, privileges of nobles, and peasant serfdom. Within religious life, they granted religious freedom to small minority of French Protestants and Jews. Although they were successful in many part of the French system, they did have some failure. Their declaration did not make a direct, empirical effect on Paris’ lower classes.

Revolutionary Values: The National Assembly reflected revolutionary ideals of liberty & equality. They

Supported the idea of being free from restrictions of outdated privileges and an absolutist monarchy, as well as aimed to achieve reformation of France’s authority.

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Role: Sieyès’s pamphlet enabled a voice with a message that spread throughout France addressing the inequality within classes. He argued that the French system had injustice to it due to the small group of nobles being over privileged, while the third estate was paying an overwhelming amount of taxes and being the backbone of France, although they were not as credited. Sieyès was the representative of the third estate, making sure that they received the justice and treatment he thought he deserved.
Accomplishments: Abbé Sieyès wrote the pamphlet, What Is the Third Estate, arguing that the Third Estate constituted the nation. His work effectively addressed France’s legal and social inequality and inspired the Third Estate to fight for a say in how their nation was governed.
Revolutionary Values: Since Sieyès was a deputy in the National Assembly, he was able to use his platform to convey his message. He demonstrated the necessity for social and legal equality, as well as argued that the people of the Third Estate, held up the nation’s firm roots because they did most of the work and paid most of the taxes.

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Role : Jacques Necker was the royal director general of finances as appointed by King Louis XVI. His tactics were unreliable, and his decisions lacked beneficial results that were needed to settle France’s social and political issues.

Accomplishments & Failures : Jacque Necker, throughout his appointment, eventually established the reputation as an effective prime minister after being deemed the director general of finances. While France fought England for their independence, he was able to finance French aid to the American colonies and did so without having to impose higher taxes on the people. Although he did have a fair share of accomplishments, he was unable to be successful in some tasks. After Revolution began, he failed to come to an understanding with the Estates General and didn’t succeed in reforming French institutions. He was also unable to handle France’s budgetary issues and could not appease the people who wanted radical reforms.

Revolutionary Values : Necker exhibited the Revolutionary value of equality because he supported the idea of the Third Estate having sufficient representation and a proper say in how France was controlled. He exhibited this by advising Louis to double the amount representatives from that estate and suggesting that he fairly compromise with them.

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Employed Parisian Women (October 5, 1789)

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Employed Parisian Women (October 5, 1789)

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Role : The played a major role within providing a solution for the French citizen’s lack of food supply, as well as the abolishment of the monarchy of Versaille, creating a constitutional monarchy that possessed a unicameral legislature.

Accomplishments : The empowering women of France protested from Paris to Versailles for a solution to the nation wide issue. Individuals throughout France were starving with little food to eat, while the royal family, more specifically Marie Antoinette lavishly enjoyed their rich lifestyle. This sparked an uproar within the working class, demanding an equal spread of food supply that the palace supposedly horarded. Although the palace was heavily guarded, they were able to break in and create a forceful agreement with the king and Marie Antoinette. They agreed to their compromise, while also becoming prisoners of the Third Estate.

Revolutionary values : The seven thousand woman that marched twelve miles with pikes and pitchforks for their demands be considered demonstrated Revolutionary values in numerous of ways. Not only did they manage to break in the royal palace, they made sure that nothing prohibited them from confronting Marie Antoinette. This demonstrates their courage to stand up against the monarchy. Not only did it indicate the vast bravery the working class had, but it also paved the way for an uprise in gender equality, displaying the fierce power that women have as well.

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French Peasants (July 1789 - August 1789)

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French Peasants (July 1789 - August 1789)

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Role : They ignited the Great Fear, which results to the abolishment of numerous of constraints they faced in their work and lifestyle.

Accomplishments : Although the French peasants sparked controversy and rebellion within majority of France, they were able to have their voices be heard. Since their chaos was spread throughout Europe, the National Assembly responded to their demands on August 4, 1789. Issues such as the mandatory tithes paid to the church and peasant serfdom were abolished. Through these accomplishments, the French peasants were able to receive new rights.

Revolutionary Values : The French peasants reflected Revolutionary values by standing up to higher classes, such as aristocrats and seigneurs, for their rights. The damage, riots, and destructions that they enforced within the village greens demonstrate how much they desired equality and rights.

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DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN

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DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF MAN AND CITIZEN

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The storming of the Bastille and the Great Fear, all contributed to the commoners having their voices heard so that the country could no longer ignore them and finally give them something for all the hard work they'd done. The "something" in this case was rights to individual freedom (freedom of speech and equal opportunity) and a representative government that listened to what they had to say. Inspired by the politics and philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment, it aimed to end the ancien regime and achieved a constitutional monarchy.

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1. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Substitutes_for_bread;_-_or_-_right_honorables,_saving_the_loaves,_and_dividing_the_fishes_by_James_Gillray.jpg

2. http://histclo.com/country/fran/demo/frd-peas.html

3. https://www.sutori.com/story/the-french-revolution-1789-1799-napoleonic-era-1799-1815

4. https://www.pinterest.com/pin/327707310365686994/

5. http://www.e-flux.com/journal/78/82724/a-hyperbolic-proposition/

6. http://www.onthisdeity.com/5th-october-1789-–-the-womens-march-on-versailles/

7. http://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/french-history-biographies/jacques-necker

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Made up of the 3rd estate representatives from the Estates General, the National Assembly established itself on June 17 after being denied equal and fair voting privilege. All pledged to the Tennis Court Oath, that stated that they would not disband until they were regarded as a national assembly by the 1st and 2nd estates and had formulated a new constitution. This challenge to the king showed his true colors when he sent 18,000 troops to gain back control. The National Assembly laid the foundation for societal revolution by bringing awareness of who contributed the most to the country and how all in a nation should be equal.

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Background information for this event is anger that necessities weren't available to all citizens, along with Louis XVI firing the finance minister. The government wasn't upholding its given duty to protect the people, leaving room for fear in their minds that they'd be left to greedy landowners. This along with rumors of advancing troops provoked hundreds of people to storm their Bastille to gain weapons to defend the city. Again, authority got scared and the finance minister was reinstalled, leaving room for the National Assembly to continue advancing the rights of the 3rd estate.

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THE GOVERNMENT, THE COMMON PEOPLE, & THE ECONOMY

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THE GOVERNMENT, THE COMMON PEOPLE, & THE ECONOMY

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Despite being in debt from the Seven Years War, the royal family and nobility, continued to spend and live lavishly, having no regard for the goodwill of France. In 1788, due to a poor harvest that drastically increased bread prices, the common people struggled to keep up with the inflation. As the focus was turned to finding necessities for survival, the need for manufactured goods (luxuries) dropped and traders and artisans lost their jobs, leaving 25% of the population unemployed. This rose the question of what the government should do to make sure its citizens are protected and able to survive, setting the stage for the Great Fear and the Storming of the Bastille.

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Serfdom had already been abolished in most places in France, and many peasants were able to own land. However, there was still a huge gap in regards to wealth and political influence, and the peasants had finally reached the point where they could no longer watch everyone else gain something from revolution except for them. In August of 1789, peasants stormed the manors of the nobility and began to burn the documents that held them to the nobles. The National Assembly, terrified, got rid of the laws that gave the nobles extreme privilege and that imposed unfair labor laws, a huge victory for the peasants of France.