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Artificial Limbs: Raphael Tireau -Mr Speier

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Artificial Limbs: Raphael Tireau -Mr Speier

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The use of new and incredibly destructive weaponry, such as the machine-gun, and other fire weapons caused death or damage to the soldiers' bodies, in the First world war. Casualty center were made for the soldiers that needed prosthetic .  The sergeants who dealt with the wounded would work with the prosthetic maker. It is the first union between the two different jobs, before when the soldier were recovered, they had to leave the specialized center to search for an artificial limb maker. At the end of the nineteenth century, artificial limbs like hands, legs, arms, feet, torsos and even head plasters were made out of wood or steel or even leather, the limbs were customized for individual patients. It was very hard to find a prosthetic maker, a lot of soldiers needed some and if you were not a soldier you would have to pay a big  amount of money that only a few could afford.  They were called bionic men, thanks to artificial limbs these men went back to a productive civilian life. War is now scared on these men's legs or arms, they will always remember the horrors they been thru. World War 1 left a huge amount of mutilated soldiers all around Europe.

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New Weaponry: Emmanuel Reynier, Mr. Speier

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New Weaponry: Emmanuel Reynier, Mr. Speier

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A lot of new weapons were invented through out World War one, but the most important year for war inventions was the year of 1915. During this year the first machine guns were invented, soldiers started wearing camouflage, for the first time gaz was used as a weapon on the battlefield, although it had never become deadly during World War one, it still made important injuries, was asphyxiating and most importantly destroyed the soldiers' enthousiasme. The most significant inventions were the shell bombs. They were devastating, killing soldiers by exploding on them but also by burying them alive. These explosives were all constructed of a head, the actual shell and the "douille", were the gunpowder was stored. Although they were all basically the same, there were different kinds of shell bombs used in the "no man's land": the fusing shell bomb, and the percussive shell bomb, who didn't always work. Both of these weapons were fired from cannons dragged by horses. At first shell bombs were only five kilos but the weight rose until the bomb's weight reached a tone.

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The Day in the Life of a Soldier, Alicia Simon, Mr Speier 

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The Day in the Life of a Soldier, Alicia Simon, Mr Speier 

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During World War I soldiers were sent to fight young even though some of them hadn't finished their military services/training. If they were in the front they had to live in the trenches. The trenches were small, crowded, muddy... Most of the time because of these horrible hygiene conditions the soldiers got sick or had wounds that got infected such as the trench foot or the flu pandemic. Those soldiers were sent off to hospitals to get better and sometimes they came back to war if they were in a good enough shape to be helpful in the trenches. Sometimes though, the soldiers never came back because they could not fight or be useful in the trenches because their physical injuries were too big or that they had mental injuries. Those with the mental injuries were that they were shocked of war, or anything that reminded them of war, for life because they had seen so many horrors during war such as the no mans land or their friends being killed or anyone being shot ...
Some of them were shocked because of the horrible conditions they had to live through ( hunger, cold, being tired...) so when they saw anything related to war they started screaming or trembling and being scared.

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Artificial Limbs: Guylan Eskandari - Mr Speier

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Artificial Limbs: Guylan Eskandari - Mr Speier

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Soldiers during World War I fought and lost parts of their bodies to bullets, explosions or face to face combats. This being said, nurses could not leave them be with missing body parts, so they created artificial limbs. The point of these artificial body parts was to replace destroyed limbs with plastic, or wooden hand made hands, legs, arms, feet, torsos and even head plasters. These artificial limbs really helped the soldiers move after the war, when they were amputated at the arm, or the leg to walk. But some of the limbs were just to make them more confident in front of people, to make them normal again, to make them look nicer than they actually look and not show the horrors of the war. Which was stupid because most of the people had understood what war had done to the soldiers and their families. Here is a picture of what some of the artificial limbs looked like:

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Nationalism before Wirld War l - Louis Guérandel - Ms. Speier

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Nationalism before Wirld War l - Louis Guérandel - Ms. Speier

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One of the main causes of World War I was the growing force of nationalism.  Nationalism is a sentiment based on common cultural characteristics that binds a population and often produces a policy of national independence or separatism. Nationalism, although it can serve as a unifying force within a country, can also cause intense competition between other nations. In the early 1900s, this nationalism created a fierce competition and rivalry between Europe’s powers. These powers were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, and France. In order to be the greatest of the nations, they would have to be the best at everything, both militarily and economically. To do so their attitudes and overconfidence were caused by things like fake press reporting. The pages of newspapers osten had nationalistic stories or rumours about rival nations. Instead of causing independence, it caused separatism and conflict and was one of the main reasons  of the start of Worls War l. This a photo of an example of the rumors and the deformations nations would put in the news, in this case the representation of a german soldier as an ugly deformed man.

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Holidays During World War 1 -Chloé Stylemans, Mr. Speier

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Holidays During World War 1 -Chloé Stylemans, Mr. Speier

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Christmas is one of the most popular celebrations amongst billions of people around the world, it is seen as a time to spend with loved ones and to cherish them. On December 7th of 1914, Pope Benedict XV suggested a temporary truce for the celebration this holiday. The countries at war did not declare an official cease-fire, but many sectors along the Western Front declared an unofficial truce during Christmas of 1914; this is most commonly known as the Christmas Truce. Indeed, soldiers who participated in World War I had expected a short war, and had not imagined that they would not be able to celebrate this holiday with their families and friends. Consequently, they started to celebrate amongst their own troops around the time of the holiday, but on Christmas Eve, as carols were being sung, German, French and British troops began to sing together across the lines. It was on Christmas Day of 1914 that German soldiers approached enemy territory and wished a Merry Christmas to the Allies. Although this was first perceived as a trick, they say the Germans unarmed and soon exchanged gifts, food, shared stories about themselves and their families, and a soccer game between opposing soldiers was even documented.
Although it was never reproduced, the truce represents the soldiers' shared fears and hopes, as well as their core humanity underneath the armour and weapons. Soldiers also received small wooden boxes from their families, which served as comforting Christmas gifts. These would contain mostly cigars or cigarettes, because most soldiers started smoking due to boredom, as well as decorative ornaments like miniature Christmas trees and others. Perhaps this was not as comforting as the war's  first and last truce, but contact from the soldiers' loved ones was an important part of the things that they longed the most.
In addition to this, similar packages were distributed to the soldiers for Easter, and these held items such as decorated Easter eggs, or as seen in the photograph below, other decorations like a wooden rabbit. Of course, cigars were repeatedly included, in some cases, even for the non-smokers, so that they could share them between friends. Families made sure to include any goods that could uplift the soldiers' mentalities, devastated by the horrors of war.
All in all, the Great War was one of the most atrocious in history, but proof of humanity and equality in all men and their desires were demonstrated most strongly throughout it.

Below, an image representing the average box received by German soldiers during Easter, exposed in the 'Musée de La Grande Guerre' in Meaux.

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A Day in the Life of a Soldier: Louis Volard - Mr Speier

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A Day in the Life of a Soldier: Louis Volard - Mr Speier

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A soldier during World War I had many routines like waking up early, taking watch shifts and even cleaning out their weapons. They lived in trenches that were both unsanitary and extremely small.  The trenches stank for the smell of dead bodies, lying everywhere and rats. They could rest a little at night in small holes dug on the side of the trenches. These holes had many bed (for up to 10 soldiers), sometimes a desk, and a small fireplace in the middle, to heat themselves during cold  winters. They would slepp only one hour at a time for they had to accomplish chores and task or to go fight.

Soldiers had lot’s of equipment that they had to carry around like a riffle such as a Breathier Riffle, food for the day, and various other objects that could be helpful to them. The french soldiers were allowed to stop shaving for conditions were to harsh.

Food in the trenches wood be served by canteens on wheels. Food was often rare and soldiers were often hungry, usually later in the war

French soldiers had bright red and blue uniforms and no helmets while german troops and brown grey uniforms and helmets with spikes.

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Uniforms during the Great War-George Thompstone- M. Stetler.

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Uniforms during the Great War-George Thompstone- M. Stetler.

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During the First World War, the Nations involved were recognized by their uniforms. This had a huge impact on soldiers knowing who their enemies and allies were.
The British wore a khaki uniform so as to easily camouflage themselves rather than sticking to the uniform they wore over 10 years prior to the  War which were red, a much more obvious colour!  A soldiers tunic consisted of two side pockets to store things and large breast pockets. The Scottish soldiers involved wore a shorter tunic so as to carry around a sporran and a kilt.
The French uniform wasn't exactly discrete, they choose a 19th century one consisting of red trousers and a blue tunic. It wasn't a very wise decision as that is one of the most obvious combinations and was said to have disastrous consequences, such as the loss of the Battle of the Frontiers. For that reason, the French finally began to think clearly and wore a uniform in drab blue also know as horizon blue, but this uniform was only used from 1915 onward. The French were also the first soldiers to wear a helmet called the Adrian Helmet.
Germany had changed many of its uniforms at the time before and during the War. Until 1910, each state in Germany wore a different uniform which were very confusing as the colours varied a lot. In 1910, the Germans put an end to that useless solution and choose a field grey uniform, which they are more known for. It put an end to the confusion and they were much more discrete. The Germans also wore spiked helmets which were eliminated and replaced with the stahlhelm which inspired the German helmets for World War 2.
The uniforms bare a very important place in any war as they let you distinguish who the others are, either your allies, or your enemies. If you didn't know who your enemies were, than why were you even fighting.

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Leisure Time During the War: Jeanne Champion, Mr.Speier

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Leisure Time During the War: Jeanne Champion, Mr.Speier

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World War 1 was a static war. The movements were limited and the trenches very close to one another. With this close proximity of the enemy line, in the light of day a soldier getting out of a trench would easily be shot dead. Therefore there was not much movement during the daytime. The rare movements would be only for essential activities. When the soldiers had finished their set of chores they would start the daily round of boredom.

This boredom took up most of a day in the trenches. This added to the despair that the soldiers experienced. They would often spend this time cleaning their weapons or writing to their families and wives. Writing to their loved ones back home helped the soldiers with their morale. These letters kept them connected to the life that they had left behind.

During this period of the day soldiers also played games. The most popular games for the soldiers during World War 1 were card games, jacks, dominos and checkers. The industrials adapted to the demands of the front lines and created easily transportable games for the soldiers. These games helped the soldiers forget about all the horrors of the war that they were living.
However the most important activity of the soldiers during this long period of the day was resting. The soldiers did not have much sleep during the night because they were often awoken for chores or fighting. Because of this they slept mostly during the daytime in these hours when they did not have much to do.

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The Horrors of World War 1: Amélie Washington, Mr. Speier

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The Horrors of World War 1: Amélie Washington, Mr. Speier

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Seventy four million people were mobilized in World War 1. These people were sent to the trenches to live in a way nobody could ever have imagined. They lived in a lifestyle of continuous horror.

Firstly, there was the noise: the continuous sound of grenades exploding, guns firing and people screaming. These noises were eventually tuned out by the soldiers, but for the first few days spent at the front, a soldier could barely sleep.

The stench of rotting corpses, urine, mud, filth, and blood filled the trenches at the front. If a soldier put his head up too high, he was immediately shot by the opponent. These men could be buried, unlike the soldiers shot in no man’s land, who were left where they were and slowly decayed. Also, the trenches were rarely dry in winter. The rain created mud, which made walking around the trenches difficult, and was the source of illnesses like trench feet.

Death was everywhere. A lot of people died because they were shot or blown up, but not only. Illnesses were also very common, and spread quickly, especially in the living conditions, and proximity of people in the trenches.

There were not only the men on the front that were haunted by the threat of imminent death. Women working in the war industry, in shell factories, had to carry or touch at least 600 grenades every day. These shells would explode if they were dropped, which would cause severe injury or death.

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Displays of Nationalism before the War: Alysson Fischer, Mr. Speier

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Displays of Nationalism before the War: Alysson Fischer, Mr. Speier

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Nationalism began many years before the Great War. The notion that their country was superior to others was very appealing to citizens. Each European nation that took part in the First World War made their citizens very proud with their army, navy, strategy, empire, etc. The population of each state was sure that if there was a war, they would win in a matter of weeks, hands down. They wanted war. Even the children wanted to join the army and fight for their country as soon as they were eligible. While this last notion was closely related to Militarism, it can be interpreted as Nationalism: the pride the young men took in their nation is apparent through the child sized army suits preserved and displayed in the Musée de la Grande Guerre.

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Military before the War ; Nicolas Gilhodes, Mr. Stetler

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Military before the War ; Nicolas Gilhodes, Mr. Stetler

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Military before the War
Before the World War was even evoked, countries’ militarism was very different from the one during the bloodiest war ever known. In the 1800s, each country was in a complete rivalry, it was a competition to have the most territory and power. Because of that, the greatest powers (UK,France,Germany,Russia) wanted to expand their territory to have more power and possess more resources. Lots of little wars occurred like the Franco-Prussian War because of this rivalry but it was nothing compared to the World War. Suddenly countries started being scared and to protect themselves they had to make alliances with other countries that declared the country would protect him if he was attacked. As a result, France, Russia, and England formed the triple entente. Germany, Austro-Hungary, and Italy formed the triple alliance. Each country knew they needed more than just an alliance because reinforcements needed time to arrive. Countries' governments were strongly influenced by military leaders and led to new military technologies and increased defense spending. The German army went from 840 000 soldiers to 4 million. Everyone was ready for an imminent war. Now each country needed more and more people to fight for them. Now every child was educated for war in order for them to be ready when their time comes. When they were only little kids, parents would read them war stories. Kids will be offered fake guns and other military weapons, they will also receive army suits to accompany their relatives already in the War. Now each country lives with the fear of war but needs to protect themselves with the most help they can use.

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Correspondance during the war: Pauline Tremblot de La Croix, Mr. Speier. 

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Correspondance during the war: Pauline Tremblot de La Croix, Mr. Speier. 

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With war invading soldier’s lives, their connection with their family was vital for them to have a source of hope and motivation, therefore affecting the way soldiers fought in battles. Boredom at war was present, and when they weren’t on the battlefield or on guard duty, they devoted their occupations to reading, sleeping and most importantly corresponding with their friends and family.

Moral is a big factor in a soldier’s life, who strives everyday to win an atrocious war and who mentally needs their family's support.  Staying in touch with their families was a way for soldiers to remember their lives before the war and a hope that it will soon be over. It is also a calming reminder that they will reunite with their family and go back to their lives before the war.

Writing letters for soldiers itself was a way for them to express what they were feeling, to tell their wives, children and parents what war was like. After having experienced such terror and death surrounding them, soldiers wrote letters to aware their families of the atrocities of the war. Receiving letters from the front meant their husband, son or brother was alive; it was a way to affirm their close ones hadn’t passed away. It was also a way to know from an internal point of view what war was truly like.

With propaganda controlling the citizens view of life at war, sending letters was a way to stay informed  by soldiers on what was truly happening at the front.

Here is an image of a soldier writing a letter:

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War in the Air: Mary O'Malley, Mr. Speier

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War in the Air: Mary O'Malley, Mr. Speier

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When the war broke out in summer 1914, the airplane was barely 10 years old. Although people were fascinated by airplanes, they were fairly skeptical and the idea of using airplanes in the war seemed pretty radical. But all of that quickly changed at the beginning of World War One because army officers realized airplanes could be used to their advantage.

At first, warplanes were used as reconnaissance crafts, to observe enemy troops and spot their artillery or obtain photographic mapping. As these aircraft became more common they began to evolve and became stronger, faster and more maneuverable. The need to stop enemy observations became imperative and antiaircraft guns were developed, guns designed to hit aircraft from dry land. Military strategists also ordered pilots to shoot enemy aircraft (dogfights).

Bombing was an obvious offensive tactic used during the Great War. At first, pilots content themselves of simply throwing hand bombs and steel arrows over the side of the aircraft. Soon, specialized bomber aircraft were created with bombsights, bomb racks and a release system. The size and damage of the bombs continue to increase throughout the war.

Pilots flew in open cockpits. To protect themselves from the harsh weather they wore leather coats, face masks, gloves and boots, all lined with sheepskin.

World War one lead to a rapid improvement of aircrafts with better stability, safety, speed and power.

Leather clothing that the pilots wore on the airplanes

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The Daily Life of Soldiers : Charlotte Burdon, Mr. Speier.     

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The Daily Life of Soldiers : Charlotte Burdon, Mr. Speier.     

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On the contrary to what people might have thought, the daily life of soldiers was rather repetitive and monotonous.
However, the conditions in the trenches were absolutely atrocious ! Soldiers struggled to take care of their hygiene mainly because of the quantity of mud present in the trenches. It was difficult to stay clean in the trench lines and soldiers would have to wait for their periods of rest to finally properly wash themselves ! They were also surrounded by rats and covered in lice... Therefore, disease and death were prevalent in the trenches.

Luckily for them, soldiers rotated in cycles between the three trench lines : the front line, the support line and the reserve line. They would also have a period of time at rest, outside of the trenches. Thanks to this cycle, soldiers actually spent little time in the firing line.

In the front line, there was a specific daily routine that would be repeated over and over again. A soldier’s day began before dawn with the “Stand-to-Arms”; a process in which they would guard the trenches against raids from the other side. Then, soldiers would fire directly in front of them to reassure their safety; it was called the “Morning Hate”. Afterwards, the men would have breakfast whilst cleaning their weapons. Following breakfast, officers would inspect the soldiers’ weapons and clothes but would also occasionally look for signs of “Trench Foot”. Various duties were then assigned to each man. When they finished their chores, soldiers had some free time in which they would write letters home, play games but most importantly try to get as much sleep as they could. At dusk, the Stand-to-Arms was repeated as it was believed surprise attacks were carried out at both dawn and dusk. Finally, supply and maintenance duties were given out and some soldiers were put on sentry duty : the observation of the enemy whilst standing on the fire step of the trenches. Then, night time came and the routine would repeat itself until troops were changed.

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Role of women during WW1: Jade Etienne, Mr. Speier

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Role of women during WW1: Jade Etienne, Mr. Speier

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At the outbreak of World War 1, women's places were still largely at home. However, with men headed abroad to fight, women were forced to take their places in areas of work considered male jobs and in which they were inexperienced.
On the home front, women took on harvesting and wood cutting in the countryside. The work was particularly grueling because farm animals were requisitionned by the army.
In cities, women began to work as conductorettes on streetcars, factory workers in assembly lines and munition factories. Many accidents happened and health problems became frequent. Workers in munition factories were still paid as little as half the wages of men doing the same jobs. Other women worked as railway guards, postal workers, firefighters, in the police and alike jobs in which they were poorly qualified.
On the front line, women worked as nurses and passed on messsages to the families.
Governments created propaganda posters to expose images of ideal women who worked hard to bring their country to victory. However, these sexist posters revolted women who felt mocked because working was no choice for them. This led to the creation of feminist groups. Women wanted men to have a different view of what they were capable of doing and acquire equal rights as them.
To conclude, women were essential to the war effort and proved their ability of performing men's jobs effectively. Even though most of them left the workforce when the war ended, their image would be forever transformed.

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Leisure Time During the War: Jana McGovern, Mr. Speier

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Leisure Time During the War: Jana McGovern, Mr. Speier

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During the war, soldiers were estimated to have spent about five days per month in the trenches. This might seem like a small amount of time, but looking deeper into the daily life of a soldier, and striking conditions at the front, it doesn't seem as insignificant.

During the periods in which the soldiers weren't battling for their freedom, they were faced with boredom, and a lack of hope that often led to demoralisation. The rain, the mud and the rats created an environment hard to live in.

Their food was repetitive and boring and during battle, it was nearly impossible to get warm or decent food from the army kitchens. At a stand-down, however, it was easier to supply food with frequency. Soldiers sometimes received parcels from home containing luxuries such as chocolate or photos and clothes.

The soldiers spent a lot of their time sleeping, writing poems and letters, and smoking. They smoked a lot because of a lack of knowledge about cigarettes' health effects, and also because cigarettes were advertised as fashionable.

When they were not fighting, soldiers played sports. This included soccer and target practice, rugby and cricket. the officers also rode horses. they played only when they were releived of their front line. They also played cards, draughts and chess because they had to be able to grab their rifles at a moment's notice.

Most of these activities were helpful to distract soldiers, but also to stay hopeful and keep in touch with their families.

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Camouflage : Juliette Eagleton, Mr.Speier      

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Camouflage : Juliette Eagleton, Mr.Speier      

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The techniques of camouflage improved throughout the war. When the war started, only a few hundred men were involved in inventing camouflage motifs or techniques. Some countries, such as France didn't yet realize the importance of attire on battleground, and wore bright red uniforms. They soon realized that silence and invisibility is key to survival. By the end of the war, 3000 men worked in the department and 10000 women worked in camouflage workshops in order to cover the needs of the army.

Wether it was for planes, ships, tanks or buildings, every domain had its own camouflage. There are different types of camouflage. Passive camouflage is when they hide strategic points such as bridges or tunnels from the enemy. By preserving the secrecy of these locations, the opponent is unaware of what lurks behind fake decor.

Active camouflage is used to disguise weaponry or observation points in order to mislead the enemy. Trees were carved out and men would hide inside of them to discreetly observe the opposite side from high up. Heads mimicking a soldier's were made to mislead the opponents into thinking they were real and getting distracted from the real soldiers. Artificial moss, hay, branches or rocks were used to make tanks, artillery, planes and much more, blend into the landscape. Men who had to be extremely discreet for a particular mission wore ghilly suits which reproduced the environment they were in.

Thanks to WW1, major progress was made regarding camouflage techniques. After the first year at war, its importance was acknowledged and the camouflage section, with a chameleon as an emblem, was created.

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Correspondence WW1: Noa Oliel, Mr.Stetler

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Correspondence WW1: Noa Oliel, Mr.Stetler

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During World War I, many letters were sent back and forth from soldiers to their families.

Soldiers were very preoccupied with the War and weren't able to send letters every single day. Which meant that if they didn't send a letter for a week or so, their families might think that they have died.

In a matter of fact, these letters had a huge effect on soldiers. Reading these letters gave them strength for the future and for the battle they were going to have to fight for. The letters were also a way for soldiers to stay in touch with their loved ones and tell them that they were alive.

Women and children would often send letters such as we miss you, come back as soon as possible etc... Not seeing your husband or your father for months and even years must be very difficult. They also didn't know where they were etc... These letters were very important and had a big impact on them.

Sadly, these letters took a lot of time to arrive to destination. Everyone was busy and the letters were probably not their priority. At this time, technology wasn't yet developed and letters were harder to send.

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Food During WW1 : Alexander Milano, Mr. Stetler

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Food During WW1 : Alexander Milano, Mr. Stetler

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During the first world war, there were little amounts of provisions for everyone. Because of the lack of food, a lot of the soldiers on each side starved to death. Although we might think that only the soldiers were lacking of food, the whole population was suffering from starvation because of the men heading to war. The men that were once working in the fields, had head off to war leaving behind their wives to do the hard work that was not only meant for them and their family, but also for a whole army. The quote of the artist Edward Penfield was meant to speak out for the women that were begging for help in those sad and rough times : "Will you help the Women of France? Save Wheat!" This was the same for the story for every country. Fortunately for France, the ration of a french soldier improves from the begging of the war to the end unlike a German soldier's portion witch degrades easily throughout the years. This is due to the
Blockade of Germany. Even though the French started to eat more, they would still be in mediocer conditions; the french army had kitchen-wagons (also used by the Germans and the British) that could easily be destroyed by the enemy. That would have lead to a day without any provisions, and even if the
kitchen-wagons weren't destroyed, they couldn't have fed everyone in the trenches. At the beginning of the war, the french army started organizing the famous "repas en commun" that was meant to rassemble three or four people to share one plate. These plates were called the "bouthéons" or the "marmites collectives" or even the "plat à quatre." At the beginning of the war, all of the dishes and plates were in aluminum because of the french rules. However, at the end of the war, the rules changed to have the plates and dishes made of tin-plated iron. The french rules also demanded for every soldier to eat with a billy and cutelry in tin-plated iron.

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Life in the Trenches, Tom Pandolfi, Mr.Stetler

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Life in the Trenches, Tom Pandolfi, Mr.Stetler

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The great war was infamous for it's trenches and in them lived millions of men who ate, lived and could often die there. Although the trenches grew bigger and developed with the war, they're living conditions did not. Night and day, soldiers would be confronted with the diseases and rats that also lived in these trenches, where mud would flood the ground up to their knees.

In an attempt to make these conditions better, soldiers on both sides used makeshift items such as forks and knives. If all went well, they could cook to keep themselves warm, although it wasn't rare for the soldiers to eat what they called  "Bully Beef", more commonly known as corned beef, in tin cans. These scarce moments of pleasure did not last long as soldiers would always have to work, in order to keep the trenches running. This would mean cleaning the trenches or weapons routinely. Although the work was never ending,a lot of it was pointless, it was sometimes more of a distraction than labour, meant to keep the men awake, as sleep deprivation was another one of the problems, along with sounds of bullets,that would affect their health. The rats. lice, and dead bodies certainly didn’t make the living conditions and health concerns any better. Ultimately, soldiers on the western front would sleep (for a few hours ), clean their rifles, eat, clean the trenches, eat clean some more and so on until the cycle got interrupted by their rotation of trenches, and removed them from the front line

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Food During WW1: Lucy Cambefort, Mrs Covington

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Food During WW1: Lucy Cambefort, Mrs Covington

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Food was very limited during the war, people and soldiers did not have much. Many deaths were caused by the lack of food, especially for soldiers. Men used to work in the fields but because of the war they were sent of to fight. This left the women to do their jobs and be able to provide food for their family. A poster that was at the museum had a quote saying, "Will you help the Women of France? Save Wheat!" They are struggling against starvation and trying to feed not only themselves and their family but their husbands and sons fighting in the war. It is clear that starvation has struck the whole population, on both sides. Men in the war did not have much food. They carried meat, chocolate, and biscuits. They also carried 50cl of wine and a little bit of water to survive. For their food, they carried forks, spoons, knives, and a tin and a can. They used candles to heat up their food. In conclusion, there was not much food during the war and many people had to make do with what they had which could also mean starving.

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The War on Land:         Ludovico Stagno, Mr. Stetler

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The War on Land:         Ludovico Stagno, Mr. Stetler

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The majority of the first World War was fought in trenches the soldiers would dig everyday. This trench warfare expanded over the four years the great war took place and was truly a turning point for the world surrounding us and its history. Trenches played such a big role in the war that Chinese labourers were recruited to dig and fortify trenches.

It was only in 1916 that tanks were introduced for the first time as a massive fire power vehicle. Although it could beat down many enemies and was a big factor of the trench warfare's end it was not the type of weapon that was most used in battle. Fire arms such as riffles were the weapons that were primarily used during the war as they were easy, quick weapons to shoot enemies from the trenches whilst staying protected.

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Military before the War - Julie Souchet, Mr. Stetler

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Military before the War - Julie Souchet, Mr. Stetler

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Before World War I, many nations increased their military and naval forces along with their military spending. From 1870 to 1871, France and Prussia, which later became part of Germany, went to war. The French lost the war and Alsace together with a part of Lorraine (Moselle). Everyone born after this war was raised to become part of the military for the next war, in order to conquer the land the French lost. Children were taught the vocabulary of the military and played with war-related toys, such as toy machine guns. Uniforms were sold to children so they could wear them alongside their father or older brothers who would already be in the military. For about 40 years, France prepared for the following war which was long expected. Many European nations decided to expand their militaries. In 1905, an obligatory two-year military service was imposed for every healthy Frenchman.

At that time, men were raised for war. However, when war finally came, everyone assumed it would last only the summer of 1914 or, at worst, they would be home by Christmas. In reality, this became a 4-year engagement.

Soldiers had to walk for weeks with clogs because military boots were not supplied. This resulted in foot injuries which led to many infections. Despite having had 40 years to prepare for such basic army equipment, they overlooked the essentials. Even though these soldiers had been educated to become part of the military during the years leading up to WWI, they were not mentally prepared for the horrors of the war.

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Horrors of War: Alma-Louise Vernier-Clarke Mr. Stetler World War I was a terrible war. It was long, violent, deadly, and full of misery. The War marked many people’s lives mentally and physically. People thought the war would be short and soldiers would be back soon. Citizens were excited about war but as time went by they started realizing how important the war was. It was an extremely difficult time for families who feared their loved ones would never come back. It was a very bloody war with over 18 million deaths and 23 million wounded. Six out of ten wounds were due to artillery. Artillery had developed before the war. Sometimes soldiers were deformed because of bits of shell, they were almost always amputated after that. There wasn’t enough medicine to cure all men, so wounds sometimes didn’t heal. Soldiers lived in horrible conditions in the trenches. The trenches were wet, horrid, and very muddy. The soldiers had no hygiene and rats would run around. The soldiers were all very close due to lack of space in the trenches.There wasn’t enough food and they would sometimes die of starvation. Piles of corpses were laying on the ground so soldiers were walking and sitting in dead bodies which favorises the spread of diseases and viruses. People right next to them were constantly being killed. Friends of theirs were shot before their eyes. The noise of falling corpses and of machine guns would haunt them even in their sleep. Soldiers were scared since they didn’t know what they would become or what would happen. Sometimes soldiers just wanted to die so that everything would end. They often were diagnosed of PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after the war. 

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Horrors of War: Alma-Louise Vernier-Clarke Mr. Stetler World War I was a terrible war. It was long, violent, deadly, and full of misery. The War marked many people’s lives mentally and physically. People thought the war would be short and soldiers would be back soon. Citizens were excited about war but as time went by they started realizing how important the war was. It was an extremely difficult time for families who feared their loved ones would never come back. It was a very bloody war with over 18 million deaths and 23 million wounded. Six out of ten wounds were due to artillery. Artillery had developed before the war. Sometimes soldiers were deformed because of bits of shell, they were almost always amputated after that. There wasn’t enough medicine to cure all men, so wounds sometimes didn’t heal. Soldiers lived in horrible conditions in the trenches. The trenches were wet, horrid, and very muddy. The soldiers had no hygiene and rats would run around. The soldiers were all very close due to lack of space in the trenches.There wasn’t enough food and they would sometimes die of starvation. Piles of corpses were laying on the ground so soldiers were walking and sitting in dead bodies which favorises the spread of diseases and viruses. People right next to them were constantly being killed. Friends of theirs were shot before their eyes. The noise of falling corpses and of machine guns would haunt them even in their sleep. Soldiers were scared since they didn’t know what they would become or what would happen. Sometimes soldiers just wanted to die so that everything would end. They often were diagnosed of PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder after the war. 

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Propaganda during WW1: Amalia Gaufroy, Mr. Stetler 

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Propaganda during WW1: Amalia Gaufroy, Mr. Stetler 

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Propaganda during World War One was very important and had several different roles. It was mainly used to keep the people at home informed about what was occurring on the battlefields and to recruit militaries. Instead of respecting propaganda's use, it went out of order and therefore went beyond it's true use and became as well a way of influencing the public, the ones at home and trying to manipulate them and change their point of vue.

Propaganda was usually presented under the form of posters but it was as well represented throughout speeches and films such as it is today. Behind the colorful and advertising posters, the events that were cited in them were often exaggerated and the truth was twisted. This technique was called atrocity propaganda. It was used to change and go beyond the truth to therefore lower the enemy. For example, the Germans and Austro-Hungarian soldiers were shown as inhumane savages as a way to justify the war. The written details, descriptions and titles on the posters were accompanied by graphic illustrations which as well described in an exaggerated way the events happening.

With time, throughout the war, propaganda therefore became and was used as a weapon that each side used to recruit more soldiers into the armed forces and to convince civilians that if they joined, their sacrifices would be rewarded.

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Joker subject:  Children before and during WW1. Ava Mathieu, Mr. Stetler

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Joker subject:  Children before and during WW1. Ava Mathieu, Mr. Stetler

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Children before and during  WW1

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, war was a very important part of everyone’s life. After the Franco-Prussian war, France was devastated by the loss of Alsace and of Moselle. This changed the way France thought of war. After that day, France decided to militarise everything. Boys played with little soldiers and girls with dolls dressed up in the Alsace and Moselle regional clothing. In schools, children had military training during their sport classes. They would fight with sticks and have to perform in gymnastics to improve their agility. Everything they were thought was based on war. They learned to read and write with war texts and learn arithmetic with math problems about bombs or soldiers...

While their fathers, uncles and brothers were away for what they thought would be all summer, the women and children had to take the place of men and keep the country going. This means that during WW1, it was hard for kids to go to school because they had to work to get food on the table. During WW1, a lot of teen boys lied about their age so that they could fight in the army. This meant that a lot of children died to save their country. I think that children played a very important role during the war: even though the soldiers were the ones actually at war, the children were making the guns, ammo and armor that the soldiers needed. I am not sure that the France would’ve won the war if it wasn’t for all the hard work the kids did. The children of WW1 are the soldiers are WW2, they will spend all their life at war, war will be all their life.

War uniform costume for boys.           School notebook with a war illustration as the cover

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Juliette Shagrin, Mr Stetler

The Industrial Revolution spawned an interest in new technologies and World War I found new uses for modes of transportatio. The main types of transpoet were planes, trains and automobiles. The planes used were used for mainlybscoutong as the were not powerful. With advances in technology, planes were mounted with machine guns in the middle of the nose. Exspensive and loud but popular, WW1 planes started a boom in interest in the exploration of the sky and space. Trains were used to transport mobilized troops as well as injured soldiers. Also, some supplies were transported with trains. Autobiles such as trucks or taxis were use a lot during World War I. Trucks were used to transport goods such as food and clothes. Taxis were used to move soldiers, however they could only carry two to three passengers at a time.

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Propaganda was a tool used ubiquitously throughout WWI in order to influence people’s beliefs and actions. Present in the form of posters, films, and speeches, propaganda served various purposes throughout the war, one of the most prominent being military recruitment. Posters were used to promote the sentiment of nationalism and create guilt in those who were not serving in the military. The truth was often twisted with the understating of death tolls and the use of atrocity propaganda. This technique dehumanized the enemy, depicting them as monsters and exaggerating their crimes. Furthermore, enlisting was glorified and made to seem as an adventure that would guarantee fame and honor. Through these methods, propaganda was able to recruit millions of men by appealing to their sense of patriotism, guilt, and hatred of the enemy. Another goal of propaganda was to encourage food rationing, not only to provide for those at war, but also the home front of allied countries. For example, the poster displayed below is asking Americans to reduce their wheat consumption, so that it could be shipped to the women of France. In addition, propaganda convinced people into buying war bonds to help finance the cause. The United States had four issues of war bonds, which they called, Liberty bonds. Posters reading “If you can’t enlist, invest! Buy a Liberty bond,” advertised the act as a symbol of patriotism. Succinctly put, during WWI, propaganda was a powerful weapon used by all the world’s major to gain the public’s support and enlist soldiers.

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War in the Air                   Sonia, Mr Stetler

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War in the Air                   Sonia, Mr Stetler

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At the beginning of the war, planes were used to guide the soldiers towards the enemies and to take photographs of the other enemy's base/troop movements.

The planes would throw darts on the ground threw little holes to guide the soldiers marching. However, when a frenchman Roland garros attached a machine gun to his craft, the idea of aerial combat emerged. At first, pilots threw little bombs and darts made of steel from their crafts. Their bombs and weapons were still very elementary . It's only towards 1917 that the little bombs became blasting and explosive bombs. The bombs would weigh a lot ( 650-1200 kilos). Being a pilot at that time was very dangerous, in fact many of them died during the trainings. As a result, being a pilot was very recognised and distinguished.  During the end of the war, aerial combat technology and weapons had developed and over a hundred planes could work on the same attack plan. To conclude, aircrafts were a vital piece of modern war machine.

Aerial Bomb

I am very glad that I was given this theme because it was a theme that I was interested in and one that I wanted to know more about.

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Leisure Time during the war. Tanis, Mr Stetler

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Leisure Time during the war. Tanis, Mr Stetler

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During the war soldiers did not have much time to themselves as they were always fighting for freedom. The soldiers would spend approximately 5 days per month in the trenches, this is a lot of time as life in those trenches isn't pleasant. They are always hiding, living in the cold, surrounded by mud, rain and bombardments.
When they did have a little bit of time they wouldn't even bother to shave or keep clean as they wanted to write to their family. Hygiene was not their main preoccupation because one thing that made them keep hope was reading and writing letters to their loved ones. The lack of hope could make soldiers depressed, as fighting and knowing that you might never see your parents, wives or kids ever again is something no one should ever go through.
Soldiers had little other games that they could play when they were bored and already sent all the letters they wanted. Soldiers could exerce their passions, sometimes they would gather around and play music to have fine and have hope in this case the music was a source of emancipation. Other soldiers would draw their life in the trenches and send them so that they would get published. Another thing the soldiers would play were little games such as dices, cards, jeu de dames...(see picture).
When the soldiers found time they would try to have fun together keep hope and most importantly keep in touch with their family.

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Transportation during WWI Thalia Mr Stetler

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Transportation during WWI Thalia Mr Stetler

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In the initial start of WWI, horses were one of the only reliable sources of transportation. But as the war progressed, horses became useless and weak against barbed wire and enemy machine guns. Therefore, towards the middle of the war, horses were no longer used on the battle grounds but for transporting supplies to the front. Railway trains and cars replaced them. Railway trains played a crucial role in the war, being the main source of transportation. They provided armies with a quick and reliable way of transporting men and  supplies to and from the front in great quantities and in little time. Trains were also used to transport the injured and the dead away from the battle field. Cars were used to transport soldiers in a discrete manner, "Le Taxi de Marne" is a perfect example of this.
I am glad I was given this topic to work on because I was able to learn a great amount of information on something I initially didn't know anything about.

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New Weaponry during WW1by Mathis Royer Mr Stetler

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New Weaponry during WW1by Mathis Royer Mr Stetler

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During WW1, weaponry greatly changed, whether it was for land warfare, planes, dreadnaughts, or even new weaponized vehicles like tanks. A lot of their weaponry was made or improvised by soldiers during the war, using attachments like knives and many other things or even accommodating them with other functions to gain an advantage. The explosives during WW1 and how they were used also changed a lot, becoming more powerful and practical to use. Germans had invented a “grenade gun” that would be very effective in the trenches but other countries also had the powerful mortars and effective catapults. Other grenades could be made with the use of grenade workbenches which helped propel the many advancements of explosif technology. Classic grenades of that era had iron pellets inside an iron body which had a short fuse used to detonate it. Vehicules  also weaponized during the war. Guns were often mounted on vehicles like trucks and pretty soon, a vehicle used solely for warfare was invented, the tank. The tank was invented by the british and french mainly because of how hard it was to break through the no man’s land and their defences that had powerful machine guns, barbed wires and traps. The tanks were first deployed by the British in 1916, but the rushed work caused many tanks to break down and fail to cross the no man’s land. Even though the tanks weren’t heavily optimized for combat yet, some managed to push through the defences of their enemies making this first experience overall a success. Technological advances in weaponry during WW1 would eventually greatly influence battles, weapon design and use, and both defensive and offensive strategies throughout the rest of history.

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The great war was infamous for it's trenches and in them lived millions of men who ate, lived and could often die there. Although the trenches grew bigger and developed with the war, they're living conditions did not. Night and day, soldiers would be confronted with the diseases and rats that also lived in these trenches, where mud would flood the ground up to their knees.

The danger didn't only come from these trenches, but also the no man's land, where a constant, deafening noise would always be heard

In an attempt to make these conditions better, soldiers on both sides made makeshift items such as forks and knives . If all went well, they could cook to keep themselves warm, although it wasn't rare for the soldiers to eat what they called  "Bully Beef", more commonly known as corned beef, in tin cans. These scarce moments of pleasure did not last long as soldiers would always have to work, in order to keep the trenches running. This would mean cleaning the trenches or weapons routinely.

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With men gone to fight, women were left with little to no income, empty houses and children to feed. Some women worked before the war but they were often jobs with very low income and that did not require much experience. Women took charge and found jobs working in factories to create new machinery, treating wounds on the front or parachuting down supplies or messages to war camps. They were encouraged by the government to serve their country well despite the controversy when it came to women’s rights. All of these new careers made some women realize their willpower and strength which would later lead to a massive change in women’s rights. Propaganda posters were plastered to show images of “ideal women” that worked hard for their country. These posters encouraged nationalism and the sexist idea that women were “made” to help and not work by their own free will. The propaganda poster below represents three women pulling a heavy machine across a field with the caption “save your wheat for the women of France”. It was made for American citizens to help the French cause and not waste their food. The three women represent three different generations which shows how everyone was involved in the war to encourage Americans that they too can help.

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The Horrors of the war Nicholas GrablevskyOne of the horrors of the war was the trenches, they didn’t have enough food, there were rats, there was mud, and they had to be there all day long. Some soldiers went as far as mutilating themselves to escape the war. If they got caught they would be sent in the middle of the two trenches for German soldiers to kill them. Then there’s the mental part of it, some soldiers witnessed their friends blown to bits right before their own eyes. After the war they would suffer from PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. There wasn’t enough medicine for the soldiers, so they had to do with what they had, and some gunshot wounds weren’t fully healed. There was also a sense of overpopulation, some trenches were too crowded and there wasn’t enough space inside them to properly move around. There were a lot of soldiers who just wanted to die, because they couldn’t take it and wanted to return to their families, because most were only 18-20 years old. An 18 year old soldier during the war

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The Horrors of the war Nicholas GrablevskyOne of the horrors of the war was the trenches, they didn’t have enough food, there were rats, there was mud, and they had to be there all day long. Some soldiers went as far as mutilating themselves to escape the war. If they got caught they would be sent in the middle of the two trenches for German soldiers to kill them. Then there’s the mental part of it, some soldiers witnessed their friends blown to bits right before their own eyes. After the war they would suffer from PTSD or Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. There wasn’t enough medicine for the soldiers, so they had to do with what they had, and some gunshot wounds weren’t fully healed. There was also a sense of overpopulation, some trenches were too crowded and there wasn’t enough space inside them to properly move around. There were a lot of soldiers who just wanted to die, because they couldn’t take it and wanted to return to their families, because most were only 18-20 years old. An 18 year old soldier during the war

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Throughout the great war, the soldiers came across many animals, whether it was to help them, or if it was against them.

One of the animals used to help the army men were the horses. Horses were used frequently throughout WW1 as a way of transportation, for the few lucky and high classed soldiers. Almost 10 million horses dies in world war 1, which is a absurd amount.

Another species of animals used during the war were the Carrier Pigeons. These were used during the war to send messages back to the home countries. At that time, the world already knew that pigeons would always fly back to their home country, so when they wanted to send a message to a home town, they would attach the note to the foot of the pigeon and let it loose.

Finally, during the trenches, soldiers would come across rats, lots and lots of rats. These critters would carry diseases, smell horrible and overall made life in the trenches so much worse.

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During WW1, propaganda was used by every single country at war. It was used for many reasons but the two main reasons were to intimidate the enemy and get more soldiers to fight by there side by trying to persuade people to thinking a certain way. Posters were printed that made the army look exciting. Other posters told men that it was their duty to join the army and they would feel proud if they did. There would also be stories on why they should become a soldier to help the enemy get punished for horrible things they, most of the time, never actually did. Some other posters even tried to make them feel guilty because if they did not join the army they would be a bad example for there children and all the future generations. A country would represent their enimies in horrible drawings, for example in one of the posters I saw at the Musée, France would represent germans with bloody knives in their hand and a dirty beard with a scared and ugly face. In 1915 the RMS lusitania was sunk by the Germans killing over 1000 ordinary people that didn't fight at war. After this all the countries that were at war against Germany would spread propaganda about how the Germans are horrible since they attacked a boat full of innocent people that weren't even fighting. Propaganda was also used in movies , they would exagerate the enemies guiltiness and show horrible scenes of the enemy that weren't always true, the movie was then shown to many people to try in a final attempt to make them fight by their side. It often resulted in many people joining the army, this is why propaganda was such a crucial weapon during war.

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Battle of Jutland 1916

31 of may

Not many people realize that war at sea was a major aspect during World War 1, especially for Britain. It was the only way to avoid a shortage of food and goods.

One of the most important battle during the war was “the Battle of Jutland” which started on the 31rst of may 1916. Jutland was the last great battle at sea during world war 1 and is a good example of the significance of strategy at sea.

Reinhard Scheer, was at the head of the german High Seas Fleet while Admiral Beatty and Admiral Jellicoe were fighting for the British Royal Navy.

On the 31st of may Reinhard Scheer send a coded message to all the german ships from the High Seas Fleet to attack Britain on the east coast.

Even though Scheer thought that only the Germans could read his secret code, the Britain Fleet had figured them out and left the cost in time to intercept the german Fleet before they could reach the British costs.

Admiral Beatty managed to push south the german battle cruiser but he had to go sail back north because he was attacked by german battleship Dreadnoughts.

Admiral Jellicoe arrived and bombarded the german battleships forcing Scheer to sail back south. On the last day, Scheer found himself stuck between the two British Admirals, the battle lasted all night.

Although the British were much stronger, Reinhard Schneer managed to escape while Jellicoe’s Fleet was trying to avoid a torpedo.

The Battle of Jutland was a pure Naval battle because their were nor planes or submarine involved. Both the German and British Fleet lost many people and ships but at the end, the British remained at the command of the sea and after the Battle of Jutland the german never again attacked the Royal Navy again.

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During WW1, people would use all sorts of weaponry to defend themselves. They used tanks, machine guns, artillery, aircrafts etc...

Tanks were the biggest symbol of the Great War. They were especially used in the trenches, where many soldiers died. “Tanks were invented because they were needed. They were needed because the invention of machine guns and barbed wire gave the defence a huge advantage.” People had to figure out an arm that would be able to cross safely the “no man’s land.” Therefore, the British and French both began building tanks, each on their sides. The British decided to call them tanks because they wanted their plans to stay "top secret". They disguised them by naming them after the water tanks that were already used during the war.

British tanks appeared for the first time at the Battle of Flers-Courcelette, a part of the Battle of the Somme, in September 1916 . The British sent 49 tanks into battle. Of all, simply thirty-two were able to begin the first attack, and only nine made it across "no man's land" to the German’s limits. The tanks had been rushed into combat before the design was mature enough to endure the combat. Many broke down, but nearly a third succeeded in breaking through, which wasn’t that bad for a first try.

WW1 tank from the "Musée de la Grande Guerre à Meaux"

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During World War 1, health care has greatly developped due to all the unfortunate injuries the soldiers have suffered and left them disabled. The cause of most of the disabled wounds were the exploding shells or from the artillery fire, it was called amputation. Because of all the disabled the creation of artificial limbs have been set. Artificial limbs are the prosthetic devices of basic designs, and took    a lot of time to be  actually fitted on soldiers depending on their needs.                One of the artificial limbs I discovered was the articulated hands. The articulated hands were used for the soldiers that have  lost their hands or one hand. It was to replace their lost hands and help the soldier maneuver.  Some of the artificial limbs only uses was to make it seem that the soldier was whole and not freak everybody out. But most of the time they were used to help the soldier move himself. Like the artificial legs.           The artificial limbs have greatly helped the many amputatated during World War 1, and it was a luxury that they all had a right to. But it wasn't always the case, because of the artificial limbs many soldiers were deemed strong enough to go back to war.      The artificial at that time was a wonderful invention for some and not for others. But it has been put to good use and helped more than 18 000  amputated soldiers. It was also very interasting to obsereve how they were created and their evolution during the war.

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Transportation during the War- Elian Chassard	          At the beginning of the war, most of the on land transport was done thanks to horse drawn wagons but many countries tried to use at full extent whatever automobiles they had. By the end of the war, British forces had deployed 81,000 vehicles with over 70% in France. The first major role of automobiles during WWI was in september 1914 when the French requisitioned all the taxis they had to transport soldiers to the front. Later on, the Americans brought 274,000 motorised vehicles including 219 different models. The variety of designs made mechanical problems harder to resolve as each one of these different yet similar trucks did not use the same parts. This was especially noticeable during the Meuse-Argonne offensive as more than half of the allied trucks had broken down and were unusable. Due to this issue the US later on decided to make a standardised army truck. Armies also used all the boats they could get their hands on whatever their designed purpose. Cargo ships were used to transport supplies and smaller boats transported soldiers. Nonetheless, the most used transportation during the war was provided by horses and wagons.

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Transportation during the War- Elian Chassard	          At the beginning of the war, most of the on land transport was done thanks to horse drawn wagons but many countries tried to use at full extent whatever automobiles they had. By the end of the war, British forces had deployed 81,000 vehicles with over 70% in France. The first major role of automobiles during WWI was in september 1914 when the French requisitioned all the taxis they had to transport soldiers to the front. Later on, the Americans brought 274,000 motorised vehicles including 219 different models. The variety of designs made mechanical problems harder to resolve as each one of these different yet similar trucks did not use the same parts. This was especially noticeable during the Meuse-Argonne offensive as more than half of the allied trucks had broken down and were unusable. Due to this issue the US later on decided to make a standardised army truck. Armies also used all the boats they could get their hands on whatever their designed purpose. Cargo ships were used to transport supplies and smaller boats transported soldiers. Nonetheless, the most used transportation during the war was provided by horses and wagons.

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This is a picture of a military truck used to transport soldiers during WWI.

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With World-War-1 came a severe change to military strategy and mindset, especially when it came to fighting on land. Before, the emphasis was on outmaneuvering the enemy, where speed and efficiency were two core values of any army. The cavalry used to be pivotal, they could determine the outcome of any battle because of their agility. Wars would only last a few weeks, a couple of months at most. But WW1 altered that aspect, the trenches rendered the cavalry obsolete, and what was once a war of movement became a war of endurance.

Technological advances produced more and more lethal weapons, tanks replaced horses and devastating cannon shells could wipe out a house from up to 130 km away. There was a constant impetus during the war to invent new and more efficient ways to kill people: semi-automatic rifles turned into fully automatic machine guns, toxic gasses were used to trap the enemies in their trenches where they would suffocate, or they try to escape only to be shot down across the no-man’s land.

These breakthroughs encouraged a slow-paced war, soldiers would stay in their entrenched positions and would fire shells away until the enemy position was destroyed. The only way to takeover an enemy’s position was to dash across the no-man’s land, a strip of dirt soiled with bloody corpses of fallen comrades. These attempts were met by a wall of enemy bullets and seldom succeeded. This is a major cause for the war’s length, the two sides could stay at a stand still for weeks before eventually gaining some ground on the other.

World-War-1 changed the way war was fought, it was the first “modern war” where technological advances developed devastating weapons of great lethality. Core values of any army became endurance and a superior arsenal. War was fought slowly, trying to outlast the enemy, holding back until the final push, sending a slew of men across the no-man’s land so that only a few of them could make to the enemy trench. That was the terrifying reality of World-War-1.

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For Christmas, German soldiers would receive a package including a miniature Christmas tree, ornaments, and other decorations. These gifts came in a small box, and were handed out to each soldier. For Easter, the soldiers on the front were given small packages often sent by families. They had cigars, an important gift for most men, and other small decorations like figurines of bunnies or Easter eggs.
Princess Mary, the daughter of George V, king of England, created an association to collect money for the subsidization of gift packages for the soldiers. 303 649 dollars were raised to send packages filled according to the receiver. Smokers received cigarettes, tobacco, and cigars. Nonsmokers were given sweets and a bullet pen.
On the occasion of Christmas of 1914, at the beginning of the war, a mutual agreement to stop fighting during the time of the celebrations occurred. In some places, the armistice lasted until New Year’s eve. Some German trenches even brought trees that they decorated for the occasion. In some areas, people continued to fight despite the circumstances.
The trenches being very close, opposing sides could hear the songs sung by the enemy, and sooner or later, both began singing together. Although it was negatively perceived by the higher ranked soldiers, enemy camps fraternized and even played soccer games together.
It is important to remember that most men believed they they would be home from the war before Christmas. It must have been difficult to realize that they would not see their families like it was initially believed. For them to be able to rest from the war and have some fun brought the tensions down a bit.

This is the phoito of the boxes received by the German soldiers for Christmas

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Correspondence During World War One- Camille Lockhart

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Correspondence During World War One- Camille Lockhart

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During World War One, correspondence such as letters  and packages had a huge impact on how soldiers, women and children felt.  Love letters would be sent, which made women at home feel important and they did not feel as lonely. There were also deceiving mail sent, such as friends or husbands being hurt or even dying.

Men often wrote to their wives and friends about the War writing to them about the atrocities of living in the trenches such as the food and their lifestyle. Men mostly reassured women and friends at home by writing that they would be home soon, even if this was not true, ans as we learned in the museum, men thought that war would only last a few weeks, when it actually lasted four years. As men were often occupied, they could not send many letters and friends and wives would send a multitude of mail hoping for something in return and when people at home saw a postman walking around their village, they would be filled with hope, wishing  that he would give  them mail from Men at war.

Women at home mostly sent letters to encourage the men and reassure them by writing love letters and always saying that they would see them soon. They also sent little packages filled with gifts when it was holiday celebrations.

In Le Musée de la Grande Guerre, love and reassurance mail were shown, and letters from children to their father or brother fighting in World War One.

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Food during World War 1 - Clémence Genevois

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Food during World War 1 - Clémence Genevois

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Even though, food was meager in France during World War I, families still sent packages to their fathers and brothers fighting at the front. These parcels contained presents such as chocolate cake, tobacco and tinned food.

At the beginning of the war, French troops dispatched the food among their soldiers thinking they would have time to prepare their meals during ceasefire. Unfortunately, the infantry quickly realized that a period of truce was extremely rare. They observed that the German army used a “rolling kitchen” and decided to imitate them. In fact, it was an indispensable and very popular tool, whereby the cook and soldiers, who worked in field kitchens at the back of the trenches, would prepare the soldiers’ diner in it at once. They then distributed the food amongst the military. The rolling kitchen could nourish approximately 200 soldiers and was equipped with two stoves, four cauldrons, one chimney and two fireplaces. It weighed 992 pounds in total and measured 11 feet long.

At the very beginning, soldiers got one pound of meat and bread and eight ounces of vegetables a day. As the war progressed, fresh fruit, vegetables and meat became extremely rare. Bread and flour were also in shortage and government posters encouraged people to eat less bread. During the winter of 1916, there was a major lack of flour. It was replaced by dried, ground-up turnips which produced unpleasing, diarrhoea.

Wartime cookbooks had  recipes that used leftovers and rationed food like ‘potted cheese’: leftover crumbs of cheese, mixed with mustard and margarine, baked in the oven and served with biscuits or toast. Another recipe used cooked fish, rice, and bread crumbs to make fish sausages.

Food transportation was another issue. By the time it reached the front, bread and biscuits had dried. Soldiers had to crumble the hard food that arrived and add potatoes, sultanas, and onions to soften the mixture up. This concoction would then be boiled in a sandbag and eaten as a sandy stale soup.

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Image - MEAUX SEPTEMBRE 2012 LE MUSEE DE LA GRANDE GUERRE - DIORAMAS GUERRE 1914-1918 et SAPEURS-POMPIERS - Skyrock.com

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Leisure Time during the War-  Elisa Ménard

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Leisure Time during the War-  Elisa Ménard

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During the static part of World War I it was estimated that the men were in the trenches five days per month. Even though this doesn't seem like a lot of time, it was. Five days, at the front, in the cold, bombardments occurring on a daily routine, the rain, the mud and especially the lack of hope. When they weren't fighting, they faced boredom and hopelessness which often led the soldiers to be demoralised.

So when they weren't in battle, their superiors made them “clean” the trenches or at least ameliorate them to pass time. When this task was done they would write letters and send them to their family. The letters they received was the only way they could communicate or hear news from the “arrière” which was the “free” part of  France. The soldiers also received small packages containing a lot of different things as food, clothing photos of their family or other small items. To affront boredom the men would organize sport activities like football or rugby matches as well as cricket and box fights.

When they had permission they would go to theaters and bars to drink and often get quite drunk. They would also smoke a lot and take photos with the cameras of the richer soldiers since cameras were somewhat expensive at that time. Some of the men would draw how they saw their life in the trenches and then send them to journals which would sometimes publish them. When they were all together they would play music to cheer themselves up even though most of the time it didn’t work.

It was because of all of these maybe insignificant objects for you but not for them that they didn’t despair and were able to survive the war.

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Trenches were long ditches dug by the soldiers. They lived there all the time during the whole war. Both sides fought in the trenches. The space in the middle, between enemies’ respective trenches, was called no man’s land because no one owned that land. This zone was crossed only to attack the other side. The distance between two trenches could range from a couple of meters up to several kilometers.

Life in trenches was terrible on both sides. Soldiers didn’t get much sleep. They had only one hour during night and another one during the afternoon. They never all slept at the same time. When they were up, they had to either do daily chores or fight. When they finally get their rest time, they played cards or wrote and read letters. Food was hard to get. They didn’t have much and it wasn’t really good. They got the strict minimum to keep them alive.

There is a big difference between French and German trenches though. In the French trenches, the ground was out of dirt and they used wood to maintain the sides. As a result, water flooded a lot. They had mud up to their knees and didn’t know on what they stepped on. They walked on dead bodies, rats and other things we wouldn’t like to step on. It was so dirty that millions of rats infested the trenches. Some became as big as cats! There was also a big problem with lice. The German trenches had better conditions. The sides were maintained by sheet metal. They made concrete walls and also used it for the ground so it wouldn’t flood much. The German trenches were not muddy and didn’t flood. They did have rats and lice though, but the rats were smaller. The same situation was faced between weapons. The French trenches didn’t have mortars and good equipment; they were protected by simple dirt bags. Whereas the Germans had real mortars, automatic weapons and used concrete bags.

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During the war, French women had to take over jobs that men had usually kept. Industries working for the Ministry of National Defense employed more women than ever, faculties and agencies were now largely composed of women. There had been some controversy regarding women acquiring jobs in fields that had been “made for men” but the draft of 1916 made it crucial for women to start doing “male” jobs. This new rise to power led to the creation of many feminist groups, a more progressive state of mind was instilled, and the image of a typical French woman was transformed.

They were also charged with the task of working in factories to make weapons, they worked in terrible conditions for a job for which they were ill-qualified. During World War I, about 400 women died in these factories due to the lack of protection when handling TNT. These women were called the “munitionnettes”. Due to the increasing need of munition, these factories became the number one employer of women in 1918.

Women had to replace men in other fields such as postal employees or as tram conductresses. In the countryside, women worked in the police force and also had to do farm work that had been done by men for the longest time, like wood cutting and jobs that required heavy-lifting. These responsibilities were excruciating and the fact that their farm animals had been requisitioned did not help.

Women learned to adapt to their new conditions, they struggled to participate in France’s victory, and they showed incredible resilience. They were confronted with many hardships such as food shortage, separation from their loved ones, and mourning their dead sons, fathers, and brothers. Their strength and courage remains inspirational; an object of pride for this country.

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During WW1, millions of men, women and children were either killed, fought or got injured. But what about the animals? Well they were dragged into it too. For example, birds, more precisely pigeons, were used to transport important messages quickly without getting caught by the enemy. Dogs, would detect bombs, gaz and intimidate the enemy.
Horses were also used by the more important officers and generals. They attended the battles and had special equipment like oxygen masks made purposely for the horses when there were toxic gas.
Then there were rats. You may think that they only brought diseases and scared the soldiers out but that is wrong. Rats would eat dead bodies left from the battles and get big and fat, then the soldiers in the trenches would either keep them as pets or kill them to pass time. Some were so hungry that they would eat them. During the war, more than 16 million animals participated in the war in our name and about 14 million animals, including dogs, horses, pigeons and mules were killed.

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Holiday Celebrations During World War 1- Guillaume Placidet

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Holiday Celebrations During World War 1- Guillaume Placidet

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Holidays are always very sacred traditions for many people.
During Christmas 1914,  soldiers decided to do a cease-fire to be able to celebrate Christmas. Both sides of the trenches could hear each other sing Christmas carols. This event was called the Christmas Truce of 1914. The next day, combat re-started but this still showed how important Christmas celebrations were back then. Soldiiers would often receive little mail packages containing small sapplins and christmas ornements to celebrate this holiday far away from their families.

For Easter, soldiers would also receive small packages from their families containing small wooden rabbits and decorated Easter eggs. They would also receive cigars.

War was truly devastating for mostly all soldiers. That is why it was always an immense pleasure to receive mail and packages for the holidays because it would help them keep in contact with their families who were sometimes far far away from them. This would make them happier and it would make them remember why they are fighting.

Conclusion: Even during the war and all the atrocities that the soliders had to go through, the war was never able to remove the holiday spirits. Even if the soldiers would spend their days fighting for their nations and killing many other soldiers, they always stayed humans.

The following is a image of an Easter package sent to a German soldier during the war. This artifact now resides in the Museum of "La Grande Guerre" in Meaux, near Paris.

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Militarism before the War - Charlotte Guérin

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Militarism before the War - Charlotte Guérin

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In France and the other Great Powers of Europe, militarism was present and prominent at the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th. France desperately wanted revenge on Germany, previously called Prussia, after a short war in which a French region, Alsace Lorraine, was annexed. The Balkan countries of the Powder Keg of Europe were also constantly involved in conflicts of land and power. European countries knew war was going to erupt sooner or later, so they expanded their militaries and maintained a permanent army as well as worked to reinforce a feeling of patriotism and national pride in their people.

In 1905, a two year military service became an obligation for young French men as the government was getting men trained and ready for an imminent war. Everywhere, uniforms were seen and admired as military service was an honor.

These countries, and especially France, got their populations exited for war by manufacturing children’s toys, like small potato throwers, mimicking cannons and song books with war chants in them. Games also were in boxes with messages like: “this is the game of French patriots” to reinforce civilians nationalistic feelings and get them impassioned to fight for their country.

By 1905, mobilisation posters were already being printed and ready to be deployed in the city streets. The town halls kept them stocked until the moment was right, which happened to be about ten years later.

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Having a big navy was very important during the great war. Boats played a big role in the arms race between Great Britain and Germany before the war started. The dreadnoughts were very expensive ships with heavy weapons and armor, but Great Britain and Germany barely ever used them. The boats that were used during world war one were able to deal a lot of damage, but take barely any. New weaponry such as torpedoes and aviation bombs would sink a boat in about one hit. Because of this there were surprisingly very few naval battles during the great war. This being said the Germans used their U boats (which is the same thing as a submarine) very frequently. They did so because U boats had a very good advantage which was that enemy ships could not see these submarines . Later on in the war Germany makes a horrible error and sink an American ship. This was one of the main reasons why the USA joined the war.

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War on land was characterized by trenches, tanks, machine guns, artillery and poison gas.

Each soldier had to carry a lot of equipment. Gas masks, weapons and ammunition such as a rifle, bullets, a bayonet and some grenades. Protective clothes that were suitable for the trenches like boots and a helmet. There were different types of helmets. France’s was called “The Adrian” and it only appeared in 1915 and Germany’s was one with a spike and a cover. Then there was “webbing equipment’. This included a haversack containing personal items such as shaving kit, soap and towel, paper, envelopes and pen, or even cards or small board games. They also had a shovel. Soldiers could have two types of shovels. One had the shape of a face with two holes on the bottom for the eyes to see the enemy coming, it was made in Italy. And the second one had a side in the form of a saw.

A soldier’s bag weighed minimum 16kg or more.

Every country had a different military uniform.

Japan’s outfits were called M.45, they wore a black cap with a red line, which we saw a miles away, with a star made in copper, a blouse and pants in khaki.
Russia wore a outfit color grey and green, a flexible hat that was absolutely not protective and a traditional blouse called gymnastiorka. They also wore a diaper pants with boots. Italy wore a uniform color grigio-verde, grey-green, close to the Germans’ feldgrau. The color is matched to the green leather equipments.
At first the Frenches’ outfits were the color of their flag: blue top, red pants, and everything was sewed with white strings. The problem was that red could be seen miles away so the French were a perfect target. Only in 1915 the French government decided to change their red pants by blue but they still kept the red on the color of their blue blouse.
New Zealand had a normal khaki outfit but was the only armie to have a helmet they called a: “lemonsqueezer” because it had the form of a lemon that was squeezed between two palms.

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Displays of Nationalism before the War. Adrien T.

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Displays of Nationalism before the War. Adrien T.

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Before World War 1 European countries that would later fight the war were very proud of their own nation and thought they were superior to other countries. This sense of pride was one of the reasons that led to WW1. Nationalism was very related to Militarism as having a strong and powerful army made you feel proud.The French thought they had “élan vital” a force that made them unstoppable and great fighters which led them to neglect other important facts such as communications, equipment and strategy compared to the Germans who were much more prepared.Russians thought they were the best nation because of their massive army, the British considered themselves the best because they had the biggest empire from their colonies and the Germans had great faith in their military efficiency. All this patriotism led to imperialism and the race for Africa and Asia.

Anti-German nationalist poster   from the Musée de la grande guerre a Meaux.

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The War in the Air - Luke D               Mr Speier 

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The War in the Air - Luke D               Mr Speier 

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At the beginning of World War One, many countries did not give enough attention to the war in the air and undermined the importance of owning an aircraft fleet. For example, the French thought that having military on the ground and at sea was sufficient to win the war. However, army officers realized that airplanes could help them keep track of the advancement of their troops and spot the enemies’ bases. In average for 1914, only 20 aircrafts were used in the war each month. The motor was small and the wheels were thin, so the plane was very light but fragile and unable to fly for multiple hours. At that time, their wings were in paper or in fabric sheets and the structure was in wood which made them extremely vulnerable as they could have been easily hit and shot down. Being a pilot was consequently very dangerous so they were esteemed and honoured by the population for their military service. One of these pilots was Roland Garros, a French aviator. He is today remembered: his name was given to the French Tennis Open in Paris.

In 1918, 500 aircrafts were used each month in the war as they played a crucial role in the offensive. The planes then were more resilient and performant. They were made of steel and the motor was now air cooled to avoid overheating engines and the new rotary motors, using gasoline, gave more power to the propeller.

Light weapons, such as arrows, small bombs and grenades were carried on board then tossed out by the passenger. Also later, voluminous shells, called "obus" in French, were launched, weighing a ton or more (1000 - 1500 kg). These shells were made to slaughter hundreds of soldiers at a time, to destroy the enemy's base, trenches, or weapons, to inflict havoc, and to sabotage their organization. The shells could explode on ground or in the air to project bullets but they could also contain asphyxiating and highly toxic gases. During every month of 1918, at least 3 million bombs exploded and 40 million shells were launched.

One of the first airplanes used during the Great War

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Camouflage greatly evolved during the war, going from 300 men in 1914 to 3000 men in 1918.

Camouflage was at first used only to hide the soldier and nothing else, but as the evolution of aviation came along so did camouflage. The reconnaissance airplanes pressured all of the military to develop their camouflage. Such as the navy, who put non distinct colours or camo patterns on their ships, the British even invented “Dazzle” a system used in order to distort the ship's physical form from submarines. All domains used some sort of camouflage.

Actif camouflage is a type of camouflage used to hide observation points, weaponry, and to create lures. The army’s would create fake trees where a human would hide inside in order to observe the opposite side. They would also have the tanks covered in camouflage patterns and would hide the planes with colossal covers fitting the surroundings. They would even hide their artillery in artificial rocks, or hay!

Another type of camouflage is passive camouflage, this would apply to cloaking bridges and strategic points. They needed to hide their bridges and strategic points in order to avoid that the enemy understand their plans and to avoid destruction of these areas.

The camouflage section of the army was created in 1915, she was dependent on the “Grand Quartier General”.  They had their own symbol a chameleon. To produce all these sorts of camouflage there were around 10 000 women who would work in the camouflage workshops. At the same time, the French army decide to finally change their glaring uniform from red pants to blue pants. However they still kept the red on their blouse!