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Discussion on strategies to detect and control selected infectious pathogens of veterinary importance
1. What are the diagnostic assays that can be used to diagnose the disease?
2. What type of immunity is the most important in the clearance of the infectious agent (ie: cellular-mediated vs. humoral immunity)? Please justify your answer.
3. What are the immunological-based strategies such as in vaccination that can be employed against this disease? How effective is vaccination in controlling the disease?

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solation of the organism is the most reliable method. An agglutina-tion test can be used to detect antibodies. Immunological staining, or the use of molecular probes, are precise techniques which can be used to detect the presence of organisms in tissues.

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B. abortus is resistant to intracellular destruction.
It can survive and multiply inside normal macrophages.
- resistant cell wall
- can prevent lysosomes from fusing with the phagosome
- blocks phagosome-lysosome fusion
- bacteria are never exposed to lysosomal enzymes
The Iysosomes remain distributed in the cytoplasm and bacteria continue to grow within phagosome inside the macrophages.
As a result, antibodies are ineffective against these organisms, and the bacteria are distributed throughout the body inside macrophages.
The macrophages ultimately rupture as a result of the expanding physical bulk of the growing bacteria.
Protection a gainst this type of infection develops a s a result of macrophage activation following stimulation of Th1 helper cells.
This activation is caused by the Th1 cytokines -interferon-gamma and interleukin-2.
Interferon-gamma is the most potent macrophage-activating agent

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Type1 (Th1) cellular immune. The development of this response is under the control of major cytokines like TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma and IL-12 produced at the onset of infection
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I found this here
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12414158

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Brucellosis - OIE laboratory techniques 

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Brucellosis - OIE laboratory techniques 

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Hi guys, below is the link to a website containing information about serological assays for Brucellosis

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AVIS - Brucellosis - OIE laboratory techniques

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Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccinesfor Terrestrial Animals 2017

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Manual of Diagnostic Tests and Vaccinesfor Terrestrial Animals 2017

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Yo guys, this is another article from OIE containing a nearly complete information about most diseases, it’s a very useful online material.

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Access online: OIE - World Organisation for Animal Health

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Strategies on controlling- include vaccination

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Strategies on controlling- include vaccination

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The general strategies proposed in 1998 by the WHO including Mediterranean Zoonoses Control Program to eradicate animal brucellosis were the following: (i) prevention of spread between animals and monitoring of brucellosis-free herds and zones, (ii) elimination of infected animals by test and slaughter programs to obtain brucellosis-free herds and regions, and (iii) vaccination to reduce the prevalence [32].

Presently, the vaccination programs are based on control of brucellosis mainly due to B. melitensis and B. abortus.

source: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2013/743509/

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Why do you guys think cell-mediated immunity is more effective in defense against brucella than humoral?

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Why do you guys think cell-mediated immunity is more effective in defense against brucella than humoral?

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This article showed how it escape innate immunity

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This article showed how it escape innate immunity

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Don't forget the GOLD STANDARD diagnostic test though XD

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Don't forget the GOLD STANDARD diagnostic test though XD

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According to Schurig et al. and Ko and Splitter, an ideal vaccine against brucellosis should possess the following characteristics: (i) be live and able to provide a strong type 1 T helper immune response (Th1); (ii) do not induce antibodies that interfere with the serological tests employed in the diagnosis of infected cattle, regardless of route, dose of administration, age or sex of the animals; (iii) be attenuated and do not cause disease or persistent infection in immunized animals nor be pathogenic for humans;

Here is the website link https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-015-0199-7
There are a lot of explanation about different kind of vaccines and how each type interacts with the immune system. Refer to the no 7 in the article.

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This journal talks a bit on a research for brucellosis vaccines e.g. how S19 or RB51 vaccination significantly increase the proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Have a look guys :) 

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This journal talks a bit on a research for brucellosis vaccines e.g. how S19 or RB51 vaccination significantly increase the proliferation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. Have a look guys :) 

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http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0136696

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Examples of  Cattle Brucella vaccine available today

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Examples of  Cattle Brucella vaccine available today

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1.
B. abortus RB51 is a strain of this bacterium developed specifically for immunization of cattle against brucellosis. B. abortus strain RB51 is a rough rifampicin-resistant strain, which exhibited a lack of expression of the LPS O-side chains (OPS) [59].

2.
Brucella abortus S19 for cattle. Strain 19 is a live attenuated vaccine and the first B. abortus vaccine to be used extensively for bovine brucellosis control [47].

3.
45/20 vaccine is prepared with heat-killed B. abortus biovar 1 strain 45/20 combined with oil adjuvant [77]. The 45/20 is a rough B. abortus, derived of smooth strain 45/0 after 20 passages through guinea pigs [78]. This bacterin was used in some European Union countries for B. abortus control replacing S19, in order to eliminate the problems related to the induction of antibodies interfering in the routine diagnosis of infection [5]. However, data of experimental efficacy and immunologic response are contradictory and mostly show the superiority of vaccination with S19 [79,80].

4.
The SR82 strain is a B. abortus biovar 6 live attenuated vaccine used since 1974 by the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) for bovine brucellosis control [82]. This vaccine agglutinates in both rough and smooth anti-sera, but does not induce positive response in brucellosis agglutination tests [82,83]. Moreover, SR82 induced protection level similar to S19, after challenge with virulent B. abortus, and it has been shown to be effective under field conditions [82,83]. Currently the SR82 strain is still massively used in the Russian Federation, Azerbaijan, Tejikistan and other countries in the region [82].

But Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 strains are the most common vaccine used worldwide.

source: https://www.cdc.gov/brucellosis/veterinarians/cattle.html